不同区域森林火灾对生态因子的响应及其概率模型

火灾是影响森林生态系统过程的重要干扰之一,其对森林生态系统内各生态因子的响应各不相同.由于植被状况及生态环境的不同,森林火灾的时空分布特征在中国不同植被气候类型内表现不同,根据植被气候类型分类系统,将中国主要森林火灾地区划分为4个区域:东北(冷温带松林)、华北(落叶阔叶林)、东南(常绿阔叶林)和西南(热带雨林),应用遥感监测数据和地面环境数据,以时空变量、生态因子(植被生长变化指数、湿度等)为可选自变量,应用半参数化Logistic回归模型,就森林火险对不同生态影响因子的响应规律进行了分析,建立了基于生态因子的着火概率模型和大火蔓延概率模型,通过模拟及实际数据散点图、火险概率图,评估了模型应用价值.结果表明,土壤湿度及植被含水量在落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、热带雨林地区对着火概率影响显著.在4个植被气候区内,土壤及凋落物湿度对大火蔓延的作用较小.在冷温带松林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林地区,植被生长的年内变化对火灾发生的影响显著,在常绿阔叶林地区,年内植被生长变化对大火蔓延的作用较小.森林火险概率与各生态因子的相关关系主要呈现出非线性.不同植被气候区内,火险概率受不同生态因子组合的影响,这与不同区域的植被状况及生态环境不同有关.在不同植被气候类型,应用时空变量、生态因子建立半参数化logistic回归模型,进行着火概率和大火蔓延概率的模拟具有可行性和实际应用能力.为进一步分析森林生态系统与火灾之间的动态关系、展开生态系统火灾干扰研究提供了理论基础.     

晚更新世以来浙江余姚地区植被变化及人类活动

浙江余姚河姆渡镇7 m钻孔的孢粉记录提供了晚更新世以来的植被变化及其反映的气候变化和人类活动的历史.在全新世海侵之前,研究区发育常绿落叶阔叶混交林.全新世早中期,海侵发生,植被由亚热带针阔叶混交林发展为常绿落叶阔叶混交林,碳屑和禾本科(≥35/μm)花粉的增高说明,可能在河姆渡文化之前,研究区已经有人类活动.7 cal.kyr BP之后,高含量的禾本科(≥35 μm)花粉表明钻孔点的临近地区有水稻种植.亚热带与温带乔木花粉的比值(sub/tem)显示,在8 cal.kyr BP之前的海侵期间,浙江余姚地区气候最温暖湿润;7.5-5.86cal.kyr BP期间,温度低于海侵期但是仍然属于全新世暖期,温度高于现在;5.86 cal.kyr BP之后,温度下降;4cal.kyr BP之后温度进一步下降,接近现在.     

西藏西部札盆地上新世孢粉植物群及古环境

孢粉组合以松科两气囊花粉与被子植物藜科花粉为主,禾本科及麻黄花粉有一定的含量,含有少量亚热带常绿或落叶阔叶林分子,蕨类孢子少量,时代属上新世中晚期,亦不能完全排除更新世的可能,孢粉植物群显示比较清晰的植被垂直分带现象,反映了较高海拔下的草原,灌丛草原,亚高山针叶林,低山落叶阔叶林,低山常绿阔叶一针叶林植被,当时气候偏干,可能与现在当地气候已较相似,盆地内地势可能为南低北高,其最低处的海拔可能在2000－2500m左右。上新世至今地势无疑又有1千多米的隆升。     

25000年以来渤海湾西岸古环境探讨

 本文依据孢粉、微体古生物、放射性碳测年、因子分析等资料,表明25000a,BP 以来渤海湾西岸的古植被,古地理环境演变既受气候冷暖变化的影响,又受海平面变化的制约。25000—23000a,BP 为高海平面时期,古植被为森林草甸植被,23000—12000a,BP,气候冷干,为低海平面时期,以草原植被为主,前期和后期为沼泽草甸植被。12000—5000a,BP 气候温凉或温暖湿润为海平面上升时期,为阔叶林草甸或沼泽草甸植被,5000a,BP 以来,气候变凉变干,为海退时期,古植被由沼泽草甸演变为盐生草甸。     

太湖平原西北部全新世以来植被与环境变化

太湖平原西北部卜弋桥Zk01孔上部8m地层孢粉资料显示该地区自全新世以来植被与气候主要经历了三个阶段:1)11000—9500cal.aB.P.,地带性植被为壳斗科为主的亚热带常绿落叶针阔混交林。森林成分以栎属(Quercus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栗属(Castanea)、栲属(Castanopsis)/石栎属(Lithocarpus)和松属(Pinus)为主,同时混生有少量的枫香属(Liquidambar)、冬青属(Ilex)、水青冈属(Fagus)、桦属(Betula)、榆属(Ulmus)等乔灌木。本阶段孢粉浓度较高,气候较温暖湿润,为早全新世升温期;2)9500—3900cal.aB.P.,植被演替为中亚热带性质的常绿阔叶林。此阶段特别是8000cal.aB.P.以来,植被以青冈属为主的常绿分子获得大发展为特点。当时森林繁茂,气候暖湿且较为稳定,对应于中全新世大暖期(适宜期);3)3900cal.aB.P.以来,森林植被表现为次生性质的亚热带针阔混交林。青冈属、栎属骤减,松属、禾本科(Poaceae)及水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)含量明显增升。本阶段孢粉浓度减为最低,据研究区周边的孢粉资料推测此时期气候温凉湿润。本阶段晚期森林植被受到人类的干扰,与人类活动密切相关的农作物如禾本科(35—45μm)、十字花科和菊科等花粉类型含量持续增多,表明研究区自全新世晚期以来出现了明显的人类活动的迹象。Zk01钻孔点位处古河道,磁化率和粒度证据揭示了研究点沉积环境全新世早期为河流相,水动力较强,中期水动力条件显著增强,晚期减弱。最后,结合孢粉资料和沉积环境简述了植被变化与沉积环境之间的关联。     

河南植被水平地带性的分布规律

河南植被纬向性分布与气温有关。北部属温带落叶林区域,典型植被,山地为落叶阔叶林和常绿针叶林,东部平原的农作物为一年两作或两年三作。南部为亚热带常绿阔叶林区域的常绿、落叶阔叶混交林地带,典型植被为含有常绿成分的落叶阔叶林,针叶林由马尾松、黄山松和杉木林组成。河南植被的经向性分布职决于干燥度引起的地带性变化,东部大别山的植被由黄山松林和茶园来表征,南部的桐柏山地带则没有黄山松林和茶园。     

成都平原4 000aBP以来的孢粉记录与环境变化

成都平原晚全新世以来沉积的泥质层发现丰富的孢粉。根据孢粉成分组合特征和生态类型可划分出5个孢粉组合带,结合剖面上6个14^C测年数据,提出在过去的4000a研究区植被类型及气候环境经历了5个阶段的变化：3800-3600aBP为亚热带常绿阔叶林,气候暖偏湿;3600-3400aBP为含常绿树种的落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润;3400-2600aBP为草／湿地,气温下降,环境更潮湿;2600-900aBP为落叶阔叶林,温度又开始逐渐回升,气候温和偏湿;900-300aBP再次变为草／湿地,偏干冷的气候环境。     

末次冰期以来湛江湖光岩玛珥湖孢粉记录及古环境变化

通过对湛江湖光岩玛珥湖钻孔孢粉记录的研究认为,末次冰期以来,该区植被类型从早期的南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林依次演替为,中亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶林→南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林→中亚热带常绿—落叶阔叶—针叶混交林(湖边草地)→热带季雨林→半常绿季雨林。气候最寒冷的时期温度比目前至少降低了4—6℃以上。全新世早期相对于旱。     

青藏高原晚新生代植被史及其气候特征

从青藏高原目前已知的６０余个剖面和钻孔揭示的大量古植物资料来看,由于喜马拉雅山的强烈隆升、地质事件及全球气候变化,青藏高原晚新生代植被发生显著的变化。中新世进入上新世,植被由森林型变为草原型。在中新世晚期植被按纬向分为三带,南带为亚热带硬叶常绿阔叶林－雪松林,中带为暖温带落叶阔叶林及灌丛,北带即昆仑山北坡为山地常绿针叶林及森林草原。山地的高差已使植被出现垂直分带现象。上新世早中期气候转凉,原北带出     

太湖东部平原平望孔全新世环境演变地层记录

通过对太湖东部平原平望钻孔的年代、有孔虫和孢粉分析,探讨了该区域全新世植被变化与环境特征。结果显示全新世(11.5 kaBP)以来,太湖东部平原未受到广泛海侵的影响,主要是以淡水湖泊-沼泽沉积为主。该区域在4 kaBP以后,才有大面积的水稻种植。11.0—9.1 kaBP,以常绿-落叶阔叶林为主,花粉浓度较小,木本植物和水生湿生植物花粉含量增加,整体环境温凉偏干,但湿度逐渐增大,指示东亚季风逐渐加强。9.1—5.8 kaBP,花粉浓度最大,木本植物花粉含量略有减小,草本植物含量明显增加,主要是水生、湿生花粉的含量增加明显,平均达到32%,藻类含量为整个钻孔最大,其中在8—7 kaBP前后常绿类花粉含量较大,水生湿生花粉、淡水藻类的含量达到整个剖面最大,推测此时区域湿度最大,东亚夏季风最为强盛。5.8—1.3 kaBP常绿阔叶林百分比含量增加,落叶阔叶花粉含量减少,陆生草本植物的含量增加,水生湿生草本的含量减小,主要以常绿-落叶阔叶林为主,环境较前一带略干,东亚夏季风减弱。     

Palynological evidence for Holocene environmental change in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Delta, China

Holocene vegetation changes in response to climate fluctuations and human impacts are reviewed on the basis of pollen analyses from borehole cores taken from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) delta, China, and other previously reported data. During the earliest Holocene (10,930−9000 cal yr BP), the climate was warm and wet, allowing thermophilous hardwoods to occupy mid- and low-elevations surrounding a palaeo-Changjiang estuary. The climate became gradually cooler, and cool-tolerant conifers, grasses and ferns became dominant until 7600 cal yr BP, when the estuary became a delta. A mid-Holocene climatic optimum occurred between 7600 and 4800 cal yr BP, when evergreen and broadleaved deciduous trees flourished at mid- and low-elevations surrounding the delta front-prodelta. After this time, climate became cooler again until 1340 cal yr BP. During this period, evergreen and broadleaved deciduous trees were replaced by conifers and grasses inhabiting the inter/subtidal flat-delta front. This development of conifer-grassland vegetation was shortly interrupted between 3860 and 3200 cal yr BP when thermophilous tree cover increased and open vegetation with scattered conifers was reduced. Since 1340 cal yr BP, the vegetation has been similar to that at present under warm, wet conditions. Human impacts are recognized by the first appearance of Fagopyrum and a sudden increase in herb pollen at 4500 and 1340 cal yr BP, respectively.     

Post-Glacial Climate–Fire Interactions Control Tree Composition of Mesic Temperate Forests in Eastern North America

Stand-scale gap-phase dynamics is generally viewed as the main driver of development in mesic deciduous forests of the temperate biome. Soil charcoal of temperate forests in eastern North America are unnoticed in most surveys, thus explaining why fire is undervalued as a driver of forest succession. The extent to which gap-phase, fire, or other processes are responsible for the regeneration and maintenance of mesic deciduous forests is unknown because paleoecological evidence is lacking. We tested the fire-driven succession hypothesis on the development of this major forest type. Based on charcoal ¹⁴C dates of two sites, 44 and 55 fires occurred since early Holocene, with a mean interval of 170 to 215 years. The vegetation of both sites followed comparable post-glacial trajectories consisting of three distinct periods. Conifers dominated the two first periods during 5200–6000 years and were replaced by hardwoods–conifers over the last 3500 years. The first period was represented by boreal conifers, whereas the second period, dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus) forests, persisted during 3000–4300 years. The third period marked the development of hardwood (sugar maple, Acer saccharum) forests. Fires occurred continuously on the sites since early Holocene likely under dry conditions during the conifer periods and cooler and moister conditions during the hardwood–conifer period. Recurrent fires appear with climate as key drivers of the long-term dynamics of several temperate forests in eastern North America. Similar studies on other temperate forests should be pursued to test the hypothesis of climate–fire interactions influencing tree composition change.

     

Vegetation and fire history of coastal north-eastern Sardinia (Italy) under changing Holocene climates and land use

Little is known about the vegetation and fire history of Sardinia, and especially the long-term history of the thermo-Mediterranean belt that encompasses its entire coastal lowlands. A new sedimentary record from a coastal lake based on pollen, spores, macrofossils and microscopic charcoal analysis is used to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history in north-eastern Sardinia. During the mid-Holocene (c. 8,100–5,300 cal bp), the vegetation around Stagno di Sa Curcurica was characterised by dense Erica scoparia and E. arborea stands, which were favoured by high fire activity. Fire incidence declined and evergreen broadleaved forests of Quercus ilex expanded at the beginning of the late Holocene. We relate the observed vegetation and fire dynamics to climatic change, specifically moister and cooler summers and drier and milder winters after 5,300 cal bp. Agricultural activities occurred since the Neolithic and intensified after c. 7,000 cal bp. Around 2,750 cal bp, a further decline of fire incidence and Erica communities occurred, while Quercus ilex expanded and open-land communities became more abundant. This vegetation shift coincided with the historically documented beginning of Phoenician period, which was followed by Punic and Roman civilizations in Sardinia. The vegetational change at around 2,750 cal bp was possibly advantaged by a further shift to moister and cooler summers and drier and milder winters. Triggers for climate changes at 5,300 and 2,750 cal bp may have been gradual, orbitally-induced changes in summer and winter insolation, as well as centennial-scale atmospheric reorganizations. Open evergreen broadleaved forests persisted until the twentieth century, when they were partly substituted by widespread artificial pine plantations. Our results imply that highly flammable Erica vegetation, as reconstructed for the mid-Holocene, could re-emerge as a dominant vegetation type due to increasing drought and fire, as anticipated under global change conditions.     

黔西高原MIS3-MIS2期炭屑记录与火灾模式研究

火灾与气候、植被存在复杂的关系,搞清东亚季风区的火灾模式及其发生机制,对预测未来气候变化及火灾防治具有重要意义。通过对黔西高原MIS3—MIS2期间的古湖相沉积物进行炭屑分析并结合AMS~(14)C测年数据研究发现:MIS3晚期以来研究区的火灾主要发生于36.3—35 cal ka BP、26.2—17.6 cal ka BP期间,中粒炭屑和大炭屑分别在35、26.2、23.6 cal ka BP记录到3次地方火。研究区炭屑记录对冷干事件响应敏感,炭屑峰值区对应Heinrich事件(H事件)、末次冰盛期(LGM)等干旱事件,低值区对应DO事件,呈现千年旋回的特征。比对东亚地区的炭屑记录发现,在大范围的东亚季风区MIS2期比MIS3末期在火的强度和频率上都要高,与欧洲模式显著不同。火的发生机制可能受气候因素的控制,同时受植被类型的影响。     

Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland

1 Pollen and charcoal analysis at two lakes in southern Switzerland revealed that fire has had a prominent role in changing the woodland composition of this area for more than 7000 years.
2 The sediment of Lago di Origlio for the period between 5100 and 3100  bc cal. was sampled continuously with a time interval of about 10 years. Peaks of charcoal particles were significantly correlated with repeated declines in pollen of Abies , Hedera , Tilia , Ulmus , Fraxinus excelsior t., Fagus and Vitis and with increases in Alnus glutinosa t., shrubs (e.g. Corylus , Salix and Sambucus nigra t.) and several herbaceous species. The final disappearance of the lowland Abies alba stands at around 3150  bc cal. may be an example of a fire-caused local extinction of a fire-intolerant species.
3 Forest fires tended to diminish pollen diversity. The charcoal peaks were preceded by pollen types indicating human activity. Charcoal minima occurred during periods of cold humid climate, when fire susceptibility would be reduced.
4 An increase of forest fires at about 2100  bc cal. severely reduced the remaining fire-sensitive plants: the mixed-oak forest was replaced by a fire-tolerant alder–oak forest. The very strong increase of charcoal influx, and the marked presence of anthropogenic indicators, point to principally anthropogenic causes.
5 We suggest that without anthropogenic disturbances Abies alba would still form lowland forests together with various deciduous broadleaved tree taxa.     

中国西南干旱河谷植物群落的数量分类和排序分析

中国西南干旱河谷植被是我国西南横断山区特有的植被类型, 目前关于西南干旱河谷植被还没有整体性的群落类型划分研究。根据对甘肃、四川、云南三省九条主要河流的干旱河谷段野外调查和文献来源的1,339个植物群落样方数据, 采用自适应仿射传播聚类方法, 对我国西南干旱河谷的植物群落进行数量分类, 并采用典范对应分析方法进行排序分析。结果表明: (1)调查样方的植物群落分为7个植被型(稀树草原、肉质灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛、暖性落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿硬叶林、落叶阔叶林和暖性针叶林), 24个群系, 31个群丛类型。暖性落叶阔叶灌丛是本植被区的代表性植被类型; 分布最广的群系为鞍叶羊蹄甲灌丛(Form. Bauhinia brachycarpa, 样方比例50.9%)、黄茅灌草丛(Form. Heteropogon contortus, 样方比例11.9%)、孔颖草灌草丛(Form. Bothriochloa pertusa, 样方比例5.6%)、黄荆灌丛(Form. Vitex negundo, 样方比例4.2%)、知风草灌草丛(Form. Eragrostis ferruginea, 样方比例3.8%)、车桑子灌丛(Form. Dodonaea viscosa, 样方比例3.4%)、云南松疏林(Form. Pinus yunnanensis, 样方比例3.3%)。(2)冬季低温和降水的季节性是限制干旱河谷植物群落分布的主要气候因子。稀树草原、肉质灌丛是典型的干热河谷植被类型; 暖性落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿硬叶林、常绿阔叶灌丛是干暖河谷植被的优势类型; 暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林则主要在干温河谷环境占优势。     

Late Quaternary grassland (Campos), gallery forest,fire and climate dynamics,studied by pollen,charcoal and multivariate analysis of the São Francisco de Assis core in western Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil)

We present a detailed pollen and charcoal record of a 368-cm-long sediment core from the lowland Campos (grassland) region near the city of São Francisco de Assis in the western Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil. Based on four AMS radiocarbon dates, the record represents the last about 22,000 cal yr BP. The region was naturally covered by Campos throughout the recorded glacial and Holocene period under cold and relatively dry and warm and dry condition, respectively. Initial expansion of gallery forest after 5170 cal yr BP indicates a change to wetter climatic conditions. Maximum extent of gallery forest after 1550 cal yr BP reflects the wettest recorded period. There is some evidence of plant migration from the eastern Atlantic coastal lowland reaching the western lowland, first after mid Holocene times by Cecropia and, possibly, species of Myrsine and Moraceae and later, after about 1000 cal yr BP, by species of Alchornea and Acalypha. Multivariate analysis revealed that the long-term pollen composition dynamics is a two-phase process, with random, chaotic changes characterizing some periods when climate conditions were likely more stable, and directional compositional changes (phase transitions) in periods coincide with major climate and/or anthropogenic changes. Natural fires were rare during full- and lateglacial periods, but became frequent at the beginning of the Holocene, suggesting the beginning of human occupation of the western lowland at that time. Highest fire frequency is found during the wet late Holocene period, suggesting an increase of indigenous populations in the São Francisco de Assis region.     

Holocene vegetation–fire–climate linkages in northern Yellowstone National Park,USA

Yellowstone National Park has been an important location for paleoecologic studies that focus on the use of charcoal data to reconstruct past fire activity and on the role of climate variations in shaping past vegetation and fire regimes. One hypothesis, which has been explored in other parts of the western U.S., is the idea that present-day summer-dry and summer-wet precipitation regimes were intensified during the early Holocene as a result of greater-than-present summer insolation and its effect on atmospheric circulation patterns. In Yellowstone, this hypothesis was previously examined at two sites, one in summer-wet and one in summer-dry precipitation regions. The records showed variation in both fire and vegetation history that supported the hypothesis. We present a fire and vegetation history from Blacktail Pond, located in Pseudotsuga parkland in the transitional region. The Blacktail Pond data indicate the following ecological history: prior to 12,000 cal yr BP, the site supported tundra vegetation and fire episodes were infrequent. Between 12,000 and 11,000 cal yr BP, Picea–Pinus parkland was established and fire activity increased; these changes are consistent with increasing temperature, as a result of rising summer insolation. From 11,000 to 7600 cal yr BP, the presence of a closed forest of Pinus and some Picea is attributed to high levels of winter moisture, but high fire activity indicates that summers were drier than at present. After 7600 cal yr BP, the presence of forest and steppe vegetation in combination with high fire activity suggest that middle-Holocene conditions were warm and dry. The decrease in Picea and Betula in the last 4000 cal yr indicates continued drying in the late Holocene, although fire-episode frequency was relatively high until 2000 cal yr BP. The pollen data at Blacktail Pond and other low-elevation sites in the northern Rocky Mountains suggest a widespread vegetation response in summer-wet regions to effectively wetter conditions in the early Holocene and decreased moisture in the middle and late Holocene. In contrast, the more-variable fire history among the three sites implies either that (1) summer moisture stress and fire conditions are related to year-round moisture balance and not well predicted by the hypothesis, (2) the transitional area between summer-wet and summer-dry precipitation regimes experienced complicated shifts in effective moisture through time, and/or (3) fire-episode data have a limited source area that makes it difficult to separate local influences from regional climate changes in understanding long-term variations in fire-episode frequency.     

Frequency and impact of Holocene fire in eastern South Island, New Zealand

Our evaluation of pre-settlement Holocene (10 000–1000 BP) fire, using radiocarbon-dated charcoals and pollen and charcoal spectra in pollen diagrams, concludes that fires were infrequent and patchy in the eastern South Island of New Zealand. Charcoal radiocarbon dates point to three broad phases of fire frequency: infrequent patchy fires from 10 000 to 2600 BP; a slightly increased frequency between 2600 and 1000 BP; and an unprecedented increase of fires after 1000 BP, which peaked between 800 and 500 BP. We suggest that natural fire was driven more by vegetation flammability (with ignitibility and combustibility components) than climate within this rain-shadow region, that plant chemistry principally determined fire frequency, and that topography determined the extent of fire. The review suggests that there were rare spatial and temporal instances of a feedback relationship between fire and early-successional grasses in eastern South Island. This occurred only within narrow-range, cool environments, whose equilibrium communities were of flammable, phenolic-rich woody species and grasses, and was predominantly in the late pre-settlement period. Elsewhere, grasses and herbs were understorey components to otherwise low-flammability, hardwood forest and scrub.     

Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics in the supra-Mediterranean belt of the Gredos Range (central Iberian Peninsula)

Abstract

High-resolution pollen, macrofossil and charcoal data, combined with multivariate analysis, were used to reconstruct Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics at Manaderos. The studied mire is located in a highly valued location in the supra-Mediterranean belt of the Gredos Range (central Iberian Peninsula). The record started at 1260?calendar years (cal yrs) BP, according to eight radiocarbon dates, with the occurrence of an open Quercus pyrenaica forest and Pinus nigra stands. The palynological data show a dramatic change ～380?cal yrs BP, when the oak forest was progressively replaced by a maritime pine one. The interpretation of this record is related to an increase in agricultural and livestock activities and changes in the role of fire, thus Pyrenean oak canopy was consumed by fires providing openings for Pinus pinaster, better adapted to fire. The results are compared with other sequences from the Spanish Central System in order to better understand the past dynamics of the main forest constituents and to provide a critical view of the role of fire, anthropic dynamics and climatic events.