氮磷共限制青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳吸收

随着人类活动加剧,青藏高原高寒草地面临外来资源输入的威胁,而外源资源输入如氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)及其交互作用如何影响高寒草地生态系统碳循环尚不明确.本研究在藏北高寒草甸进行了连续3年N、P、K元素交互的添加试验,测定群落盖度和生态系统碳交换等数据,旨在阐明资源添加对高寒草甸生态系统碳交换过程的影响.结果 表明:在植物...     

黄淮海平原农林生态系统N、P、K营养元素循环——以泡桐-小麦、玉米间作系统为例

农林生态系统泡桐-小麦、玉米间作类型N、P、K营养元素循环研究表明,在整个群落中,P发生亏损,N和K基本平衡;在植物组分库和枯落物库中,N、P、K均发生累积;在土壤库中,N、P、K均发生亏损。土壤表层(0—20cm)中N和P的含量是限制农作物生长的主要因子。20—80cm土层中P的含量是限制泡桐生长的主要因子。群落内N、P、K的吸收系数分别为0.078、0.014、0.052,利用系数分别为0.95、0.90、0.94,循环系数分别为0.042、0.05、0.063.     

氮输入对植物光合固碳的影响研究进展

植物光合固碳(C)是生物固C的重要途径和生态系统C循环中的重要环节。在全球环境变化背景下,研究氮(N)输入对植物光合固C的影响,对于更好的认识C、N循环过程及生态系统对全球变化的响应过程等具有重要意义。N输入是否能够增加植物固C取决于生态系统类型以及生态系统的N饱和度;草原和湿地生态系统N输入的临界负荷值较高,干旱、半干旱荒漠地区较低;N输入可能改变植物光合固C在各器官的分配,主要由植物生理、自身生长节律和环境养分等决定。由于物种和生态系统类型的差异,N输入对植物固C的影响仍具有很大的不确定性,目前缺乏准确、定量表达N输入对生态系统光合和C同化物分配影响的数学表达方法和过程算法。未来应着重加强N输入下C同化物分配的生物地球化学模型和N、P富集下植物光合固C耦合模型研究,并应用同位素标记和分子生物学技术,从生态系统角度综合探讨N输入下植物光合固C的分配和转化特征。     

生态系统恢复后干热河谷植物叶片N、P、K含量及物种优势度的变化

以金沙江干热河谷生态系统为对象,通过对比恢复区与对照区(干扰区)的植物叶片N、P、K含量、比值及其与优势度的关系,研究了生态系统恢复对植物叶片化学计量特征的影响.结果表明：生态系统恢复显著降低了植物叶片的N、P含量以及P/K,对K含量无显著影响.其中,恢复区内植物叶片N、P、K含量均值分别为10.405、0.604和9.619 g·kg^-1,比对照区分别下降了16.9%、34.9%和4.7%.恢复区中植物优势度与叶片P含量间呈极显著负相关,而对照区植物优势度与叶片K含量的负相关关系最显著.生态系统恢复改变了N、P、K之间标度关系的斜率和截距.而恢复区与对照区同一物种间叶片N、P含量差别不显著.研究区植物叶片化学计量特征的改变主要是由群落物种替代引起的.     

中国森林生态系统N平衡现状

由于N饱和生态系统的出现,森林生态系统作为环境污染储蓄库的认识受到挑战。收集了近十余年来全国各地森林N素循环的研究资料,通过对目前大气N沉降、森林生物固N、森林生态系统N的流失、淋失、挥发等各项收支参数的分析,借助农田养分收支平衡的估算思路和方法对全国森林生态系统N平衡进行了估算。结果表明,我国森林生态系统N的输入大于输出,全国森林生态系统年容纳大气N约为736万t,其中约176万t来自于大气N沉降,约599万t来自于生物固N。而进入到森林生态系统中的N约16万t固定在木材中用以维持森林蓄积的增加,其余绝大部分则保存于森林土壤,使得森林土壤全N含量大约以每年0.002%的速率增长。但不断增加的N素输入并未导致森林生态系统N饱和,全国的森林蓄积仍保持增长的趋势,森林生态系统在N的生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要的调节作用,仍是环境N的储蓄库,对于调节气候,防治污染具有重大作用。     

白马雪山国家级自然保护区典型森林生态系统服务

生态系统服务是近年来生态学研究的热点领域,对关键区域生态系统服务的研究具有重要意义.云南省白马雪山国家级自然保护区地处青藏高原南延部分,拥有独特的地理位置,是生物多样性保护的热点区域.本文对该保护区森林生态系统的生物量与生产力、水源涵养、营养物质循环等3项服务的功能量进行了评估.结果表明:保护区森林总生物量2215.86×104t,生产力171.84×104t·a-1;水源涵养量11964.56×104m3;N、P、K年吸收量分别为26025.94t、2638.57t、12016.85 t.研究表明,保护区森林生态效益显著,对于维持当地以及周边地区的生态安全具有重要意义.     

南极海-陆界面营养物质流动和磷循环

南极大陆气候严寒、营养贫瘠,企鹅、海豹等生物能传递海洋中的营养物质到陆地,这些营养物质是维系南极无冰区生态系统的基础.本文首先阐述了海洋向南极无冰区输入营养物质的方式,重点介绍了生物方式输入的营养物质对无冰区生态系统组成、结构和功能的影响,以及无冰区向近海输入营养物质的方式及其影响.然后,以西南极法尔兹半岛为例,对企鹅、海豹传输的营养物质磷在陆地、淡水生态系统中的记录进行了分析,讨论了南极近海磷的生物地球化学循环及其机理,估算了磷循环通量.结果表明,南极阿德雷岛磷的外来营养源包括物理输入、生物输入和大气沉降输入3种,其中,生物输入(企鹅粪)占94.34％ ～ 99.74％,在近海磷循环中起着关键作用.     

华北太行山前平原农田生态系统中氮、磷、钾循环与平衡研究

以栾城县为例,分析了华北太行山前平原农田生态系统N、P、K三要素养分循环与平衡特征及其变化趋势,评价了农田养分平衡状况,提出了合理施肥对策。结果表明,1985～2000年栾城县农田养分平衡中,N素经历了由轻微赤字向盈余的转变过程,由1985年的1．4％赤字转变到2000年盈余48．6％;K由极度亏缺(82％赤字),逐渐向平衡发展,到2000年已有4．6％的轻微盈余,但仍有大量田块是赤字平衡;P则始终有大量盈余。目前农田养分收支存在一定程度的N、P投入过量,K投入不足的问题,以土壤肥力状况和作物种植结构而论,栾城县应采取“稳氮、控磷、增钾”的施肥对策。避免过多的盈余化肥氮进入环境,同时应继续推广秸秆还田技术,提高养分循环再利用效率。     

武夷山甜槠生态系统的养分平衡研究（英文）

本文通过比较大气降水的养分输入与由地表径流和地下渗流的养分输出,对武夷山甜槠林生态系统的养分平衡进行了研究。结果表明：在1993年4月至1994年4月期间,通过大气降水进入甜槠林的养分元素以N最高,为34.207kg·hm-2,其余依次为Ca(22.99kg·hm-2)、S(12.722kg·hm-2)、Na(6.679kg·hm-2)、K(3.558kg·hm-2)和Mg(2.057kg·hm-2),以P的输入最低,仅1.779kg·hm-2;由地表径流和地下渗流的养分输出总量N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Na分别为5.68、1.016、7.345、3.430、0.620、0.534、0.576kg·hm-2,以K的输出量最高,S的输出最少。其中,通过地下渗流的养分损失占输出总量的85.97％～96.38％,而地表径流的养分输出仅占总输出的3.62％～14.03％;在该系统中,N、Ca和S有大量的积累(分别为28.527、19.560和12.188kg·hm-2),Mg和Na有少量积累(分别为 1.437和6.103kg·hm-2),P基本上处于平衡状态(0.763kg·hm-2),而K则为净的输出损失(-3.787kg·hm-2)。岩石风化对于该生态系统K的补偿可能起重要作用,而其他养分元素仅通过降水输入即可得到补充。     

易旱农田生态系统养分循环的研究

对多熟制农田生态系统的养分循环研究表明,小麦后稻-稻(农田Ⅰ)、大麦后稻-豆(农田-Ⅱ)和油菜后稻-稻(农田-Ⅲ)复种制Ca、Mg有盈余。P、K、Fe、Mn均表现亏缺,N素有较大的浪费。N、P、K主要通过肥料输入农田生态系统,而随农产品输出系统外,Ca、Mg主要受水循环控制,作物残留部分中,N的残留量最大,为23—71kg·ha~(-1),Fe的残留率最高,为64—87％。     

Influence of end-products inhibition and nutrient limitations on the growth of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis

Lactococcus lactis was grown in a simple synthetic medium with glucose as substrate, enabling the precise quantification of each nutrient's contribution to growth. As expected, for the growth of lactic acid bacteria, the growth rate decreased progressively during the cultivation after a short period of exponential growth. End-products of fermentation, predominantly lactate and in minor amounts formate, acetate and ethanol, accumulated within the medium. Growth of the bacterium in fresh media supplemented with these end-products showed that the concentrations attained in the fermentor had no significant influence on the growth rate. As regards nutrients, vitamins and magnesium were never limiting during the culture. On the other hand, amino acid concentrations decreased, some of them being totally consumed and exhausted from the medium before growth ceased. However, growth in reconstituted media constructed with the amino acid concentrations remaining at different times of cultivation showed that amino acid depletion could not account for the observed growth decrease. Batch culture supernatant fluid was used as cultivation medium. Growth rates observed in supernatant cultures supplemented with various nutrients, compared to non-supplemented supernatant, showed that no addition improved growth. Finally, it was concluded that in the experimental conditions used in this study, growth inhibition was predominantly due to phenomena other than lactate inhibition and nutritional limitations, and hence associated with unidentified compounds produced in the fermentation.     

Seasonal variation in leaf-litter input and leaf dispersal distances to streams: the effect of converting broadleaf riparian zones to conifer plantations in central Japan

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) is one of the most important evergreen coniferous plantation species in Japan. Much of the riparian forest that was originally dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees has been converted into sugi plantations. The present study investigated the seasonality of leaf-litter input and leaf dispersal to streams to assess the effects of converting riparian forest to sugi plantations. The seasonality of leaf-litter input was assessed at three streams in Nagoya University Forest. At one stream dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees, input was limited to autumn. At two streams in a sugi plantation, input was prolonged from autumn to early spring, and was dominated by sugi needles from winter to early spring. These results suggest that sugi plantations alter the seasonality of leaf-litter input from riparian forests and affect stream ecosystems. Leaf dispersal was assessed by considering the relationship between leaf dispersal distance from three forest layers to the stream and leaf-litter input into two streams. The maximum leaf dispersal distance was 26–28 m for deciduous broadleaf trees from mid-October to November and 10–12 m for sugi needles from December to April. Leaf dispersal distance depended on the tree species. Four species of deciduous broadleaf tree showed greater leaf dispersal than that of sugi. The mean weight of individual sugi needles was higher than that of the broadleaf trees’ leaves, and dispersal depended on strong winds in winter and early spring. Although the leaf dispersal distance from the understory was within 2–4 m, it could be a significant source of leaf-litter input to streams.     

Sensitivity of muscle force estimations to changes in muscle input parameters using nonlinear optimization approaches.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of muscle force calculations to changes in muscle input parameters. Force sharing between two synergistic muscles was derived analytically for a one-degree-of-freedom system using three nonlinear optimization approaches. Changes in input parameters that are within normal anatomical variations often caused changes in muscular forces exceeding 100 percent. These results indicate that errors in muscle force calculations may depend as much on inadequate muscle input parameters as they may on the choice of the objective and constraint functions of the optimization approach.     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山不同林型土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳储量库,其微小的变化也能使大气中CO₂浓度发生巨大的改变,植物来源碳的输入能通过激发效应促进或抑制土壤有机碳（SOC）的分解,对SOC的动态平衡产生影响。以武夷山三个林型（阔叶林、马尾松林、针阔混交林）土壤为研究对象,通过向土壤中添加不同量的¹³C标记葡萄糖（0、100、200、400 mg C/kg）研究易分解有机碳输入量对不同林型土壤激发效应的影响,并在此基础上探讨易分解有机碳输入量对土壤激发效应影响的作用机理。结果表明,葡萄糖输入对土壤激发效应的影响与葡萄糖输入量和林型有关。葡萄糖的输入均抑制了三个林型SOC的分解（即,呈现负的激发效应）。阔叶林土壤和针阔混交林土壤激效应强度随着葡萄糖输入量的增加而增加,而马尾松林土壤的激发效应强度对葡萄糖输入量的响应并不明显。然而在马尾松林土壤中由葡萄糖所引起的激发效应强度显著高于其他两种林型土壤。研究结果表明,易分解有机碳的输入可以抑制SOC的矿化,形成负激发效应,阔叶林土壤的激发效应强度与土壤可利用氮、葡萄糖添加量与微生物碳量比值有关,而针阔混交林与马尾松林土壤的激发效应强度分别与土壤中的放线菌和真菌有关。     

Sensitivity of the gradient oscillatory number to flow input waveform shapes

The sensitivity of the gradient oscillatory number (GON), which is a potential hemodynamic indicator for cerebral aneurysm initiation, to flow input waveform shapes was examined by performing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of an anatomical model of a human internal carotid artery under three different waveform shape conditions. The local absolute variation (standard deviation) and relative variation (coefficient of variation) of the GON calculations for three waveform shapes were computed to quantify the variation in GON due to waveform shape changes. For all waveform shapes, an elevated GON was evident at a known aneurysm site, albeit occurring at additional sites. No significant differences were observed among the qualitative GON distributions derived using the three different waveform shapes. These results suggest that the GON is largely insensitive to the variability in flow input waveform shapes. The quantitative analysis revealed that GON displays an improved relative variation over a relatively high GON range. We therefore conclude that it is reasonable to use assumed flow input waveform shapes as a substitute for individual real waveform shapes for the detection of possible GON elevations of individual clinical cases in large-scale studies, where the higher values of GON are of primary interest.     

Supraspinal input is dispensable to generate glycine-mediated locomotive behaviors in the zebrafish embryo

The anatomy of the developing zebrafish spinal cord is relatively simple but, despite this simplicity, it generates a sequence of three patterns of locomotive behaviors. The first behavior exhibited is spontaneous movement, then touch-evoked coiling, and finally swimming. Previous studies in zebrafish have suggested that spontaneous movements occur independent of supraspinal input and do not require chemical neurotransmission, while touch-evoked coiling and swimming depend on glycinergic neurotransmission as well as supraspinal input. In contrast, studies in other vertebrate preparations have shown that spontaneous movement requires glycine and other neurotransmitters and that later behaviors do not require supraspinal input. Here, we use lesion analysis combined with high-speed kinematic analysis to re-examine the role of glycine and supraspinal input in each of the three behaviors. We find that, similar to other vertebrate preparations, supraspinal input is not essential for spontaneous movement, touch-evoked coiling, or swimming behavior. Moreover, we find that blockade of glycinergic neurotransmission decreases the rate of spontaneous movement and impairs touch-evoked coiling and swimming, suggesting that glycinergic neurotransmission plays critical yet distinct roles for individual patterns of locomotive behaviors.     

A selection strategy to accommodate genotype-by-environment interaction for grain yield of wheat: managed-environments for selection among genotypes

Selection for grain yield among wheat lines is complicated by large line-by-environment (L × E) interactions in Queensland, Australia. Early generation selection is based on an evaluation of many lines in a few environments. The small sample of environments, together with the large L × E interaction, reduces the realised response to selection. Definition of a series of managed-environments which provides discrimination among lines, which is relevant to the target production-environments, and can be repeated over years, would facilitate early generation selection. Two series of managed-environments were conducted. Eighteen managed-environments were generated in Series-1 by manipulating nitrogen and water availability, together with the sowing date, at three locations. Nine managed-environments based on those from Series-1 were generated in Series-2. Line discrimination for grain yield in the managed-environments was compared to that in a series of 16 random production-environments. The genetic correlation between line discrimination in the managed-environments and that in the production-environments was influenced by the number and combination of managed-environments. Two managed-environment selection regimes, which gave a high genetic correlation in both Series-1 and 2, were identified. The first used three managed-environments, a high input (low water and nitrogen stress) environment with early sowing at three locations. The second used six managed-environments, a combination of a high input (low water and nitrogen stress) and medium input (water and nitrogen stress) with early sowing at three locations. The opportunities for using managed-environments to provide more reliable selection among lines in the Queensland wheat breeding programme and its potential limitations are discussed.     

Quasiperiodicity route to chaos in a biochemical system.

The numerical study of a glycolytic model formed by a system of three delay differential equations reveals a quasiperiodicity route to chaos. When the delay changes in our biochemical system, we can observe the emergence of a strange attractor that replaces a previous torus. This behavior happens both under a constant input flux and when the frequency of the periodic substrate input flux changes. The results obtained under periodic input flux are in agreement with experimental observations.     

Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models: application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Many distribution models developed to predict the presence/absence of invasive alien species need to be fitted to a training dataset before practical use. The training dataset is characterized by the number of recorded presences/absences and by their geographical locations. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance and to compare the relative importance of three factors influencing model predictive capability; size of training dataset, stage of the biological invasion, and choice of input variables. Nine models were assessed for their ability to predict the distribution of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a major pest of corn in North America that has recently invaded Europe. Twenty-six training datasets of various sizes (from 10 to 428 presence records) corresponding to two different stages of invasion (1955 and 1980) and three sets of input bioclimatic variables (19 variables, six variables selected using information on insect biology, and three linear combinations of 19 variables derived from Principal Component Analysis) were considered. The models were fitted to each training dataset in turn and their performance was assessed using independent data from North America and Europe. The models were ranked according to the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and the likelihood ratio. Model performance was highly sensitive to the geographical area used for calibration; most of the models performed poorly when fitted to a restricted area corresponding to an early stage of the invasion. Our results also showed that Principal Component Analysis was useful in reducing the number of model input variables for the models that performed poorly with 19 input variables. DOMAIN, Environmental Distance, MAXENT, and Envelope Score were the most accurate models but all the models tested in this study led to a substantial rate of mis-classification.     

Growth responses and root porosity of rice in relation to temperature,light intensity and aeration

Summary Experiments were conducted under which rice plants were grown under three energy input levels (temperature and light) and two solution-oxygen concentrations. The rice variety was Colusa. Increasing the energy input increased total top growth. There was no significant effect of solution-oxygen concentration on top growth. The highest number of tillers developed under medium energy input followed by high energy input and the least under low energy input. There was a trend towards more tiller production under low oxygen conditions as compared to high oxygen. Decreasing the oxygen supply increased the dry weight production of roots under the two higher energy input levels, but had no significant effect under the low energy input. The highest amount of root growth occurred under high and medium energy input and least under lower energy input. Increasing the energy input increased the percent root porosity, but the oxygen level had no significant effect on root porosity. None of the treatments had a significant effect on nitrogen concentration in the tops. The amount of water necessary per unit dry matter production had a trend towards increase with increased energy input level and also significantly higher under low oxygen as compared to high oxygen conditions. Contribution of the Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, University of California, Riverside. Supported in part by NSF Grant No. GB-5733X1.