蚂蚁和紫胶蚧互利关系中的行为机制

研究了云南元江蚂蚁与紫胶蚧互利关系。结果表明,紫胶蚧寄生能招致互利共生的蚂蚁光顾。紫胶蚧寄生前后,蚂蚁造访久树的频率分别是3.5和11.2次.min-1,单枝上蚂蚁数量分别为3~8和11~23头,苏门答腊金合欢上活动的蚂蚁种类有部分差异,而久树上则完全不同。蚂蚁无取食紫胶蚧幼虫和驱赶或干扰其天敌的行为,蚂蚁光顾有利于紫胶蚧正常生长,对紫胶蚧的生殖力不产生显著影响,但增加泌胶量和虫体重。与紫胶蚧互利共生的蚂蚁有一定特异性,但随着不同时期、地区有一定差异。蚂蚁和紫胶蚧互利关系中的行为机制不是简单地提供和利用蜜露,蚂蚁喜欢取食刚刚分泌的蜜露,寄主植物的代谢生理、蜜露所含成分比例的变化影响蚂蚁和紫胶蚧的互利共生关系。     

云南根粉蚧属一新种记述(半翅目,粉蚧科,根粉蚧亚科)

报道采自云南勐腊的根粉蚧属1新种：三裂根粉蚧Rhiwecus triarculus sp.nov.。新种在形态上与日本种Rh．avenoides Takagi ＆Kawai,1971相近,但新种腹脐3个,且缺管腺。模式标本保存在北京林业大学森林保护系昆虫标本室。     

云南土粉蚧属一新种记述（半翅目：粉蚧科：根粉蚧亚科）

记述采自云南施甸烤烟根部的土粉蚧属Ripersiella 1新种,即烤烟土粉蚧R.nicotiana,sp.nov.,并与近似种R.sabahica(Williams,2004)做了比较。模式标本保存在北京林业大学昆虫标本室。     

紫胶蚧与寄主植物无机盐含量关系初步研究

采用比较研究法和聚类分析初步研究了紫胶蚧与7种寄主植物无机盐含量关系.结果表明,不同寄主植物之间和是否被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条之间,无机盐含量存在差异,14种枝条的无机盐含量分成4组.7种紫胶蚧寄主植物放虫枝条的无机盐含量经聚类分析可分成7类.寄主植物无机盐含量与紫胶蚧胶被厚、死亡率、怀卵量、个体泌胶量有一定关系,但不是很紧密.紫胶蚧寄生后久树枝条中氮、磷(P2O5)、铁都有不同程度的减少,钠元素含量几乎没有发生变化,钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰都有不同程度的增加,特别是钙元素含量,放虫枝条中钙元素的含量是未放虫枝条的5.3倍左右.其他寄主植物放虫枝条中都有不同种类元素不同程度地比未放虫枝条含量升高或降低.     

紫胶蚧寄生对久树生长的影响

研究一个世代中紫胶蚧KerrialaccaKerr寄生对久树(Schleicheraoleosa(Lour)Oken)生长产生的影响。结果表明:紫胶蚧寄生对整株寄主植物(久树)的生长有促进作用,被寄生的植株与对照植株之间,树高、地径、胸径和冠幅增长比例相差2%～4%。紫胶蚧寄生对被寄生枝条的生长有抑制作用,被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条长度和枝径的增长小于未被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条,未被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条表面积增加的幅度比被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条的表面积增加幅度大17%。紫胶蚧寄生对枝条和整株植物的生长影响不一样,反应了紫胶蚧和寄主植物在长期的协同进化过程中采取的防御和反防御机制。对于寄主植物而言,被寄生的枝条合成的营养成分有部分被紫胶蚧吸收,生长受到影响,如果被寄生过量,甚至会死亡;而对于整株植物而言,在害虫侵袭下,会出现超补偿行为,生长量超过未被寄生的植株。对于紫胶蚧,寄主植物这种防御行为对种群繁衍有利,其他未被寄生的枝条的超补偿生长,为紫胶蚧后代提供了更广阔的生存空间。研究紫胶蚧寄生对久树生长的影响,为充分利用紫胶蚧种虫和寄主植物资源打下基础。     

紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分的影响

报道了1个世代中紫胶蚧Kerria laccaKerr寄生对寄主植物营养成分产生的影响。结果表明:紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分有影响,被寄生枝条的氨基酸、无机盐和营养成分总量都出现变化。以久树Schleichera oleosa(Lour)为例,紫胶蚧寄生使久树枝条中氨基酸总量减少了35%。其中,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量也都存在不同程度减少。但是,蛋氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸含量比对照枝条中高。被寄生枝条中氮、磷(P2O5)、铁等呈现下降趋势,钠元素含量几乎没有发生变化,而钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰等却有不同程度的增加,特别是钙元素含量,被寄生枝条中钙元素的含量是对照枝条的5.3倍左右。紫胶蚧寄生对枝条中总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、水溶性物质以及灰分含量都产生不同程度影响,被寄生枝条中蛋白质、粗纤维含量比对照枝条中含量低;而被寄生枝条中总糖、脂肪、水溶性物质、灰分含量比对照枝条中高。     

栎链蚧属分类地位讨论及一新种记述：同翅目：蚧总科：链蚧科

栎链蚧属(Asterodiaspis)是专性寄生于壳斗科(Fagacea)植物的特有类群之一,部分种类的雌成虫寄生于同一寄主的不同部位(茎干、叶片)时,在形态上表现出一定的差异,从而表现为食干型(stem-form)和食叶型(leaf-form)的分化,这种生态二型现象(ecologieal dimorphism)表现出本类群的复杂多样性。本文在新种双型栎链蚧A.biformis sp.nov.形态记述的基础上,认为新栎链蚧属Neoasterodiaspis Borchsenius,     

云南产栎键蚧属一新种记述(同翅目:蚧总科,链蚧科)

寄生于壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物的蚧虫种类繁多,经初步整理,已达10科64属152种之多,几乎是我国已知蚧虫种类的1/5～1/4,其中栎链蚧属(AsterodiaspisSignoret,1876)是专性寄生类群之一。本属主要分布于东洋区,部分种类零星分布于全北区。本属迄今已知24种,其中我国已记载11种。我们在进行栎类蚧虫区系研究中,又发现该属1新种,现记述于下。异形栎链蚧Asterodiaspis deformis,新种(图Ⅰ,Ⅱ)     

中国土粉蚧属一新种及一新纪录种(半翅目,粉蚧科,根粉蚧亚科)

报道土粉蚧属1新种,多裂十粉蚧Ripersiella plurostiolatus sp.nov.,及1中国新纪录种小印尼土粉蚧R.carolinensis(Beardsley,1966).新种住形态上近似于R.hibisci Kawai&Takagi,197l,但多格腺仪分布于腹部腹面,腹脐3,5个.模式标本保存在北京林业大学森林保护系昆虫标本室.     

中国蚁粉蚧属的初步研究（同翅目：蚧总科：粉蚧科）

记述我国蚁粉蚧属一新种：杨凌蚁粉蚧Formicococcus yanglingensis sp.nov.,建立一新组合;天麻蚁粉蚧F.gasteris(Wang,1982)comb.nov.(移自簇粉蚧属Paraputo Liang),并将F.gastrodiae Tang(1992)作为该种的异名处理。此外,还编制了蚁粉蚧属中国种类分种检索表。新种模式标本保存在南开大学生物系昆虫标本室。     

蚜科一新属一新种记述：同翅目：蚜总科

本文记述中国蚜虫1新属——丁化长管蚜属Chitinosiphum,模式种为丁化长管蚜C.abdomenigrum,sp.nov.,其寄主为瑞苓草Saussurea nigrescens Maxim,产地为中国陕西。     

The wax glands and wax secretion of Matsucoccus matsumurae at different development stages

In this paper, the wax secretions and wax glands of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) at different instars were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The first and second instar nymphs were found to secrete wax filaments via the wax glands located in the atrium of the abdominal spiracles, which have a center open and a series of outer ring pores. The wax gland of the abdominal spiracle possesses a large central wax reservoir and several wax-secreting cells. Third-instar male nymphs secreted long and translucent wax filaments from monolocular, biolocular, trilocular and quadrilocular pores to form twine into cocoons. The adult male secreted long and straight wax filaments in bundles from a group of 18–19 wax-secreting tubular ducts on the abdominal segment VII. Each tube duct contained five or six wax pores. The adult female has dorsal cicatrices distributed in rows, many biolocular tubular ducts and multilocular disc pores with 8–12 loculi secreting wax filaments that form the egg sac, and a rare type wax pores with 10 loculi secreting 10 straight, hollow wax filaments. The ultrastructure and cytological characteristics of the wax glands include wax-secreting cells with a large nucleus, multiple mitochondria and several rough endoplasmic reticulum. The functions of the wax glands and wax secretions are discussed.     

Scyphophyllidium uruguayense n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Mustelus mento (Cope, 1877) (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) from La Paloma, Uruguay.

A new species of Scyphophyllidium inhabits Mustelus mento near La Paloma, Uruguay. It resembles Scyphophyllidium giganteum from the Atlantic Ocean and specimens identified as S. giganteum from California by having anapolytic strobilae 155-258 mm long, 250-300 craspedote proglottids, scoleces 1.2-1.4 mm wide, necks 34-41 mm long, immature and mature proglottids wider than long, gravid proglottids wider than long to longer than wide, genital pores averaging 28% of proglottid length from the anterior end, relatively flat ovaries with digitiform lobes reaching the lateralmost extent of the testicular field, vitellaria in 2 fields converging toward the proglottid midline, straight and short cirrus sacs, and postvaginal vas deferens. The bothridia of the new species have accessory bothridial suckers that are smaller than those of California specimens; European specimens reportedly lack accessory bothridial suckers. The new species possesses a uterine duct that joins the uterus at the level of the genital atrium and ventral osmoregulatory ducts medial rather than lateral to the dorsal ducts, an arrangement described for Californian but not European specimens. It differs from both European and Californian specimens by having longer cirri, more testes per proglottid, prominent scales covering the neck, and vaginae and uterine ducts coiled immediately preovarially. Pithophorus, Marsupiobothrium, and Scyphophyllidium may form a clade.     

中国蛙类一新种(无尾目,蛙科)

描述了1种采自广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的蛙类1新种,模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学自然博物馆.猫儿山林蛙,新种Rana maoershanensis sp.nov.(图1～17)正模:SYNU 06020120,雄性成体,李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月采集自广西壮族自治区猫儿山国家级自然保护区,海拔1 980 m.配模:SYNU 06020091,SYNU 06020122和SYNU06020124,雄性成体;SYNU06020121,SYNU06040153,SYN 0604154和SYNU 06040155,雌性成体.李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月和4月采集,采集地点与正模相同.蝌蚪:SYNU0602001和SYNU 0604001系列,采集信息与配模标本相同.新种具有如下主要鉴别特征:1)体略大;2)头宽略大于头长;3)背侧褶明显且略弯曲;4)胫跗关节前达眼角;5)雄性婚垫2团,无内声囊,腹部无雄性线;6)蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1,少数为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅳ.新种在头型上与中国林蛙相似,在体形上与昭觉林蛙相似.但与已知林蛙均有明显不同.新种的背侧褶略显弯曲,这一特点明显不同于主要分布于中国北方的黑龙江林蛙种组Rana amurensis group和中国林蛙种组R.chensinensis group的成员.新种与长肢林蛙种组R.longicrus group的镇海林蛙R.zhenhaiensis在背侧褶的弯曲特点上相似,但前者有别于后者的主要特点有:头型较宽扁,雌蛙后腿相对较长,蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1.新种与长肢林蛙种组的其他林蛙不仅在背侧褶和头型等方面明显有别,而且蝌蚪唇齿式也显著不同.通过对四川、贵州和云南的昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis成体和蝌蚪标本(包括地模标本)的核查和比较,新种的胫跗关节前达眼角,皮肤光滑,缺乏疣粒,雄性腹侧无雄性线,蝌蚪下唇乳突排列规则,中央无缺刻;而昭觉林蛙胫跗关节前达鼻孔或超过吻端,体侧和背部有圆疣或长疣,雄性背腹侧均有雄性线,蝌蚪下唇中央乳头排列稀疏或有缺刻.     

中国海蚓属蚯蚓(寡毛纲:舌文蚓科)一新种

本文描述了于1993-1994年在广东茂名发现的海蚓属蚯蚓一新种──广东海蚓Pon-toscoloxguangdongensissp．nov,模式标本存放于杭州师范学院生物系。     

Morphological changes in the efferent ducts during the main phases of the reproductive cycle of birds

The changes that take place in the efferent ducts during the major phases of the reproductive cycle of birds were studied morphologically using standard histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural methods in prepuberal, sexually mature and sexually active, and sexually mature but sexually inactive domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), drake (Anas platyrhynchos), and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Profound structural and dimensional changes occurred in both segments (proximal and distal) of the efferent ducts and, in particular, in the nonciliated (Type I) cell of the proximal duct of sexually mature but inactive birds. The subapical tubulovacuolar system was markedly atrophic in nonciliated (Types I and II) cells and the numerous round dense globules of Type I cells that normally occurred in sexually active birds were replaced by fewer and more pleomorphic bodies containing lipofuscin granules in sexually resting birds. Lipid droplets, few and extremely large in inactive drakes but numerous and smaller in size in guinea fowls and domestic fowls, occurred in the Type I cell at both infra- and supranuclear levels of resting but not in prepuberal or sexually active birds. Ciliated cells in both segments of the ducts exhibited fewer and less profound phase-dependent changes ultrastructurally. Generally, the Type I cells of the proximal efferent duct appeared to be more sensitive to androgen deprivation than the Type II cell of the distal efferent duct or ciliated cells in both ducts. These morphologically phase-dependent features of the efferent ducts of birds may be used, together with or independent of testicular changes, in the determination of the status of the testis and epididymis of a male bird with regard to the reproductive cycle, especially in seasonally breeding species.     

胡椒害虫——突顶跳甲属及中国二新种记述

突顶跳甲属Lanka Maulik此前已知17种,分布于中国云南,台湾及日本,越南,泰国,老挝,斯里兰卡和印度,是一个典型的东洋区分布属,在印度是胡椒属植物的重要害虫。又记述2新种:栗褐突顶跳甲Lanka puncticollaW ang et Ge,sp.nov.,产自云南西双版纳;律点突顶跳甲Lanka regularia W ang et Ge,sp.nov.,产自西藏墨脱。至此,该属已知种增至19种,其中中国5种。列出了全部已知种名录、产地、寄主、检索表、部分种的雄虫阳茎图,记述了新种,绘制其整体图和特征图等。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

Ultrastructural and phylogenetic assessment of wax glands in pit scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea)

TEM/SEM and computerized images of 5 wax glands for 3 type species of Coccoidea (Homoptera): Asterodiaspis variolosa (Asterolecaniidae), Cerococcus quercus (Cerococcidae) and Lecanodiaspis sardoa (Lecanodiaspididae) were studied. Their cuticular structures were compared with 142, 56, and 61 species in their respective families to determine relationships among pit scale taxa. Significant differences include: the morphology of the outer and inner ductule of the tubular duct gland, structure of the pores (8-shaped, multilocular and quinquelocular), and the absence or presence of cribriform plates and their structural variations. Three distinctive tubular duct shapes (asterform, ceroform and lecanoform) are common in pit scale species. Apomorphic characteristics of the asterform tubular ducts include an absence of the inner ductule and the progressive reduction of the outer ductule's diameter from the pore to its inner end. These characters easily separate asterolecaniids from the cerococcid-lecanodiaspidid lineage. The constricted lecanoform tubular ducts and the curved teeth on the rim at the inner end of the outer ductule in the ceroform tubular ducts are regarded as autapomorphic. The presence of 8-shaped pores is considered a plesiomorphic condition. Specific cuticular variations of the 8-shaped pores, characterizing familial taxa, include pores even with the surface in asterolecaniids, pores with raised walls in cerococcids, and bent pores in lecanodiaspidids. The dominant 8-shaped pore patterns in pit scales are those arranged in a marginal band in lecanodiaspidids, in a swirl-like pore pattern in the cerococcids, and in a marginal row in asterolecaniids. A divergent evolutionary trend is noted for the structure of the cribriform plate; they are with micro-orifices in cerococcids, but without micro-orifices in lecanodiaspidids. The former state is considered apomorphic. Cribriform plates arranged in clusters characterize the cerococcids, while plates in longitudinal rows characterize the lecanodiaspidids. These data confirm the concept that the pit scales constitute a paraphyletic group and the Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae and Lecanodiaspididae are monophyletic.     

A new species of Amolops from Thailand (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)

We describe a new species of torrent-dwelling ranid frog of the genus Amolops from western to peninsular Thailand. Amolops panhai, new species, differs from its congeners by the combination of: small body, males 31-34 mm, females 48-58 mm in snout-vent length; head narrower than long; tympanum distinct; vomerine teeth in short, oblique patches; first finger subequal to second; disc of first finger smaller than that of second, with circummarginal groove; no wide fringe of skin on third finger; toes fully webbed; outer metatarsal tubercle present; supratympanic fold present; dorsolateral fold indistinct; axillary gland present; horny spines on back, side of head and body, and chest absent; large tubercles on side of anus absent; glandular fold on ventral surface of tarsus absent; nuptial pad and paired gular pouches present in male; white band along the upper jaw extending to shoulder absent; larval dental formula 7(4-7)/3(1). This new species is the second anuran discovered which has a disjunct distribution around the Isthmus of Kra.     

Structure of the female reproductive system of the lac insect,Kerria chinensis (Sternorrhyncha,Coccoidea: Kerridae)

The ovaries of female lac insects, Kerria chinensis Mahd (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerridae), at the last nymphal stage are composed of several balloon‐like clusters of cystocytes with different sizes. Each cluster consists of several clusters of cystocytes arranging in rosette forms. At the adult stage, the pair of ovaries consists of about 600 ovarioles of the telotrophic‐meroistic type. An unusual feature when considering most scale insects is that the lateral oviducts are highly branched, each with a number of short ovarioles. Each ovariole is subdivided into an anterior trophic chamber (tropharium) containing six or seven large trophocytes and a posterior vitellarium harbouring one oocyte which is connected with the trophic chamber via a nutritive cord. No terminal filament is present. Late‐stage adult females show synchronized development of the ovarioles, while in undernourished females, a small proportion of ovarioles proceed to maturity.