湖南省鱼类3新纪录

2009年10月至2011年5月,对湖南省沅、澧水水域鱼类资源进行了调查,发现湖南鱼类3新纪录:张氏(餐)Hemiculter tchangi Fang、长脂拟鲿Pseudobagrus adiposalis、中国少鳞鳜Coreoperca whiteheadi.     

湖南通道玉带河国家湿地公园鱼类资源初探

湖南通道玉带河湿地公园的鱼类资源状况一直不明,适时开展野生鱼类资源调查很必要。2015年,利用样点采集法,对玉带河国家湿地公园的鱼类进行了分类研究,该地鱼类隶属于4目11科42种。在区系分析中,华南区所占权重最高,为49.10%,华东区所占权重次之,为36.49%。     

湖南鱼类新纪录2种

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区位于洞庭湖区澧水第二大支流渫水的上游区域,其鱼类地理区系属于华东区江淮亚区（李思忠,1981）。2007年8月～2008年6月,作者在不同季节对该区鱼类资源进行了全面调查,     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区山溪鱼类多样性调查与分析

2007年8月～2008年9月,作者对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区山溪鱼类的物种多样性进行了调查和统计分析。共采集鱼类标本3 420尾,经分类鉴定为39种,隶属于4目11科15亚科35属。其中,草食性鱼类5种,肉食性鱼类18种,杂食性鱼类16种;四川爬岩鳅(Beaufortia szechuanensis)、鳗尾(Liobagrus anguillicauda)为湖南省鱼类新纪录。鱼类多样性指数(H′)为2.612,丰富度指数(D)为3.461,均匀度指数(J)为0.706。该区鱼类以适应山溪急流生活的21种土著鱼类为主体,占本次调查鱼类总物种数的51.2%。尖头(Phoxinus oxycephalus)和粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbata)为保护区鱼类群落的优势种,相对多度指数分别为23.6%和23.4%。     

中国鮈亚科两新种

1974年6月至1979年4月,我们于湖南沅水和湘江采到鮈亚科中的鱼类标本21尾,经比较鉴定,认为是两新种,现报告于后。模式标本均存于湖南省水产科学研究所。     

湖南省乌云界自然保护区鱼类资源研究

利用样点全采集法在湖南乌云界自然保护区共采集到鱼类标本238条,它们隶属于4目11科32种．该地鱼类多样性系数(H′)为1．068．鱼类均匀度指数(J′)为0．835．优势种为马口鱼和波氏栉虾虎鱼。     

非洲鲫鱼在不同盐份水中对低温忍耐力的试验

非洲鲫鱼属热带广盐性鱼类。1956年引入广东,1960年引入湖南。在我省至今仍不能长期忍耐16℃以下温度。 据国外报道,某些咸淡水池潭中的非洲鲫鱼在6℃时可维持两天,在11℃时生活在0.5％氯化钠的稀释     

广西野生淡水鱼类的物种多样性及其资源的可持续利用

广西地形复杂,河流众多,适于不同鱼类的栖息和繁殖.经对分布于广西境内的各水系鱼类资源的调查、对相关馆藏标本的进一步鉴定以及对相关文献的整理,目前已知广西淡水鱼类15目37科143属290种和亚种,其中很多种类具有重要经济价值.对广西及其邻近省区鱼类多样性指数的计算、比较和分析表明,广西地区G指数最高,F指数和G-F指数除低于云南外,高于广东、海南、贵州和湖南.广西野生淡水鱼类的显著特点是物种多样性高,特有属、种多,很多物种分布区狭窄,区系成分表现出明显的东洋界特点,不同水系鱼类组成各具特色.近年来,广西自然水域的野生鱼类资源的破坏较为严重,本文对广西野生淡水鱼类资源的可持续利用进行了讨论.     

世界首例异源四倍体鲫鲤鱼在湘诞生

湖南师范大学生命科学学院及其协作单位湖南湘阴东湖渔场 ,应用细胞工程与有性杂交相结合的综合技术 ,成功培育出世界首例遗传性状稳定且能自然繁殖的四倍体鱼类种群 ,并以此四倍体鱼同二倍体鱼杂交 ,又成功地培育出不育的三倍体鲫鱼 (湘云鲫 )和三倍体鲤鱼 (湘云鲤 )。 2 0 0 0年 10月 ,以我国著名的遗传育种专家朱作言院士、水生生物专家林浩然院士和细胞生物专家翟中和院士为首的鉴定委员会认为 ,“这一成果标志着我国科学家在鱼类多倍体育种的理论和应用方面均取得了创造性的突破 ,达国际领先水平。”多倍体育种研究是鱼类育种领域中的…     

草鱼和点鳢寄生锚头鳋的四新种和一新属

从1951年开始,我们先后在江苏、浙江、广东、广西、湖南、湖北以及内蒙和东北等地区,调查了淡水鱼类的寄生虫区系,特别是饲养鱼类,在收集的标本中,共有锚头鳋十余种。经鉴定后,其中有4种是尚未兄诸文献的新种,和一个新属,分别叙述于后,其余种类将于另文与生活史和生态部分一同发表。     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

Spawning of coral reef invertebrates and a second spawning season for scleractinian corals in the central Red Sea

Recent coral spawning observations in the central Red Sea show that most scleractinian species release their gametes in the spring, with a majority of species spawning in April. There is, however, a lack of reproductive data for several other coral species, as well as a general lack of data for other invertebrates. Here, we document the detailed timing of spawning for 13 scleractinian coral species, one sea anemone, and six echinoderms from an inshore reef off the coast of Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, in the spring between April and June 2014. Furthermore, inferred from the presence of mature gametes, we report the month of spawning for three additional coral species in the spring. Seven scleractinian coral species were inferred to release their gametes in a second reproductive season, in the autumn, between September and November. This is the first report of a second spawning season in the Arabian region. Biannual spawning has so far been reported on the Great Barrier Reef, in Western Australia, in Indonesia, in Malaysia, in Palau, in Thailand, in Taiwan, and in Western Samoa.     

Hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters (serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) and NPY,and gonadal and adrenal activities,during the early postnatal period in the rat

It is noteworthy that in the rat the early postnatal life is marked by an activation of both the corticostimulating function of the adenohypophysis in neonates of both sexes and of the gonadostimulating function mainly in males. In order to specify if such neuroendocrine variations are temporally correlated with changes in the hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin (5 HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and the hypothalamic content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been investigated in newborn rats of both sexes, delivered at term by cesarean section, as well as changes in the activity of both the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG). Experimental data suggested that 1) in males a rise in hypothalamic metabolism of 5 HT, NE and DA occurs during the first two hours after delivery, whereas in females, only the metabolism of NE increases. Moreover, the postnatal metabolism of NE was higher in females than in littermate males; 2) NPY content of the hypothalamus, which was at birth significantly higher in males than in females, dropped in the former but not in the latter; 3) in newborn males, an early surge of plasma testosterone occurs, suggesting postnatal activation of the HPG axis; on the other hand, in females, a late and slight increase in plasma estradiol is observed; 4) in early postnatal life, a sex-independent rise in plasma ACTH and adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels suggest a comparable activation of the HPA axis in newborns of both sexes. In conclusion, the early postnatal activation of the corticostimulating function in neonates of both sexes and that of the gonadostimulating function, mainly in males, could be temporally correlated with a rise in the hypothalamic metabolism of two neurotransmitters, 5 HT and NE, and of NPY content. According to our data, a sex-dependent metabolsim of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus is already apparent in early postnatal life.     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

不同生态系统对湘西洛塔降雨量及岩溶效应的影响

采用雨量器、滤膜法、CO2气体监测管法、标准试片对湘西洛塔不同生态系统降雨量、泥沙量、土壤CO2浓度、溶蚀速度进行了研究。结果表明:森林生态系统降雨量高于灌丛生态系统,观测第一年高6.84mm,第二年高218.08mm,且时间趋向均匀;灌丛生态系统水土流失严重,其泥沙含量是森林生态系统的1.53倍,土壤侵蚀为强度,而森林生态系统为微度;不同深度土壤CO2浓度在森林和灌丛生态系统中具有相同的变化趋势,在春季、秋季、冬季随土层加深而增大,在夏季,随土层加深先减少后增大,但季节变化动态略有差异,森林生态系统不同深度、不同季节土壤CO2浓度均大于灌丛生态系统;从全年土壤CO2浓度对比来看,10、20、40cm处,森林生态系统分别是灌丛生态系统的1.66、1.59和1.90倍;不同深度上,溶蚀速度在森林和灌丛生态系统具有相同的变化趋势,15cm处均大于地面,从同一深度来看,森林生态系统溶蚀速度均大于灌丛生态系统,地面、15cm处溶蚀速度分别是灌丛生态系统的1.11倍、2.57倍,说明森林生态系统具有较好的岩溶效应。     

A role for ecdysteroids in the phase polymorphism of the desert locust

Abstract. Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polymorphism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregarious and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. Although earlier studies showed that there are no major phase-dependent differences in the titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria , recent studies showed some minor differences in the timing of the main peak of ecdysteroids. In crowded penultimate- and last-instar hoppers, peak titres were lower but longer-lasting, whereas in isolated hoppers they were higher but of shorter duration. The major component of the haemolymph peak of ecdysteroid was 20-hydroxyecdysone in both isolated and crowded hoppers, but differences were found in the relative amounts of two minor components (makisterone A-like compound and highly polar products). In S. gregaria adults, the regression of the prothoracic glands was irregular and subject to high individual variations, but phase-dependent differences in the rate of regression were significant, and the adult glands did not produce physiologically significant amounts of ecdysteroids. Peak titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph were higher in isolated than in crowded adults. Similar to larvae, adults of the solitary phase contain more ecdysone in the haemolymph than those of the gregarious phase. Moreover, the phase characteristic titres of ecdysteroid in the adult stage can be shifted from one phase to another phase in response to appropriate changes in density. In contrast, the maximum amount of ecdysteroids in both ovaries and eggs was significantly higher in the gregarious than in the solitary phase. The amounts, and to some extent the types of ecdysteroids, were the only difference between ovaries and eggs from solitary and gregarious locusts. In addition, in newly hatched larvae, the amount of ecdysteroid was more than five times higher in gregarious than in solitary phase.     

Seasonal variation in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) content of different brain regions and the pineal in the mammalian hibernator, Citellus lateralis

We have measured the endogenous TRH concentration in the pineal and 9 brain regions of a seasonal hibernator, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, during euthermia and hibernation in order to investigate the possibility that changes in TRH concentration might occur in association with naturally-occurring changes in CNS-mediated physiological and behavioral processes. Regional TRH content was assessed by radioimmunoassay in adult animals that were killed during euthermia in the mid-portion of each season and during hibernation in mid-winter. No significant changes in TRH concentration related to season or to hibernation versus euthermic state were noted in the hippocampus, brainstem, or cerebellum. In the olfactory bulb, preoptic area, and pineal, seasonal variation within euthermic groups was evident. During hibernation, statistically significant decreases in TRH content occurred in the forebrain, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, septum, preoptic area, and midbrain. Significant fluctuations during hibernation were also observed in the pineal. In this structure, TRH concentration varied in relation to the phase of the hibernation bout. TRH content in the last quarter of the bout was three times greater when compared to values observed in the first quarter of the bout. These results suggest that TRH may be involved in the control processes attributed to these regions and support a role for TRH in the neural control of hibernation.     

A quantitative study of some digestive enzymes in the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer

Digestive enzyme distribution and activity in the digestive tracts of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer were studied. Quantitative determinations of digestive enzymes in the guts of both fishes showed that they were capable of digesting carbohydrates and proteins in their diet. The carbohydrases, amylase, laminarinase, maltase, sucrase and trehalase were detected in the rabbitfish; their activities being mainly in the stomach, intestine and pyloriccaeca. Amylase, maltase, trehalase and chitinase activities were recorded in the gut of the sea bass, primarily in the intestine and the pyloriccaeca. Their activities were significantly lower than those in the rabbitfish. Proteases (pepsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin) were found in both the rabbitfish and the sea bass. Pepsin activity however, was higher in the sea bass; while trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were higher in the rabbitfish. The activities of the various digestive enzymes in both fishes are discussed in relation to their feeding habits.     

Brain-Specific Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Synthesis in the Rat

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate modulatory mechanisms that control the synthesis of the neuroprotective endogenous excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist kynurenate. De novo kynurenate formation was examined in vitro using tissue slices from rat brain, liver, and kidney. In slices from adult cerebral cortex, veratridine, quisqualate, and l -α-aminoadipate decreased kynurenate synthesis substantially. Glucose removal or changes in the ionic milieu, too, influenced kynurenate formation significantly, suggesting that demands on cellular energy interfere with kynurenate production in the adult rat brain. The effects of quisqualate and l -α-aminoadipate were also observed in the immature brain, in the quinolinate-lesioned adult striatum, and, to a lesser extent, in peripheral organs. In contrast, the effect of veratridine was not seen in the lesioned brain or in kidney and liver tissue, indicating its dependency on intact neuron-glia interactions. Compared with the normal adult brain, ionic manipulations yielded qualitatively distinct results in the developing brain and in the periphery, but their effects remained unchanged in the lesioned striatum. Glucose deprivation was less consequential in the immature than in the adult brain and was entirely ineffective in the lesioned striatum and in the periphery. These results further link cellular, especially astrocytic, energy metabolism to kynurenate formation in the brain. More generally, the existence of brain-specific mechanisms for the regulation of kynurenate production is suggestive of a modulatory role of this metabolite in excitatory amino acid receptor function and dysfunction.