Kit无义突变致W~(-3Bao)小鼠生殖腺异常及纯合子贫血死亡

W-3Bao是本研究组通过诱变获得、Kit无义突变的白斑小鼠.突变基因杂合子小鼠腹部、四肢肢端及尾尖白化,其部分精曲小管内无精原细胞.突变纯合子小鼠在胚胎后期色泽苍白、个体矮小,于出生前后死亡;血液学检查发现纯合子小鼠血色素极低且红细胞变大:18.5天胚胎的连续切片可见精曲小管轮廓欠清晰,精原细胞分散分布于睾丸间质,未迁入精曲小管:卵巢结构紊乱,无明显的原始卵泡结构;骨髓等器官组织未见显著异常.结论:Kit无义突变不仅导致了W-3Bao杂合子小鼠白斑形成及纯合子小鼠贫血死亡,同时影响生殖腺发育.     

Kit基因无义突变导致W-3Bao小鼠显性白斑形成

Kit(W)基因是一种原癌基因,在小鼠中该基因位于第5号染色体距着丝粒约42 cM处,其编码的蛋白质是具有酪氨酸激酶活性的干细胞生长因子受体,为酪氨酸激酶受体信号通路的跨膜分子。在人类及小鼠,kit及其配体kitl突变都可能引起不同程度的贫血、肥大细胞减少、毛色变白和生育能力下降或丧失等症状(Rajaraman et al.,2002;Broudy,1997;Rajaraman et al.,2003;Kapur et al.,1999),同源的kit基因突变在猪及禽类都表现为显性的白色斑点(邓素华等,2000)。在先前的研究中,本课题组通过ENU诱变获得6种白斑突变小鼠,通过连锁分析法以微卫星为连锁标…     

血红素加氧酶-1可能经诱导 foxp3+CD4 +CD25 + Treg细胞抑制哮喘气道炎症

血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1, HO-1)作为体内保护蛋白, 在哮喘气道炎症中具有显著的抗炎作用. foxp3+CD4 ⁺CD25 ⁺ T调节细胞(T regulatory cells, Treg)是调节性细胞的主要组成部分, 以抑制的方式调控其他效应细胞的活性和功能. IL-10是多种细胞分泌的抗炎细胞因子, 具有免疫抑制功能. 本研究探讨HO-1诱导foxp3 ⁺CD4 ⁺CD25 ⁺ Treg, 增加IL-10分泌以拮抗哮喘气道炎症. 选用磁珠分离CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg, 含 HO-1 质粒转染或血红素(Hemin)和锡-原卟啉(Sn-protoporphyrin, SnPP)处理, RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测显示Hemin上调HO-1表达, CD4⁺CD25⁺ Tregfoxp3 表达及蛋白水平显著增加, ELISA方法测定上清液IL-10水平明显升高. 卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA)致敏、激发的哮喘小鼠, Hemin上调HO-1表达, 肺和脾脏中foxp3表达及蛋白量亦增加, 血清IL-10增高, 而OVA特异性IgE水平降低. 肺病理组织学检测、支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, BALF)中细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil, EOS)计数均显示炎性细胞尤其是EOS浸润减少; CD4 ⁺CD25 ⁺ Treg功能抑制实验发现, OVA致敏、激发Balb/C小鼠经Hemin干预后, 抑制作用显著增加; SnPP能逆转HO-1作用. IL-10剔除的B6.129P2-Il10^tm1Cgn/J小鼠Treg抑制作用经Hemin干预后仍未改善. 但体内外实验发现TGF-β水平无变化. 本研究表明: HO-1可能经诱导CD4 ⁺CD25⁺ Treg 特异性转录因子foxp3表达, 激活CD4 ⁺CD25 ⁺ Treg, 促进IL-10分泌, 以拮抗哮喘气道炎症.     

Male hybrid sterility of mice with the genomic region of the KitW mutation and the KitS allele from Mus spretus

Two congenic strains, C57BL-Kit^W and C57BL-Kit^S, were generated. The Kit^W allele originated from strain WB-Kit^W and the Kit^S allele from Mus spretus. The Kit^W/Kit^S males showed hybrid sterility with small testes, but the females were fertile. The development of the seminiferous tubules of Kit^W/Kit^S males stopped before the spermatocyte stage and they were almost free of sperm. The Kit gene is located at position 42 on chromosome 5. We investigated in the C57BL-Kit^S congenic strain which part of the chromosomal region adjacent to the Kit^S allele is introduced from SPR into a C57BL background. The region between positions 42 and 44 was derived from SPR. Eleven amino acid substitutions of the Kit^S cDNA were detected by comparison with the sequence data of the +^Kit cDNA from C57BL; seven were in the extracellular domain, one in the transmembrane domain, two in the kinase I domain, and one in the carboxy-terminal tail. The Kit mRNA derived from both Kit^W and Kit^S alleles was expressed in the sterile testes of Kit^W/Kit^S males.     

五种鲟鱼线粒体控制区异质性和系统发育分析

利用保守引物得到五种鲟鱼的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区（D-loop）全长,长度在795~813 bp。序列中包括了CBS（conserved sequence block）和TAS（termination-associated sequence）区域。利用最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建了系统发育树,发育树分成两枝,呈现明显的生物地理分布。分析表明,现有的鳇属鱼类不是单系群起源。五种鲟鱼D-loop序列都存在长度和数目不等串联重复序列,长度在78~82 bp之间,重复序列拷贝数在4~6次不等,因此造成了mtDNA广泛的异质性现象。不同种类的重复序列单元十分相似,达氏鳇和史氏鲟重复序列单元相似度为82.93%,西伯利亚鲟和俄罗斯鲟重复序列单元相似度为90.59%。在串联重复序列后是一段不完全重复序列。通过与已有同种的重复序列比对发现不同鲟鱼重复序列相同,不同地理区域相同物种的重复序列可能发生过分子内重组。这些表明重复序列在鲟鱼进化上具有相关意义,推测重复序列可能产生在种分化前,重组发生在种分化后。     

不同氮素形态比例对五味子幼苗生长特性的影响

以2年生五味子苗木为试验材料,在田间条件下,施以铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)不同比例,分析了叶片可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、根系及茎叶中全氮含量、生物量等季节的动态变化规律,探讨了不同氮素形态比例对五味子苗木生长的影响。结果表明,五味子苗木在不同生长时期对不同氮素形态的吸收和利用存在明显差异,NH4+-N和NO3--N对五味子幼苗生长有显著的联合效应。在五味子生长前期,五味子主要以吸收和同化NH4+-N为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为75∶25时地上部生物量积累较多;而在五味子生长的中后期,五味子主要以NO3--N吸收和同化为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为25∶75时地上部生物量积累较多。     

Dimannosyldiacylglycerol serves as a lipid anchor precursor in the assembly of the membrane-associated lipomannan in Micrococcus luteus

Based on recent analytical and enzymological studies, a topological model for the role of alpha-D-mannosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1-->3)-diacylglycerol (Man(2)-DAG) as a lipid anchor precursor and mannosylphosphorylundecaprenol (Man-P-Und) as a mannosyl donor in the assembly of a membrane-associated lipomannan (LM) in Micrococcus luteus has been proposed. In this study, a [(3)H]mannose-suicide selection procedure has been used to identify temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in LM assembly. Two micrococcal mutants with abnormal levels of Man(2)-DAG and LM at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C), mms1 and mms2, have been isolated and characterized. In vivo and in vitro biochemical assays indicate that mms1 cells have a defect in the mannosyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of Man-DAG to Man(2)-DAG, and mms2 has a temperature-sensitive defect in the synthesis of Man-P-Und. Because mms1 cells are depleted of endogenous Man(2)-DAG, membranes from this mutant efficiently converted purified, exogenous [(3)H]Man(2)-DAG to [(3)H]LM by a Man-P-Und-dependent process. An obligatory role for Man-P-Und as a mannosyl donor in the elongation process was also demonstrated by showing that the conversion of exogenous [(3)H]Man(2)-DAG to [(3)H]LM by membranes from mms1 cells in the presence of GDP-Man was inhibited by amphomycin. In addition, consistent with Man(2)-DAG serving as a lipid anchor precursor for LM assembly, endogenous, prelabeled [(3)H]Man(2)-DAG was converted to [(3)H]LM when membranes from mms2 cells were incubated with purified, exogenous Man-P-Und. These studies provide the first direct proof for the role of Man(2)-DAG as the lipid anchor precursor for LM, and suggest that Man(2)-DAG may be essential for the normal growth of M. luteus cells.     

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠突变基因的精确定位及克隆鉴定

snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠是本实验室培育的呈单基因隐性遗传的突变系小鼠,突变基因已被初步定位于第9号染色体末端;为了精确定位并鉴定snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠的突变基因,将(C57BL/6J×snthr^-1Bao)F₁代互交繁殖F₂代小鼠4 400余只,其中稀毛小鼠1 100只,并在2个微卫星、35个可能的简单序列重复标记（simple sequence repeat,SSR）及3个酶切扩增多态性序列（c1eaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS）标记中找到4个合适的基因组标记。利用这些标记及F₂代稀毛小鼠将突变基因精确定位到第9号染色体距着丝粒117.763 kb及119.129 kb之间1.367 Mb的范围内,在其间的21个基因中确定Plcd1为稀毛突变的强力候选基因。通过对基因组的直接测序,发现snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠基因组上有一个14 883 bp的缺失,这一缺失包含了Plcd1基因的4—15号外显子及Vill基因的10—19号外显子。推测极可能是Plcd1基因缺失导致snthr^-1Bao小鼠出现稀毛表型。     

Polyamines as physiological regulators of 14-3-3 interaction with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase

Polyamines are abundant polycationic compounds involved in many plant physiological processes such as cell division, dormancy breaking, plant morphogenesis and response to environmental stresses. In this study, we investigated the possible role of these polycations in modulating the association of 14-3-3 proteins with the H(+)-ATPase. In vivo experiments demonstrate that, among the different polyamines, spermine brings about 2-fold stimulation of the H(+)-ATPase activity and this effect is due to an increase in 14-3-3 levels associated with the enzyme. In vivo administration of polyamine synthesis inhibitors causes a small but statistically significant decrease of the H(+)-ATPase phosphohydrolytic activity, demonstrating a physiological role for the polyamines in regulating the enzyme activity. Spermine stimulates the activity of the H(+)-ATPase AHA1 expressed in yeast, in the presence of exogenous 14-3-3 proteins, with a calculated S(50) of 70 microM. Moreover, spermine enhances the in vitro interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with the H(+)-ATPase and notably induces 14-3-3 association with the unphosphorylated C-terminal domain of the proton pump. Comparison of spermine with Mg(2+), necessary for binding of 14-3-3 proteins to different target proteins, shows that the polyamine effect is stronger than and additive to that of the divalent cation.     

Changes in ion fluxes during phototropic bending of etiolated oat coleoptiles

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This work has been conducted to assist theoretical modelling of the different stages of the blue light (BL)-induced phototropic signalling pathway and ion transport activity across plant membranes. Ion fluxes (Ca(2+), H(+), K(+) and Cl(-)) in etiolated oat coleoptiles have been measured continuously before and during unilateral BL exposure. METHODS: Changes in ion fluxes at the illuminated (light) and shadowed (dark) sides of etiolated oat coleoptiles (Avena sativa) were studied using a non-invasive ion-selective microelectrode technique (MIFE). The bending response was also measured continuously, and correlations between the changes in various ion fluxes and bending response have been investigated. For each ion the difference (Delta) between the magnitudes of flux at the light and dark sides of the coleoptile was calculated. KEY RESULTS: Plants that demonstrated a phototropic bending response also demonstrated Ca(2+) influx into the light side approximately 20 min after the start of BL exposure. This is regarded as part of the perception and transduction stages of the BL-induced signal cascade. The first 10 min of bending were associated with substantial influx of H(+), K(+) and Cl(-) into the light (concave) side of the coleoptiles. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that Ca(2+) participates in the signalling stage of the BL-induced phototropism, whereas the phototropic bending response is linked to changes in the transport of H(+), K(+) and Cl(-).     

Detoxification of dissolved SO2 (bisulfite) by terricolous mosses

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The widespread calcifuge moss Pleurozium schreberi is moderately tolerant of SO2, whereas Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus is limited to calcareous soils in regions of the UK that were strongly affected by SO2 pollution in the 20th century. The proposition that tolerance of SO2 by these terricolous mosses depends on metabolic detoxification of dissolved bisulfite was investigated. METHODS: The capacities of the two mosses to accelerate loss of bisulfite from aqueous solutions of NaHSO3 were studied using DTNB [5, 5-dithio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] to assay bisulfite, and HPLC to assay sulfate in the incubation solutions. Incubations were performed for different durations, in the presence and absence of light, at a range of solution pH values, in the presence of metabolic inhibitors and with altered moss apoplastic Ca2+ and Fe3+ levels. KEY RESULTS: Bisulfite disappearance was markedly stimulated in the light and twice as great for R. triquetrus as for P. schreberi. DCMU, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron chain transport, significantly reduced bisulfite loss. CONCLUSIONS: Bisulfite (SO2) tolerance in these terricolous mosses involves extracellular oxidation using metabolic (photo-oxidative) energy, passive oxidation by adsorbed Fe3+ (only available to the calcifuge) and probably also internal metabolic detoxification.     

Islet1基因与心脏发育

心脏发育及心脏疾病干细胞的治疗要求对心脏发育过程中的控制细胞增殖及分化的相关基因的作用机制进行深入了解.Islet1基因(Isl1基因)含有6个外显子和5个内含子,定位于人类5号染色体5q11.2.该基因在基因组内约占12kb,目前所知其最长可读框(ORF)至少由5个外显子组成,编码一个由384个氨基酸组成的转录因子蛋白.最近研究发现,不同的心脏细胞可能源于同一种多能心脏祖细胞—Isl1+细胞,心脏的这一发育模式与血液细胞的形成模式非常相像.另外有研究结果显示,Isl1是与心脏发育密切相关的转录因子之一,其表达随着心脏发育成熟而逐渐下调.虽然针对Isl1基因做了较多的研究工作,但是它表达调控的具体模式及发挥功能的详细作用机制目前仍未完全清楚,本文对最近几年Isl1基因的研究进展作一综述.