活体黄瓜果实成熟衰老过程中的几种生理生化指标变化(简报)

黄瓜果实衰老期间,叶绿素含量下降,膜透性增大,丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈双峰曲线变化,在衰老后期果实呼吸速率出现峰值。     

不同栽培区域和年份的红皮砂梨果皮着色特性

该研究以红皮砂梨品种‘八月红’和‘红香酥’为试材,比较了不同栽培地区和年份的红皮砂梨着色规律、花色素苷组分及含量,以及相关代谢酶的变化。结果显示:（1）‘八月红’和‘红香酥’果皮花色素苷含量变化规律由其品种特性决定,同一品种的果皮花色素苷绝对含量受不同栽培区域和年份的影响,其组成和含量变化趋势不受影响;但不同品种的花色素苷含量变化以及着色规律有所不同。（2）红色砂梨果皮着色主要与矢车菊-3-半乳糖苷含量变化一致,且随着梨果实的发育和着色加深,果实中UDP-葡萄糖:类黄酮-3-O葡萄糖苷转移酶（UFGT）、二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶（DFR）活性呈上升趋势,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性随着果实发育而下降。（3）相关性分析表明,两品种梨果实花色苷含量与其UFGT、DFR活性呈显著或极显著正相关关系,而与PAL活性相关性不一致。研究表明,梨果皮中的UFGT、DFR是影响红皮砂梨着色的重要酶。     

SO2对冷藏枇杷果实品质及活性氧和多胺代谢的影响

以“大红袍”枇杷果实为试材,研究了ＳＯ２处理对冷藏枇杷果实活性氧代谢和内源多胺含量变化的影响及与果实木质化败坏的关系。结果表明,ＳＯ２可提高超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性,抑制过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的上升,减少Ｈ２Ｏ２的积累。经ＳＯ２处理的果实,精胺（Ｓｐｍ）和亚精胺（Ｓｐｄ）含量的变化很小,基本维持在贮前水平上,腐胺（Ｐｕｔ）的积累则受到极大抑制,贮藏５周后的果实不出现木质化     

砀山酥梨黑皮病发病程度与相关生理指标的关系

研究不同黑皮病发病程度的砀山酥梨果实与各个指标之间关系的结果表明,α-法尼烯含量与发病程度呈明显的正相关,共轭三烯含量在发病的果实中有一个阈值;总酚含量和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性与发病程度也呈正相关;随着果实发病程度的加重,其过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性也在逐渐递增,二苯基苦基肼（DPPH）自由基清除率在逐渐增大,表明其抗氧化活性在逐渐增强,同时丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性也逐渐增大。     

温度对采后石榴果实品质和某些生理指标的影响

研究不同温度对采后石榴品种‘净皮甜’果实品质和某些生理指标影响的结果表明：在5℃条件下贮藏的石榴,其果实中可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量和可滴定酸含量可以得到保持,果皮的相对电导率和褐变指数升高速率减慢,果实的呼吸速率和腐烂率下降,抗坏血酸氧化酶（AAO）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性受到抑制,过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性保持相对较高水平。贮藏120d的果实品质良好,保鲜效果也较好。     

海南秋芒采后贮藏期间的生理变化（简报）

海南秋芒采后贮于室温条件下（２８～３５℃）第６ｄ呼吸速率达到高峰,果实变黄,果皮中果胶甲酯酶（ＰＥ）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）活性分别有采后第７和第１１ｄ最高,果肉组织中纤维素酶活性在采后９ｄ最高,其ＰＥ和ＰＧ活性与果皮中的变化规律相似,均与果实的后熟进程关系密切;多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性变化与果实软化没有明显相关性。     

细胞壁代谢与琯溪蜜柚果实成熟过程汁胞粒化的关系

以易发生汁胞粒化的老龄树和不易发生汁胞粒化的适龄树的琯溪蜜柚（Citrus grandis（L．）Osbeck‘Guanximiyou’1果实为材料,研究了果实成熟过程中汁胞粒化发生与细胞壁代谢的关系。结果表明：老龄树果实的汁胞粒化指数随着果实成熟而上升。在汁胞粒化发生过程中,汁胞维持较低的细胞壁降解酶[果胶甲酯酶（PE）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、纤维素酶（Cx）]活性,保持较高的细胞壁物质（原果胶、纤维素、半纤维素）含量;尤其在汁胞粒化的起动阶段和加快阶段,纤维素、半纤维素含量极显著增加。相反,适龄树果实的汁胞粒化指数在果实成熟过程中变化不大,汁胞中细胞壁降解酶活性较高,促进原果胶、纤维素、半纤维素等细胞壁物质的降解,保持较低的细胞壁物质含量,使汁胞发育正常、柔软多汁。这说明PE、PG、Cx活性和原果胶、纤维素、半纤维素含量与錧溪蜜柚汁胞粒化密切相关。     

嫁接的西瓜果实发育过程中叶和果实蔗糖代谢的一些特性

嫁接瓜果实发育过程中,叶内蔗糖含量和干物质积累显著高于自根瓜,自根瓜和嫁接瓜的叶中蔗糖含量与酸性转化酶（AI）、蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）活性均呈显著正相关;嫁接瓜果实中蔗糖含量显著低于自根瓜,SPS活性和果实中糖分的跨液泡膜运输能力亦较自根瓜低;自根瓜和嫁接瓜叶的干物质积累与叶中AI和SPS活性、果实AI活性呈显著负相关,与液泡膜H^＋-ATPase活性呈显著正相关。     

食料对南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力的影响

昆虫解毒酶是一类异质酶系, 对分解大量的内源或外源有毒物质、维持正常生理代谢起着重要作用。本文采用生物化学的方法测定了5种寄主果实对南亚果实蝇Bactrocera tau Walker 3个虫态体内总蛋白含量和5种解毒酶的活力。双因子方差分析显示, 南亚果实蝇种群取食黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、南瓜Cucurbita moschala L.、丝瓜Luffa cylindrical L.、冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Coqn.和苦瓜Momordica charantia L.后, 体内蛋白含量和解毒酶活性均存在显著差异。以丝瓜为食料时, 南亚果实蝇体内蛋白含量较高; 而以黄瓜和冬瓜为食料时蛋白含量则相对较低。在以上5种寄主果实间, 南亚果实蝇的羧酸酯酶（CarE）活性在黄瓜和南瓜上较高, 细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性在苦瓜上较高, 酸性磷酸酯酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP）活性却分别在黄瓜和南瓜上较低。在幼虫、蛹和成虫3个虫态间, 解毒酶活性亦存在显著差异, 成虫具有较高的CarE活性;幼虫具有较高的细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基, GST和ALP活性,但具有较低的ACP活性;除ACP外,蛹期解毒酶活性均较低。据以上结果可以推测,南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力受寄主果实种类以及该种群本身发育阶段的影响。     

猕猴桃软化过程中阶段性专一酶活性变化的研究

猕猴桃（Ａｃｔｉｎｉｄｉａ ｄｅｌｉｃｉｏｓａ Ｃ．Ｆ．Ｌｉａｎｇ ｅｔＡ．Ｒ．Ｆｅｒｇｕｓｏｎ． ｃｖ． Ｑｉｎｍ ｅｉ）果实采后的软化过程表现为两个明显的阶段,第一阶段软化较快,此时对软化起主要作用的阶段性专一酶是淀粉酶;第二阶段软化速度变慢,此时起主要作用的阶段性专一酶是多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶。乙烯形成酶（ＥＦＥ）的活性高峰出现在两个软化阶段之间,它所引起的乙烯释放对软化有促进作用,因此ＥＦＥ也是与果实软化有关的阶段性专一酶。但是,果胶甲酯酶（ＰＭＥ）的活性变化与果实的软化无相关关系,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和ＳＯＤ的活性高峰出现在果实完全软化以后,因此不是果实软化的阶段性专一酶     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.