多孔介质中的微生物迁移行为与影响因素研究进展

微生物在地下水和土壤环境中的迁移与地下水资源保护、地下水污染修复及土壤污染防治等息息相关。自然界中多孔介质具有结构复杂性和空间异质性。这导致微生物在其中的迁移易受多重环境因素的影响。本文总结了几种典型多孔介质中微生物迁移模型、理论与研究方法,并对多孔介质中影响微生物迁移行为的3种因素——物理、化学和生物因素进行了梳理。其中物理因素的影响主要包括多孔介质的粒径、表面粗糙度、饱和度、环境温度、水体流速等相关;化学因素主要包含流体pH、离子种类与强度、可溶性有机物含量、多孔介质自身化学性质等;生物因素不但涉及微生物种类、细胞大小和细胞表面特性,还与胞外聚合物的分泌、鞭毛运动及趋化性等相关。本综述旨在总结近年来有关微生物在多孔介质中迁移的相关研究,深入理解微生物在多孔介质中的迁移行为,为其在地下水和土壤污染修复中的实际应用提供理论依据。     

固态发酵多孔介质的质热传递过程研究

固相基质是微生物固态发酵的营养源并提供微生物生长所需空间。然而,固相基质导热效率低、复杂物理结构构成了体系内部质热传递的重要屏障。基于多孔特征的质热传递模型并采用数值模拟方法,剖析多孔介质内部质热传递过程以及气相双动态内循环在强化生物质多孔体系内部质热传递过程的重要性。     

模拟油藏条件下内源微生物群落空间分布规律

【背景】油藏内源微生物群落是开展内源微生物驱油技术的物质基础,由于油藏多孔介质取样技术难度大、成本高,实施内源微生物驱油后从注入端到产出端多孔介质中的内源微生物空间分布规律尚不明确。【目的】通过室内长岩心连续驱替实验模拟油藏内源微生物驱油过程,分析实施后不同空间位点油砂上吸附的内源微生物群落结构,揭示从注入端到产出端内源微生物群落的空间分布规律。【方法】借助高通量测序技术及荧光定量PCR技术解析不同空间位点油砂原位微生物群落信息。【结果】注入端到产出端不同空间位点生态环境的差异及菌属间的相互作用造成油藏内源微生物群落空间分布差异,存在明显的好氧、厌氧空间演替变化规律。岩心前端主要存在一些好氧类的产生物表面活性剂类微生物如假单胞菌属,岩心中部主要存在兼性和厌氧类的微生物如地芽孢杆菌、厌氧杆菌属,岩心末端主要分布严格厌氧类细菌和产甲烷古菌,厌氧类微生物代谢产生的H2、CO2和乙酸分子可以为产甲烷古菌提供代谢底物。【结论】通过室内物模油砂研究,首次明确了内源微生物群落在多孔介质中从注入端到产出端的空间分布规律,证实油藏内源微生物的好氧、厌氧空间接替分布规律,深化了对油藏内源微生物的认识。     

非流体介质中多环芳烃污染的微生物固定化修复技术

非流体介质中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的修复是目前环境工作者所面临的艰巨而紧迫的任务.由于非流体介质环境的特殊性,常规修复方法难以高效地发挥作用,传统微生物修复技术采用的游离微生物也存在许多弊端.而微生物固定化能大幅度地提高参加反应的微生物浓度,避免优势菌受土著菌的恶性竞争,增强微生物的耐环境冲击性.微生物固定化技术在一定程度上克服了传统工艺的不足,因而广泛应用于流体介质(废水等)和半流体介质(泥浆等)环境污染的修复.在概述固定化微生物技术的特点和分析国内外研究进展的基础上,指出将该技术应用于非流体介质中PAHs污染的原位修复领域的可行性,并论述了需要解决的关键科学问题,提出了利用微生物固定化技术修复非流体介质中PAHs污染的未来研究课题.     

油藏微生物及其在石油工业中的应用

油藏是一种特殊环境,其高温、高压、高矿化度、无氧、多孔介质及其流体等因素对微生物的存活及生长繁殖都会产生明显影响。油藏极端环境对微生物群落结构组成和数量也会有大的影响。该文介绍了与微生物采油关系紧密的微生物群落的生理生化特征及其多样性。主要有烃降解菌、发酵菌、硫酸盐还原菌及产甲烷菌。还介绍了激活本源微生物和筛选外源微生物在提高石油采收率方面的应用。最后就分子生物技术在研究油藏中可培养微生物和未培养微生物中的应用进行了讨论。     

微生物絮凝剂连续化生产及其稳定性研究

利用多孔聚酯泡沫为载体,进行微生物絮凝剂产生菌的固定化及连续生产絮凝剂的研究。研究发现,利用多孔聚酯泡沫可吸附固定XN1菌丝细胞,且能较长时间保持高的活性。固定化XN1菌在三相流化床反应器中连续发酵运行13d无发现菌膜脱落现象,且发酵液絮凝活性均维持在90%以上,说明利用多孔聚酯泡沫颗粒作为固定化载体,连续生产絮凝剂的方法是可行的。另外,研究还发现,该菌所产生絮凝剂具有较高的热稳定性,在反应器中室温下保存数日仍可维持较高的絮凝活性。     

红色荧光蛋白基因标记产鼠李糖脂铜绿假单胞菌SG及其在油藏中的应用

【背景】微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移直接影响到油藏微生物群落组成及其在油田生产中的应用。然而,由于缺少特异性标记,很难将目标微生物同众多的土著微生物区分开。因此,需要构建携带特异性基因的微生物菌株。【目的】为了有效追踪定位微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移,本文构建一株红色荧光蛋白标记假单胞菌。【方法】运用染色体同源重组的方法,将带有组成型表达启动子的红色荧光蛋白编码基因(red fluorescent protein gene,rfp)插入到一株分离自油藏环境且产鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌SG染色体上编码β-内酰胺酶基因内部,获得标记菌株SG-rfp。【结果】构建的菌株SG-rfp能够在非诱导条件下表达红色荧光蛋白,而且对氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素不具有耐受性。与野生型菌株SG相比,构建的SG-rfp菌株也能够在有氧和缺氧条件下产生鼠李糖脂,在岩芯驱油实验中能够较好地提高原油采收率。此外,应用菌株SG-rfp,本文研究并证实了微生物在含油多孔介质中的迁移扩散及所受限制。【结论】本文所构建的菌株SG-rfp为深入研究微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移及微生物在油田生产中的应用提供了有力工具。     

红色荧光蛋白基因标记产鼠李糖脂铜绿假单胞菌SG及其在油藏中的应用（英文）

【背景】微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移直接影响到油藏微生物群落组成及其在油田生产中的应用。然而,由于缺少特异性标记,很难将目标微生物同众多的土著微生物区分开。因此,需要构建携带特异性基因的微生物菌株。【目的】为了有效追踪定位微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移,本文构建一株红色荧光蛋白标记假单胞菌。【方法】运用染色体同源重组的方法,将带有组成型表达启动子的红色荧光蛋白编码基因(red fluorescent protein gene,rfp)插入到一株分离自油藏环境且产鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌SG染色体上编码β-内酰胺酶基因内部,获得标记菌株SG-rfp。【结果】构建的菌株SG-rfp能够在非诱导条件下表达红色荧光蛋白,而且对氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素不具有耐受性。与野生型菌株SG相比,构建的SG-rfp菌株也能够在有氧和缺氧条件下产生鼠李糖脂,在岩芯驱油实验中能够较好地提高原油采收率。此外,应用菌株SG-rfp,本文研究并证实了微生物在含油多孔介质中的迁移扩散及所受限制。【结论】本文所构建的菌株SG-rfp为深入研究微生物在油田注采系统中的迁移及微生物在油田生产中的应用提供了有力工具。     

火山岩滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌条件的优化及其吸附铜离子的研究

以多孔介质火山岩滤料为载体,探讨了温度、转速、反应器的底面积等因素对滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌的影响,比较了固定化恶臭假单胞菌野生菌和重组菌吸附Cu2+的效果.结果表明,火山岩滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌的最优条件为选择底面积较大的反应器、30℃、静置条件下吸附3.5h.固定化野生菌、重组菌滤料及空白滤料对Cu2+的吸附率依次为:74.76％、89.36％和55.09％.为多孔载体固定化微生物在废水处理中的应用提供了实验依据.     

多孔材料的生物合成研究进展

多孔材料以其独特的结构和优异的性能而具有潜在的应用,引起了人们广泛的关注。化学法合成多孔材料,往往造成环境问题。为满足高功能和环境友好化工技术时代的要求,生物技术在利用资源和发展绿色技术方面十分重要。本文中,笔者对生物组织模板技术、微生物模板技术和生物分子自组装技术等应用生物技术合成多孔材料进行了综述。     

A microscale model of bacterial and biofilm dynamics in porous media

A microscale model for the transport and coupled reaction of microbes and chemicals in an idealized two-dimensional porous media has been developed. This model includes the flow, transport, and bioreaction of nutrients, electron acceptors, and microbial cells in a saturated granular porous media. The fluid and chemicals are represented as a continuum, but the bacterial cells and solid granular particles are represented discretely. Bacterial cells can attach to the particle surfaces or be advected in the bulk fluid. The bacterial cells can also be motile and move preferentially via a run and tumble mechanism toward a chemoattractant. The bacteria consume oxygen and nutrients and alter the profiles of these chemicals. Attachment of bacterial cells to the soil matrix and growth of bacteria can change the local permeability. The coupling of mass transport and bioreaction can produce spatial gradients of nutrients and electron acceptor concentrations. We describe a numerical method for the microscale model, show results of a convergence study, and present example simulations of the model system.     

Reduction of porous media permeability from in situ Leuconostoc mesenteroides growth and dextran production

In situ growth of bacteria in a porous medium can alter the permeability of that media. This article reveals that the rate of permeability alteration can be controlled by the inoculation strategy, nutrient concentrations, and injection rates. Based on experimental observations a phenomenological model has been developed to describe the inoculation of the porous medium, the in situ growth of bacteria, and the permeability decline of the porous medium. This model consists of two phases that describe the bacteria in the porous medium: (1) the nongrowth phase in which cell transport and retention are occurring; and (2) the growth phase in which the retained cells grow and plug the porous media. Transition from the transport phase to the growth phase is governed by the growth lag time of the cells within the porous medium. The importance of the inoculum injection strategy and the nutrient injection strategy is illustrated by the model. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Optically Transparent Porous Medium for Nondestructive Studies of Microbial Biofilm Architecture and Transport Dynamics

We describe a novel and noninvasive, microscopy-based method for visualizing the structure and dynamics of microbial biofilms, individual fluorescent microbial cells, and inorganic colloids within a model porous medium. Biofilms growing in flow cells packed with granules of an amorphous fluoropolymer could be visualized as a consequence of refractive index matching between the solid fluoropolymer grains and the aqueous immersion medium. In conjunction with the capabilities of confocal microscopy for nondestructive optical sectioning, the use of amorphous fluoropolymers as a solid matrix permits observation of organisms and dynamic processes to a depth of 2 to 3 mm, whereas sediment biofilms growing in sand-filled flow cells can only be visualized in the region adjacent to the flow cell wall. This method differs fundamentally from other refractive index-matching applications in that optical transparency was achieved by matching a solid phase to water (and not vice versa), thereby permitting real-time microscopic studies of particulate-containing, low-refractive-index media such as biological and chromatographic systems.     

Optically transparent porous medium for nondestructive studies of microbial biofilm architecture and transport dynamics

We describe a novel and noninvasive, microscopy-based method for visualizing the structure and dynamics of microbial biofilms, individual fluorescent microbial cells, and inorganic colloids within a model porous medium. Biofilms growing in flow cells packed with granules of an amorphous fluoropolymer could be visualized as a consequence of refractive index matching between the solid fluoropolymer grains and the aqueous immersion medium. In conjunction with the capabilities of confocal microscopy for nondestructive optical sectioning, the use of amorphous fluoropolymers as a solid matrix permits observation of organisms and dynamic processes to a depth of 2 to 3 mm, whereas sediment biofilms growing in sand-filled flow cells can only be visualized in the region adjacent to the flow cell wall. This method differs fundamentally from other refractive index-matching applications in that optical transparency was achieved by matching a solid phase to water (and not vice versa), thereby permitting real-time microscopic studies of particulate-containing, low-refractive-index media such as biological and chromatographic systems.     

Transport of vanadium (V) in saturated porous media: effects of pH,ionic-strength and clay mineral

Vanadium, a hazardous pollutant, has been frequently detected in soil and groundwater, however, its transport behavior in porous media were not clearly understood. In this study, the effects of solution pH, ionic strength (IS) and the effect of clay mineral on the transport of vanadium in saturated porous media were investigated. Laboratory experiments using a series of columns packed with quartz sand were carried out to explore the retention and transport of vanadium with a range of ionic-strength (0.001–0.1 M) and pH (4–8) and two different types of clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite. Results of the breakthrough experiments showed that vanadium was highly mobile in the saturated porous media. The increase in pH rendered a higher transport of vanadium in saturated porous media. The study also indicated an easier transfer of vanadium with an increase in IS. Montmorillonite enhanced the mobility of vanadium in the column when compared to kaolinite. A mathematical model based on advection-dispersion equation coupled with equilibrium and kinetic reactions was used to describe the retention and transport of vanadium in the columns very well.     

Non-standard numerical methods applied to subsurface biobarrier formation models in porous media

Biofilm forming microbes have complex effects on the flow properties of natural porous media. Subsurface biofilms have the potential for the formation of biobarriers to inhibit contaminant migration in groundwater. Another example of beneficial microbial effects is the biotransformation of organic contaminants to less harmful forms, thereby providing an in situ method for treatment of contaminated groundwater supplies. Mathematical models that describe contaminant transport with biodegradation involve a set of coupled convection-dispersion equations with non-linear reactions. The reactive solute transport equation is one for which numerical solution procedures continue to exhibit significant limitations for certain problems of groundwater hydrology interest. Accurate numerical simulations are crucial to the development of contaminant remediation strategies. A new numerical method is developed for simulation of reactive bacterial transport in porous media. The non-standard numerical approach is based on the ideas of the ‘exact’ time-stepping scheme. It leads to solutions free from the numerical instabilities that arise from incorrect modeling of derivatives and reaction terms. Applications to different biofilm models are examined and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed new method.     

Formation of nesquehonite and other minerals as a consequence of biofilm dehydration

A microbial biofilm community was established over 971 days within gravel in an aquarium so as to model biofouling of an aquifer. When the water was allowed to evaporate slowly, white crystalline deposits, containing several carbonate and sulphate minerals including nesquehonite (MgCO₃.3H2O), were seen at the highest points on the surface of the biofouled gravel. No such deposits occurred in regions lacking biofilms. These crystals appeared to originate from evaporation of dissolved salts which had migrated through the biofilm. Surfaceadherent microbial biofilms may conceivably provide a conduit for solute transport in porous media such as soils and aquifers.