Quantifying the erosion effect on current carbon budget of European agricultural soils at high spatial resolution

The idea of offsetting anthropogenic CO₂ emissions by increasing global soil organic carbon (SOC), as recently proposed by French authorities ahead of COP21 in the ‘four per mil’ initiative, is notable. However, a high uncertainty still exits on land C balance components. In particular, the role of erosion in the global C cycle is not totally disentangled, leading to disagreement whether this process induces lands to be a source or sink of CO₂. To investigate this issue, we coupled soil erosion into a biogeochemistry model, running at 1 km² resolution across the agricultural soils of the European Union (EU). Based on data‐driven assumptions, the simulation took into account also soil deposition within grid cells and the potential C export to riverine systems, in a way to be conservative in a mass balance. We estimated that 143 of 187 Mha have C erosion rates <0.05 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1, although some hot‐spot areas showed eroded SOC >0.45 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1. In comparison with a baseline without erosion, the model suggested an erosion‐induced sink of atmospheric C consistent with previous empirical‐based studies. Integrating all C fluxes for the EU agricultural soils, we estimated a net C loss or gain of ?2.28 and +0.79 Tg yr^?1 of CO₂eq, respectively, depending on the value for the short‐term enhancement of soil C mineralization due to soil disruption and displacement/transport with erosion. We concluded that erosion fluxes were in the same order of current carbon gains from improved management. Even if erosion could potentially induce a sink for atmospheric CO₂, strong agricultural policies are needed to prevent or reduce soil erosion, in order to maintain soil health and productivity.     

Wildfire effects on carbon and nitrogen in inland coniferous forests

A ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest (Pinus ponderosa Dougl., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; PP/DF) and a lodgepole pine/Engelmann spruce forest (Pinus contorta Loud., Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.; LP/ES) located on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington state, USA, were examined following severe wildfire to compare total soil carbon and nitrogen capitals with unburned (control) forests. One year after fire, the average C content (60 cm depth) of PP/DF and LP/ES soil was 30% (25 Mg ha^-1) and 10% (7 Mg ha^-1) lower than control soil. Average N content on the burned PP/DF and LP/ES plots was 46% (3.0 Mg ha^-1) and 13% (0.4 Mg ha^-1) lower than control soil. The reduction in C and N in the PP/DF soil was largely the result of lower nutrient capitals in the burned Bw horizons (12–60 cm depth) relative to control plots. It is unlikely that the 1994 fire substantially affected nutrient capitals in the Bw horizons; however, natural variability or past fire history could be responsible for the varied nutrient capitals observed in the subsurface soils. Surface erosion (sheet plus rill) removed between 15 and 18 Mg ha^-1 of soil from the burned plots. Nutrient losses through surface erosion were 280 kg C ha^-1 and 14 kg N ha^-1 in the PP/DF, whereas LP/ES losses were 640 and 22 kg ha^-1 for C and N, respectively. In both forests, surface erosion of C and N was _∼1% to 2% of the A-horizon capital of these elements in unburned soil. A bioassay (with lettuce as an indicator plant) was used to compare soils from low-, moderate- and high-severity burn areas relative to control soil. In both forests, low-severity fire increased lettuce yield by 70–100% of controls. With more severe fire, yield decreased in the LP/ES relative to the low-intensity burn soil; however, only in the high-severity treatment was yield reduced (14%) from the control. Moderate- and high-severity burn areas in the PP/DF were fertilized with _∼56 kg ha^-1 of N four months prior to soil sampling. In these soils, yield was 70–80% greater than the control. These results suggest that short-term site productivity can be stimulated by low-severity fire, but unaffected or reduced by more severe fire in the types of forests studied. Post-fire fertilization with N could increase soil productivity where other environmental factors do not limit growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于RUSLE模型的中国土壤水蚀时空规律研究

RUSLE模型是计算土壤水蚀的经典模型,在大尺度研究时参数率定比较困难。基于气候、土地覆盖、地形特征等空间分异特征,对RUSLE模型的降雨侵蚀力(R)、植被覆盖与管理因子(C)、水土保持措施因子(P)进行了率定,估算了2000、2005、2010、2015年的中国的土壤侵蚀量。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀强度较大的地区集中在中国长江中下游平原区、云贵高原、黄土高原区、昆仑山山麓区域,占统计总面积的9.65%。(2)土壤侵蚀明显增大的区域面积达10.36×10~4km~2,分布于新疆农田区、四川盆地、云贵高原东南部、长江中下游平原和东北平原。(3)土壤侵蚀显著改善的区域分布于黄土高原南部、秦岭地区和东南沿海地区,面积约13.6×10~4km~2。通过对RUSLE模型参数的率定,阐明了全国尺度土壤水蚀的时空分异规律,可对不同地区制定相应的土壤修复措施提供依据。     

湄公河流域土壤侵蚀空间特征及其优先治理区确定

湄公河流域拥有丰富的自然生态系统,为沿岸居民提供了食物、交通等众多方面支持,在东南亚地区具有极其重要的地位。土壤侵蚀是该流域主要环境问题,易引发土地退化和河流泥沙淤积。基于气候、土壤、遥感等区域数据产品,使用通用土壤流失方程(USLE,Universal Soil Loss Equation),对湄公河流域土壤侵蚀状况及空间分布特征进行探究,并通过联合信息熵方法,确定该流域土壤侵蚀的主导因素。结果表明,湄公河流域平均土壤侵蚀模数为1.98×10~3 t km~(-2) a~(-1),属轻度侵蚀;流域内近40%区域存在不同强度的土壤侵蚀,侵蚀较严重的地区主要包括11个子流域(M4—M7、M9、T4—T6、T8、T10、T20),是未来土壤侵蚀重点治理区域。土地利用类型、坡度和海拔是该流域土壤侵蚀的主导因素,其中灌丛和裸地/稀疏植被分别为强烈和极强烈侵蚀,土壤侵蚀模数与坡度的关系为随坡度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,和土壤侵蚀模数与海拔的关系相同。流域内剧烈程度侵蚀发生区主要特点为:土地利用类型为裸地/稀疏植被和灌木,海拔在500—2000 m,坡度在8—25°。基于优先级理论,对湄公河子流域的优先治理次序进行排序和划分等级,共分为4个等级,达到第一级的共3个子流域。通过以上研究分析以期能为湄公河流域今后的水土保持规划和管理工作提供一定的科学参考依据。     

Climate warming increases soil erosion,carbon and nitrogen loss with biofuel feedstock harvest in tallgrass prairie

Anthropogenic soil erosion severely affects land ecosystems by reducing plant productivity and stimulating horizontal carbon and nitrogen movement at the surface. Climate warming may accelerate soil erosion by altering soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation coverage. However, no experiments have been carried out to quantify soil erosion with warming. In a long‐term field experiment, we explored how annual clipping for biofuel feedstock production and warming caused soil erosion and accompanying carbon and nitrogen losses in tallgrass prairie in Oklahoma, USA. We measured relative changes in soil surface elevation between clipped and unclipped plots with or without experimental warming. Our results show that average relative erosion depth caused by clipping was 1.65±0.09 and 0.54±0.08 mm yr^?1, respectively, in warmed and control plots from November 21, 1999 to April 21, 2009. The soil erosion rate was 2148±121 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 693±113 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Soil organic carbon was lost at a rate of 69.6±5.6 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 22.5±2.7 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Total nitrogen was lost at a rate of 4.6±0.4 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 1.4±0.1 g m^?2 yr^?2 in the control plots. The amount of carbon and nitrogen loss caused by clipping is equivalent to or even larger than changes caused by global change factors such as warming and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In addition, soil erosion rates were significantly correlated with clipping‐induced changes in soil moisture. Our results suggest that clipping for biofuel harvest results in significant soil erosion and accompanying losses of soil carbon and nitrogen, which is aggravated by warming.     

Comparison of Archaeal Populations in Soil and Their Encapsulated Iron-Manganese Nodules in Four Locations Spanning from North to South China

To characterize the archaeal community composition in soil originating iron-manganese nodules, four types of soils—brown soil, yellow-cinnamon soil, yellow brown soil and red soil—and their associated iron-manganese nodules were collected from Queyu (QY), Zaoyang (ZY), Wuhan (WH) and Guiyang (GY), China, respectively, and subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing analyses. The results showed that the archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in nodules, ranging between 3.59 × 10² and 4.17 × 10³ copies g^?1 dry nodule, were about 50–1000 times lower than those in their corresponding soils (1.87 × 10⁵ to 1.08 × 10⁶ copies g^?1 dry soil), correlating with the low organic matter in the nodules, while archaea accounted for a relatively higher proportion of total prokaryote in nodules than in soils. Community composition analysis suggested that the archaeal diversity in both soils and nodules were much lower than bacterial, but archaeal community structures were similar to each other among the soils and nodules from the same location but varied among four locations, converse to the previous observation that bacterial community shifted markedly between nodules and soils as the result of habitat filtering. The archaeal communities in both soils and nodules were predominated by Thaumarchaeota Group I.1b with the relative abundance ranging between 73.88 and 94.17%, except that Euryarchaeota dominated the archaeal community in one nodule sample (WHn) developed from lake sediment. The finding shed new light on the archaeal diversity and their ecophysiology in different habitats, and further supported the opinion that archaea are more adaptable to stress and unfavorable conditions.     

喀斯特槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变及未来情景模拟

以中国南方喀斯特槽谷区为研究对象,基于改进的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀算法,定量分析了槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变特征,并利用CA-Markov模型对土壤侵蚀状况的未来情景进行预测。结果表明:(1)喀斯特槽谷区2000—2015年土壤侵蚀总量由61.86×10~7 t/a减少至2.97×10~7 t/a,区域年平均侵蚀模数由21.61 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)降低至1.04 t hm~(-2) a~(-1),轻度及轻度以下侵蚀等级的面积增加了76.13×10~5 hm~2,重度及重度以上侵蚀面积减少了46.90×10~5 hm~2,侵蚀状况明显减轻;(2)不同地貌类型之间的土壤侵蚀状况存在一定差异,平原地区侵蚀模数最小,盆地地区侵蚀模数最大,达到平原地区侵蚀模数的近4倍;(3) 2000—2015年间,槽谷区轻度及轻度以上侵蚀等级都逐渐向微度侵蚀等级转移,土壤侵蚀等级由高等级向低等级转移率达到了98%以上,总体呈现出好转的趋势;(4)基于CA-Markov模型模拟槽谷区2020年土壤侵蚀等级的未来演变趋势,其总体Kappa系数达到了0.9788,一致性最佳;(5)到2020年,槽谷区土壤侵蚀等级基本为微度和轻度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀状况将进一步改善。本研究的结果可为喀斯特槽谷区当前土壤侵蚀治理成效的评价以及未来的防治提供理论和数据方面的参考。     

Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion

Soil organic carbon (SOC) displaced by soil erosion is the subject of much current research and the fundamental question, whether accelerated soil erosion is a source or sink of atmospheric CO₂, remains unresolved. A toposequence of terraced fields as well as a long slope was selected from hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China to determine effects of soil redistribution rates and processes on SOC stocks and dynamics. Soil samples for the determination of caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs), SOC, total N and soil particle size fractions were collected at 5 m intervals along a transect down the two toposequences. ¹³⁷Cs data showed that along the long slope transect soil erosion occurred in upper and middle slope positions and soil deposition appeared in the lower part of the slope. Along the terraced transect, soil was lost over the upper parts of the slopes and deposition occurred towards the downslope boundary on each terrace, resulting in very abrupt changes in soil redistribution over short distances either side of terrace boundaries that run parallel with the contour on the steep slopes. These data reflect a difference in erosion process; along the long slope transect, water erosion is the dominant process, while in the terraced landscape soil distribution is mainly the result of tillage erosion. SOC inventories (mass per unit area) show a similar pattern to the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, with relatively low SOC content in the erosional sites and high SOC content in depositional areas. However, in the terraced field landscape C/N ratios were highest in the depositional areas, while along the long slope transect, C/N ratios were highest in the erosional areas. When the samples are subdivided based on ¹³⁷Cs‐derived erosion and deposition data, it is found that the erosional areas have similar C/N ratios for both toposequences, while the C/N ratios in depositional areas are significantly different from each other. These differences are attributed to the difference in soil erosion processes; tillage erosion is mainly responsible for high‐SOC inventories at depositional positions on terraced fields, whereas water erosion plays a primary role in SOC storage at depositional positions on the long slope. These data support the theory that water erosion may cause a loss of SOC due to selective removal of the most labile fraction of SOC, while on the other hand tillage erosion only transports the soil over short distances with less effect on the total SOC stock.     

基于遥感RMMF模型的喀斯特地区水土保持功能评价

为支撑我国重点生态功能区生态效益补偿工作,以半物理水土模型RMMF (The Revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney Model)为基础,通过对模型部分输入物理量进行遥感化改进建立了遥感RMMF模型(RS-RMMF)。为在评价中进一步排除气象要素波动带来的水土流失量变化,通过RS-RMMF模型构建了单位降水截留率、单位径流冲蚀量以及单位径流运输量3项评价指标来综合评价区域生态系统本身的水土保持能力。研究选取了《全国主体功能区规划》中的桂黔滇喀斯特功能区为典型区,分别基于上述评价指标和经典RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation)模型开展了2011年至2019年水土保持功能计算与对比。结果表明：相比2011年,2019年喀斯特功能区的降水截留率PI₀升高1.94%,径流冲蚀量H₀下降5.96×10^-4 Mg/hm~2,径流运输量TC₀下降6.0×10^-7Mg/hm~2,水土保持功能综合得分增加0.83,水土...     

基于2009-2018年径流小区观测数据的武汉市土壤侵蚀因子定量评价

武汉市位于桐柏山大别山国家级水土流失预防区与幕阜山省级水土流失治理区之间,其土壤侵蚀问题对长江中游生态安全具有重要影响。基于2009-2018年武汉市蔡店、磨盘山、西湖流域、燕子山等4个水土保持监测站35个径流小区的观测数据（139组）,定量分析了坡度、侵蚀性降水量、土地利用和水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,并借鉴USLE模型识别土壤侵蚀主导因子。结果表明,裸地小区的平均土壤侵蚀模数最高（2597.57 t km^-2 a^-1）,其次是经济林、草地和耕地小区且三者的侵蚀模数相差不大,土壤侵蚀模数与侵蚀性降雨量、坡度之间呈显著二元线性或幂函数关系;与天然植被小区相比,植物篱（草带、茶树、紫穗槐）及石坎梯田措施均显著降低了土壤侵蚀模数,其中植物篱措施的效果更优,且草带植物篱小区的侵蚀模数最低（46.13 t km^-2 a^-1）;3个坡度等级（0-10°、10-20°、20-25°）小区平均侵蚀模数分别为892.07、911.15、2087.60 t km^-2 a^-1,表明坡度超过20°后土壤侵蚀严重加剧;武汉市土壤侵蚀的主导因子为水土保持措施、植被覆盖与管理因子。研究结果可为武汉市水土保持措施合理布设及侵蚀预报模型的完善提供依据,基于径流小区长期观测数据的土壤侵蚀定量研究值得进一步深入。     

松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤氮密度时空格局

基于1980年吉林省第二次全国土壤普查剖面资料和2003—2006年的实测数据,估算了松嫩平原玉米带不同土壤类型农田表层(0—20 cm)土壤氮密度和储量,分析了该地区土壤氮密度的25a时空变化特征及其原因。结果表明,两个时期松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤氮密度的空间分布格局基本一致,中部高、边缘低,平均土壤氮密度变化不大,均为0.31 kg/m2,但25 a间不同土壤类型和土地利用方式的土壤氮密度变化趋势存在差异,暗棕壤、水稻土和沼泽土的氮密度上升,其它类型土壤的氮密度不变或下降,旱田的氮密度不变,水田的氮密度明显下降,25 a间研究区内的农田土壤总氮储量每年减少7.6×105kg。25 a间土壤氮密度的变化与1980年的初始值负相关,土壤氮密度的新稳定状态值为0.32 kg/m2。如保持1980年的土地利用方式和栽培耕作措施不变,该地区农田土壤总固氮潜力为5.18×106kg/a。但实际上,与固氮潜力相比,2005年该区农田土壤总氮储量偏低了1.20×108kg。因此,今后该区应多注重肥料的合理施用,加强农田管理,尤其是旱田改水田的管理。     

2003—2020年青藏高原冻融侵蚀时空变化特征

全球气候变暖导致青藏高原永久冻土逐渐退化,并增加了季节性冻土的面积,但对冻融侵蚀时空变化还缺乏系统的认识。通过权重法对年冻融日循环天数、日冻融相变水量、植被覆盖度、年均降雨量、坡度和坡向6个冻融侵蚀因子进行赋权,分析青藏高原2003—2020年不同强度的冻融侵蚀时空变化和主导驱动因素。结果表明：(1)2003—2020年青藏高原平均冻融侵蚀面积为(161.37±0.42)×10⁴km²,占青藏高原面积的64.55%,中度及以上侵蚀占冻融侵蚀面积的63.0%,强烈、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀主要分布在雅鲁藏布江流域、昆仑山-祁连山、帕米尔高原地区;(2)2003—2020年青藏高原冻融侵蚀表现为加剧趋势,加剧的区域达到29.79×10⁴km²,占青藏高原面积的11.6%;2003—2010年中度及以上平均侵蚀面积为(95.71±3.33)×10⁴ km²,2013—2020年为(107.60±3.20)×10⁴ km²,其面...     

南方红壤地区种植龙须草对土壤质量的影响

通过对10年生龙须草地与自然野生草地和柑橘地3种不同土地利用方式的比较,对土壤的化学性状、物理性状、生物学性状以及植株生长的小气候环境进行了全面的调查分析。结果表明,10年生龙须草地土壤物理性状、化学性状、生物学性状和草地小气候环境都有不同程度的改善。结果还表明,土壤微生物数量在不同的季节呈现出有规律的动态变化,夏季最高,冬季最低,春、秋两季处于中间,而且龙须草地土壤微生物数量的季节性波动不如自然野生草地的波动大;龙须草地四种土壤酶的活性均比自然野生草地的高。从土地持续利用的角度考虑,再加上龙须草自身有着良好的经济效益和水土保持效益,在中国南方红壤地区种植龙须草是一种较好的土地利用模式。     

Digging deeper: A holistic perspective of factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems

The global magnitude (Pg) of soil organic carbon (SOC) is 677 to 0.3‐m, 993 to 0.5‐m, and 1,505 to 1‐m depth. Thus, ~55% of SOC to 1‐m lies below 0.3‐m depth. Soils of agroecosystems are depleted of their SOC stock and have a low use efficiency of inputs of agronomic yield. This review is a collation and synthesis of articles published in peer‐reviewed journals. The rates of SOC sequestration are scaled up to the global level by linear extrapolation. Soil C sink capacity depends on depth, clay content and mineralogy, plant available water holding capacity, nutrient reserves, landscape position, and the antecedent SOC stock. Estimates of the historic depletion of SOC in world soils, 115–154 (average of 135) Pg C and equivalent to the technical potential or the maximum soil C sink capacity, need to be improved. A positive soil C budget is created by increasing the input of biomass‐C to exceed the SOC losses by erosion and mineralization. The global hotspots of SOC sequestration, soils which are farther from C saturation, include eroded, degraded, desertified, and depleted soils. Ecosystems where SOC sequestration is feasible include 4,900 Mha of agricultural land including 332 Mha equipped for irrigation, 400 Mha of urban lands, and ~2,000 Mha of degraded lands. The rate of SOC sequestration (Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) is 0.25–1.0 in croplands, 0.10–0.175 in pastures, 0.5–1.0 in permanent crops and urban lands, 0.3–0.7 in salt‐affected and chemically degraded soils, 0.2–0.5 in physically degraded and prone to water erosion, and 0.05–0.2 for those susceptible to wind erosion. Global technical potential of SOC sequestration is 1.45–3.44 Pg C/year (2.45 Pg C/year).     

Nitrogen fertilization raises CO2 efflux from inorganic carbon: A global assessment

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an indispensable agricultural practice worldwide, serving the survival of half of the global population. Nitrogen transformation (e.g., nitrification) in soil as well as plant N uptake releases protons and increases soil acidification. Neutralizing this acidity in carbonate‐containing soils (7.49 × 10⁹ ha; ca. 54% of the global land surface area) leads to a CO₂ release corresponding to 0.21 kg C per kg of applied N. We here for the first time raise this problem of acidification of carbonate‐containing soils and assess the global CO₂ release from pedogenic and geogenic carbonates in the upper 1 m soil depth. Based on a global N‐fertilization map and the distribution of soils containing CaCO₃, we calculated the CO₂ amount released annually from the acidification of such soils to be 7.48 × 10¹² g C/year. This level of continuous CO₂ release will remain constant at least until soils are fertilized by N. Moreover, we estimated that about 273 × 10¹² g CO₂‐C are released annually in the same process of CaCO₃ neutralization but involving liming of acid soils. These two CO₂ sources correspond to 3% of global CO₂ emissions by fossil fuel combustion or 30% of CO₂ by land‐use changes. Importantly, the duration of CO₂ release after land‐use changes usually lasts only 1–3 decades before a new C equilibrium is reached in soil. In contrast, the CO₂ released by CaCO₃ acidification cannot reach equilibrium, as long as N fertilizer is applied until it becomes completely neutralized. As the CaCO₃ amounts in soils, if present, are nearly unlimited, their complete dissolution and CO₂ release will take centuries or even millennia. This emphasizes the necessity of preventing soil acidification in N‐fertilized soils as an effective strategy to inhibit millennia of CO₂ efflux to the atmosphere. Hence, N fertilization should be strictly calculated based on plant‐demand, and overfertilization should be avoided not only because N is a source of local and regional eutrophication, but also because of the continuous CO₂ release by global acidification.     

Response of changes in soil nutrients to soil erosion on a purple soil of cultivated sloping land

Severe soil erosion of cultivated sloping land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China, has resulted in deterioration of soil quality, and therefore has an adverse impact on crop production. A hillslope of 110 m in length was selected with a slope steepness of 10.12% where the soils were classified as Regosols. Soil samples for determining ¹³⁷Cs, soil organic matter (SOM), total N, P, K, available N, P, K and particle size fraction were collected at 10 m intervals along a transect of the hillslope. Loss of soil nutrients owing to soil erosion was studied by using ¹³⁷Cs technique, and the relationships between ¹³⁷Cs-derived soil redistribution rates and soil nutrients were established over the cultivated sloping land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China (30o26′N, 104o28′E). The values of SOM, total N, available N, P, K and the soil particle fractions of size < 0.002 mm were smaller at upper and middle slope positions where ¹³⁷Cs inventories were lower (i.e., soil erosion rates were higher) than at downslope positions where ¹³⁷Cs inventories were higher (i.e., soil erosion rates were lower). The lowest ¹³⁷Cs inventories were found at the hilltop, showing that besides erosion owing to water flow, tillage also contributed to soil losses, and intensive tillage was mostly responsible for severe erosion at upper slope positions. There were significant differences in SOM, total N, available N, P, K and the soil particle fractions of size < 0.002 mm between different slope segments, and these properties were significantly correlated with slope length. These soil properties were also significantly correlated with ¹³⁷Cs inventories, indicating that both ¹³⁷Cs and nutrient concentrations varied with topographical changes. The variation in soil properties was strongly influenced by erosion-induced soil redistribution, and therefore ¹³⁷Cs inventories mirroring soil redistribution rates would be considered as an integrated indicator of soil quality.     

退耕还林和地理特征对土壤侵蚀的关联影响——以陕西省107个县区为例

在自然要素和社会经济要素交互作用下,科学评估退耕还林工程对土壤侵蚀的影响,对生态修复政策的可持续性具有重要意义。在利用RUSLE模型评估陕西省土壤侵蚀强度时空演变特征的基础上,构建纳入社会经济因素的退耕还林防治土壤侵蚀效应研究框架,基于面板数据固定效应模型,探究地理特征对退耕还林工程防治土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年陕西省土壤侵蚀强度显著降低,全省土壤侵蚀总量由2000年34166.42万t,下降至2015年28260.69万t,区域土壤侵蚀强度及其时空变化特征存在显著异质性,陕北地区土壤侵蚀水平最高,同时下降也最为显著。(2)退耕还林工程对防治土壤侵蚀有显著的正向影响,表现为投资金额每增加1万元,土壤侵蚀总量下降26.30t,且资金投入的生态效益存在显著滞后效应。(3)地理特征在退耕还林工程防治土壤侵蚀效应中存在显著调节作用,相较关中和陕南地区,陕北地区退耕还林工程防治土壤侵蚀效应更为显著。坡度和降雨对工程的防治土壤侵蚀效应存在显著负向调节作用,而日照时间则表现出正向调节作用。决策者应充分考虑自然地理因素和社会经济因素对生态系统服务的复合作用机理以实现生态修复政...     

Nutrient Profile of a Contaminated Soil Phytoremediated by Centrosema pubescen and Mucuna pruriens

Soil nutrients contribute to ecosystem-level processes and are important for productivity, community structure, and fertility in terrestrial ecosystems. Crude oil–stressed agricultural soil was subjected to phytoremediation for 12 weeks, and the nutrient status thereafter was characterized to investigate the inherent effects on such soils in relation to nutrient mineralization and community shifts. Manure additions significantly increased Mg, Na, NO₃-N, PO₄ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? contents along with pH values. Accumulated biomass and leaf area measurements were used to monitor nutrient cycles upon amendment addition. Experimental results indicate that after 90 days, the biotreatment had significantly higher levels of monitored nutrients (above 2500 mg/kg NO₃-N) than the unplanted control (<500 mg/kg NO₃-N), and compared well with the uncontaminated control. The results from this study highlighted inherent advantages of phytoremediation as a soil cleanup technique in terms of soil quality recovery and preservation.     

Losses of soil carbon by converting tropical forest to plantations: erosion and decomposition estimated by δ13C

Indonesia lost more tropical forest than all of Brazil in 2012, mainly driven by the rubber, oil palm, and timber industries. Nonetheless, the effects of converting forest to oil palm and rubber plantations on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks remain unclear. We analyzed SOC losses after lowland rainforest conversion to oil palm, intensive rubber, and extensive rubber plantations in Jambi Province on Sumatra Island. The focus was on two processes: (1) erosion and (2) decomposition of soil organic matter. Carbon contents in the Ah horizon under oil palm and rubber plantations were strongly reduced up to 70% and 62%, respectively. The decrease was lower under extensive rubber plantations (41%). On average, converting forest to plantations led to a loss of 10 Mg C ha^?1 after about 15 years of conversion. The C content in the subsoil was similar under the forest and the plantations. We therefore assumed that a shift to higher δ¹³C values in plantation subsoil corresponds to the losses from the upper soil layer by erosion. Erosion was estimated by comparing the δ¹³C profiles in the soils under forest and under plantations. The estimated erosion was the strongest in oil palm (35 ± 8 cm) and rubber (33 ± 10 cm) plantations. The ¹³C enrichment of SOC used as a proxy of its turnover indicates a decrease of SOC decomposition rate in the Ah horizon under oil palm plantations after forest conversion. Nonetheless, based on the lack of C input from litter, we expect further losses of SOC in oil palm plantations, which are a less sustainable land use compared to rubber plantations. We conclude that δ¹³C depth profiles may be a powerful tool to disentangle soil erosion and SOC mineralization after the conversion of natural ecosystems conversion to intensive plantations when soils show gradual increase of δ¹³C values with depth.     

Modelling the impact of agricultural management on soil carbon stocks at the regional scale: the role of lateral fluxes

Agricultural management has received increased attention over the last decades due to its central role in carbon (C) sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. Yet, regardless of the large body of literature on the effects of soil erosion by tillage and water on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural landscapes, the significance of soil redistribution for the overall C budget and the C sequestration potential of land management options remains poorly quantified. In this study, we explore the role of lateral SOC fluxes in regional scale modelling of SOC stocks under three different agricultural management practices in central Belgium: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and reduced tillage with additional carbon input (RT+i). We assessed each management scenario twice: using a conventional approach that did not account for lateral fluxes and an alternative approach that included soil erosion‐induced lateral SOC fluxes. The results show that accounting for lateral fluxes increased C sequestration rates by 2.7, 2.5 and 1.5 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for CT, RT and RT+i, respectively, relative to the conventional approach. Soil redistribution also led to a reduction of SOC concentration in the plough layer and increased the spatial variability of SOC stocks, suggesting that C sequestration studies relying on changes in the plough layer may underestimate the soil's C sequestration potential due to the effects of soil erosion. Additionally, lateral C export from cropland was in the same of order of magnitude as C sequestration; hence, the fate of C exported from cropland into other land uses is crucial to determine the ultimate impact of management and erosion on the landscape C balance. Consequently, soil management strategies targeting C sequestration will be most effective when accompanied by measures that reduce soil erosion given that erosion loss can balance potential C uptake, particularly in sloping areas.