藤山自然保护区兰科植物物种资源及其保护

通过对藤山省级自然保护区的兰科植物物种资源初步调查,并对区内兰科植物进行区系分布成分、生态型和生态环境分析,结果表明区内共有兰科植物24属42种,属的区系以热带和泛热带成分为主,兼容少量的北温带成分;生态型主要有腐生、地生和附生3种类型.     

浙江省野生兰科植物区系分析

在查阅文献的基础上,以天目山国家级自然保护区、清凉峰国家级自然保护区和百山祖国家级自然保护区为重点调查区域,对浙江省野生兰科(Orchidaceae)植物的区系组成及特点、生活型和地理成分类型进行了调查和分析。结果显示:浙江省共有野生兰科植物2亚科45属89种(含变种),其中杓兰亚科(Subfam.Cypripedioideae)1属1种、兰亚科(Subfam.Orchidoideae)4族44属88种;以单种和寡种分布的属所占比例最大,共占总属数的84.4%;中国特有种22种,占总种数的24.7%。生活型包括地生型、附生型和腐生型,各有62、24和3种,以地生型为主。浙江省兰科植物区系中属的分布区类型可分为10个类型及2个亚型,以热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布型属和东亚分布型属为主,占总属数的22.2%;热带分布成分有22属35种,分别占总属数和总种数的48.9%和39.3%,温带分布成分有19属27种,分别占总属数和总种数的42.2%和30.3%。在浙江省兰科植物区系中包含了杓兰属(CypripediumL.)、头蕊兰属(CephalantheraL.C.Rich.)和朱兰属(PogoniaJuss.)等较原始类群,同时中国特有种类丰富,且表现出本地特有种的分化。综合分析结果表明:浙江省野生兰科植物区系的热带亲缘关系较强,起源较古老且分化程度较高,在系统与演化研究方面具有一定意义。     

福建省兰科植物区系分析

在野外调查、标本整理和文献查阅的基础上,分析了福建省兰科(Orchidaceae)植物的区系组成、生活型、分布区类型及其与邻近地区的关系.结果显示,福建省有兰科植物2亚科67属164种,其中,单种属和寡种属所占比例最大,占总属数的88.06%;中国特有种35种,占总种数的21.34%,表明福建省兰科植物区系是较为年轻的衍生性区系.生活型以地生型为主,地生型有97种,附生型和腐生型分别有59种和9种.福建省兰科植物区系成分复杂,具有11个分布区类型;以热带亚洲分布属为主,占总属数的37.31%;热带成分的属数和种数分别占总属数和总种数的73.12%和73.78%,表明福建省兰科植物区系具有热带性质.福建省兰科植物区系与广东、广西、云南和台湾兰科植物区系的共有种分别为94、92、93和80种,与江西、浙江、湖南、安徽和湖北兰科植物区系的共有种也在39种以上,说明福建省兰科植物区系具有明显的华南区系特点,并与华东和华中区系也有一定的联系.研究结果可为福建省兰科植物种质资源的科学保护和合理开发提供依据.     

九连山自然保护区兰科植物资源分布及其特点

九连山自然保护区是江西兰科植物集中分布的地区之一。据调查,保护区有30属63种,以地生兰占优势,有20属（45种）;附生兰9属（15种）;腐生兰2属（3种）。其中单种属16个,占九连山兰科植物总属数的53.3%。与邻近地区相比,九连山自然保护区兰科植物与广东南岭自然保护区共有属最多（24属）,与甘肃麦积山共有属最少（11属）。九连山自然保护区兰科植物属的地理成分可划分为9个分布型和2个变型,种的分布以温带分布为主体,以东亚分布为核心,占总种数的38.1%。     

井冈山自然保护区野生兰科植物资源分布及特点

通过对江西省井冈山自然保护区兰科(Orchidaceae)植物的调查,分析了保护区内兰科植物的物种多样性、区系特点、分布格局,并采用SPSS18.0软件对井冈山及其邻近保护区属的种类进行相关和聚类分析。结果表明:井冈山兰科植物种类丰富,共有兰科植物34属75种,中国特有兰科植物19种。井冈山兰科植物资源垂直分布格局明显,不同海拔段的兰科植物分布差异较大,中低海拔的物种分布较多,资源相对保存较好;区系成分复杂多样,井冈山兰科植物属的地理成分可以划分为10个类型2个变型,热带性属占优势,占总属数的67.3%,但热带分布的种仅占本地区总种数的37.3%,而温带分布的种却占62.7%,故井冈山自然保护区属热带植物区系与温带植物区系过渡的交汇地带。井冈山兰科植物与齐云山自然保护区的相似性最高,与武夷山自然保护区的相似性最低。     

台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物区系特征比较

为探明台湾岛和海南岛兰科( Orchidaceae)植物区系特征,在充分查阅相关资料的基础上,对2个岛屿兰科植物的物种组成、生活型和分布区类型进行分析,并对这2个岛屿与大陆陆地和周边国家兰科植物的分布特征进行比较和分析。结果表明：2个岛屿的兰科植物共有146属639种,其中,台湾岛有107属446种,海南岛有96属302种。2个岛屿树兰亚科( Subfam. Epidendroideae)的属和种比例均最高;原始的拟兰亚科( Subfam. Apostasioideae)在台湾岛无分布,而在海南岛分布有2属4种。从属和种的数量看,含1种和2~5种的属比例较高,分别占台湾岛兰科植物总属数的43.9%和36.4%,占海南岛兰科植物总属数的45.8%和40.6%;且包含种数多的属的比例较低。从生活型看,2个岛屿地生兰和附生兰的比例较高,分别占台湾岛兰科植物总种数的52.7%和34.3%,占海南岛兰科植物总种数的37.1%和55.3%。从分布区类型看,台湾岛和海南岛的兰科植物分别可划分为11和10个分布区类型,且均以热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布型属和种的比例最高,热带亚洲分布型属和种的比例也较高。从热带成分与温带成分的数量比(R/T)看,台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物属的R/T值分别为3.6和3.3,种的R/T值分别为10.9和11.9,说明2个岛屿的兰科植物均以热带成分为主,台湾岛还包含一定的温带成分。从共有属和共有种看,2个岛屿与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有属均约占各自兰科植物总属数的90.7%,其中,三地共有属有66属;台湾岛与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有种比例较低(46.2%),而海南岛与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有种比例较高(74.9%),说明2个岛屿与大陆陆地兰科植物属的同源性较高,且海南岛兰科植物的大陆性特征更明显。与周边国家相比,2个岛屿与越南的兰科植物共有种比例较高,分别占台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物总种数的33.9%和75.2%。综合分析结果显示：台湾岛和海南岛的兰科植物种类丰富,生活型齐全,且具有明显的热带性质,但台湾岛的兰科植物还表现出一定的温带性质;2个岛屿与大陆陆地兰科植物的亲缘关系较近,但台湾岛兰科植物的特有性更明显。     

西藏东南部色季拉山兰科植物的区系特征和物种多样性

对我国西藏东南部色季拉山兰科植物的区系地理特征和物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:1.色季拉山有兰科植物35属67种,是西藏兰科植物分布最为丰富的地域之一;2.色季拉山兰科植物生活型齐全,陆生、附生、腐生3种类型皆有,陆生兰最多,共21属42种,分别占总属数和总种数的60.00％和62.69％,附生兰有11属21种,腐生兰有4属4种;3.就6个海拔带分析,色季拉山兰科植物的物种分布数量呈现随海拔升高逐渐减少的趋势,其中陆生兰从低到高分布于整个山体的各个海拔带,附生兰所有种均分布在中低海拔,4种腐生兰在该区内仅分布在2 800 ～3 730 m比较狭窄的区域内;4.兰科物种的分布区类型表明:色季拉山兰科植物区系成分比较复杂,热带成分和温带成分属相当,以热带成分稍多,而就种的类型看,热带分布类型相对较少,温带分布类型占较大优势,共有43种,占总种数的64.18％,反映了色季拉山兰科植物区系为热带与温带相交错,并向温带过渡的性质;其次,种的类型内东亚分布最多,共有30种,占总种数的44.78％,占温带分布的69.77％,其中中国-喜马拉雅分布变型20种,占东亚分布的66.67％,反映了色季拉山区兰科植物区系具有一定的高山植物区系的特色.中国特有分布12种,也证实了该区兰科植物区系具有特有现象发达的年轻性及其较强的衍化、特化性质.     

齐云山自然保护区兰科植物资源分布及其区系特点

根据调查,齐云山自然保护区有兰科(Orchidaceae)植物33属62种,以地生兰占优势,有22属45种;附生兰11属16种;腐生兰1属1种。从海拔分布来看,1000 m以上的高海拔区域主要分布的是中国特有种和温带分布种;400 m以下的低海拔区域则以热带分布种为主。单种属有21属,占保护区兰科植物总属数的63.6 %。保护区兰科植物属的地理成分可划分为11个分布型和2个变型,种以东亚分布占主体。保护区特有种丰富,中国特有种15种。与邻近地区相比,保护区兰科植物与井冈山自然保护区的相似性系数最高(44.0%),与庐山自然保护区的最低(38.2%)。     

庐山兰科植物资源及其保护

通过对庐山兰科植物资源的调查,并对区内兰科植物进行区系成分分布、生态型和生态环境分析,表明庐山共有兰科植物23属41种,属的区系以热带成分和温带成分为主,更兼容世界分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布的区系成分;生态型只有地生和附生2种类型。     

云南大围山自然保护区的叶附生苔类植物

通过野外调查和文献考证,报道了云南大围山自然保护区叶附生苔类植物的类型及区系组成特点.研究结果表明,大围山自然保护区共有叶附生苔类植物43种,隶属于4科11属.热带种有25个,居主导地位,占其总种数的58.14%;东亚种共有14个,占其总种数的32.56%.保护区内叶附生苔类植物可以分成3种类型:专性、兼性常见和兼性偶见,其中兼性常见类型种类占有绝对优势,共有26种,占其总种数的60.47%.并整理出了保护区内叶附生苔类植物的详细名录.     

梵净山兰科植物的分类和区系特点

本文根据野外考察和现存国内的标本,记载了我国贵州梵净山４９种,３３属的兰科植物,其中１２属１５种为新纪录。该地区的兰科植物区系显示从热带向温带过渡,与日本较为接近。     

深圳地区野生兰科植物资源及其区系特征

通过野外实地调查,结合标本和文献查阅,对深圳地区野生兰科植物种质资源、区系特征等进行研究。结果表明：(1) 深圳野生兰科植物资源共43属75种,以深圳东南部的梧桐山和东部的七娘山较为丰富。其中地生兰28属49种,附生兰13属24种,腐生兰2属2种。(2) 本次调查共发现9个深圳新记录种,其中叉柱兰Cheirostylis clibborndyeri、黄花线柱兰Zeuxine flava为广东省新记录种,二尾兰属Vrydagzynea、地宝兰属Geodorum为深圳新记录属。(3) 深圳野生兰科植物区系以热带成分为主,占非世界属总数的87.5%,温带成分仅占12.5%。(4) 与邻近地区比较,与香港共同属最丰富,有41属,占深圳总属数的95.3%;共有种70种,占深圳总种数的93.3%,具有明显的相似性。     

广东山区兰科植物区系的研究

初步统计 ,广东山区共有兰科植物 71属 2 0 8种。其中以热带分布属 4 7属 ( 66.2 % )为主 ,占绝对优势 ,其次为热带—亚热带属 1 3属 ( 1 8.3% )。主要属为虾脊兰属、羊耳蒜属、玉凤花属、石斛属、兰属、石豆兰属 ,其中 2属为世界分布属 ,2属为热带分布属 ,2属为热带—亚热带分布属。广东山区兰科植物区系的地理成分较为复杂、多样 ,以热带亚洲成分 (占 39.4 % )为主导成分 ,其次为热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布成分 ( 1 6.9% )。广东山区没有特有属 ,但特有种丰富 ,产中国特有种 39种 (占 1 8.8% ) ,其中广东特有种 6种 (占 2 .9% )。广东山区具有兰科植物从最原始到最进化各类型的代表。区系成份比较表明 ,本区与云南、广西和中南半岛兰科植物区系有较密切的联系。结果表明本区兰科植物区系的古老原始性 ;具有从热带向亚热带过渡的特点 ;与热带亚洲兰科植物区系具有密切的关系 ;可能是中国兰科植物演化中心的一部分。     

江西三清山兰科植物区系分析

江西省三清山兰科植物资源丰富,约21属30种,占江西省兰科植物属种的56.76%、38.46%,占中国兰科植物属种的12.28%、2.41%。区内兰科植物生活型以地生兰为主;分布区式样以温带型为主;区系成分分散,缺乏本地特有成分。与各山地的相似性以及属种分布型比较显示,三清山与5山地在属级水平上相似性系数高,兰科植物区系联系比较紧密,从属分布区类型看,三清山、黄山、天目山和庐山以北温带分布为主,井冈山和武夷山以热带亚洲-热带大洋洲为主;在种级水平上相似性系数较低,种分布区类型均以东亚和中国特有分布为主。按生态型划分,地生兰为主,附生兰为辅,三清山和黄山只有两生态类型,武夷山、天目山、井冈山和庐山生态类型齐全。最后,依据"中国物种红色名录"对各山地珍稀濒危保护物种进行归纳统计。     

罗霄山脉兰科植物区系及其生态地理学特征

通过对罗霄山脉地区兰科植物的野外调查及文献整理,对该地区兰科植物区系及其生态地理学特征进行研究。结果显示,该地区兰科种类丰富,共有47属124种,其中地生兰、附生兰和腐生兰分别为80、36、8种,占总种数的64.5%、29.0%和6.5%。兰科植物集中分布在海拔400~1200 m,其区系成分复杂,具有较强的热带性质。对该地区兰科植物濒危现状进行了分析并提出了保护建议。本研究对罗霄山脉兰科植物资源的保护和开发利用具有重要意义。     

梵净山地区藤本植物的多样性及区系特征

植物区系研究对于揭示一定区域植被的起源与演化机制具有重要意义,为了探讨我国贵州省梵净山及周边地区藤本植物(被子植物)区系,该研究基于馆藏标本信息、文献资料和野外调查等信息,并运用地理信息系统构建了梵净山地区藤本植物的空间地理分布格局,分析了其物种丰富度及地理分布,同时在全国藤本植物地理分布的背景下,讨论了梵净山地区藤本植物在全国层面的区系特征。结果表明:(1)我国贵州省梵净山地区藤本植物有36科、95属、299个分类群,包含235种、26亚种、38变种,占全国藤本植物66科、268属、1 560种的比例分别为54.55%、35.45%、19.17%。(2)梵净山地区藤本植物主要以温带及亚热带地区分布的科属为主,温带成分更为明显。(3)梵净山地区藤本植物在全国范围内主要分布在青藏高原东部、大巴山-巫山地区、武陵山区以及黔桂交界处,对所涉及的藤本植物而言,梵净山地区更多地充当了其分布区的南界。以上研究结果为梵净山地区藤本植物的利用以及今后的保护及监测提供了本底数据,也为植物多样性保护和植物资源的可持续开发和利用提供了科学依据。     

Notes on the Orchid Flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region,China

The Hengduan Mountain Region on the south-eastern fringe of the Qinghai- Xizang (Tibet) Plateau is located in W. Sichuan, N. W. Yunnan and E. Xizang, with a wide area of juxtaposition from the east to the west, the mountains extending and the rivers flowing from the north to the south. In this paper it covers an area from Daojie, Wayao, Yingping, Yangbi, Dali of Yunnan and Dukou of Sichuan in the south, to Banbar, Dengqeu, Shenda of Tibet and Serxu, Dainkog, Shuajingsi and Nanping (Jiuzhaigou) of Sichuan in the north, and from Lharong, Baxoi and Zayü of Tibet in the west, to Maowen, Wenchuan, Mt. Erlang, Mt. Emei and Xichang of Sichuan in the east (Fig. 1.). The Gongga Mountain is the highest in the region, its summit being at an altitude of 7556m, whereas the Dadu River Valley in the eastern part of the area is only 1150 m above sea level. Therefore, the relative height is about 6400 m in the region. The Hengduan Mountain Region is well-known for its various topography, complex natural conditions and rich flora. The floristic composition and features of orchids in Hengduan Mountain Region. 1. The species of orchids are abundant in the region. As we know so far, orchids in the Hengduan Mountain Region comprise 91 genera and 363 species with 9 varieties, and thus it is one of concentration centres of orchids in China, making up 56.17% of the total number of orchids genera in China, only less than in Yunnan and Taiwan, and 34.87% of the total number of orchids species in China, only less than in Yunnan and Sichuan. 2. The orchids genera in the Hengduan Mountain Region are complex in geographical components as indicated below: (1) Four geneva are endemic to China and one of them is endemic to the region. (2) Fourteen genera are of the north temperate distribution pattern, 2 of the Old World temperate one, 18 of the East-Asian one (including Sino-Himalayan and Sino-Japanese) and 3 of the East-Asian-North American one. (3) Twenty one genera belong to the tropical Asian distribution pattern, 3 to the tropical Asian-tropical African one, 13 to the tropical Asian-tropical Australian one, 1 to the tropical Asian-tropical South American one, 8 to the Old World tropical one and 2 to the pantropical one. (4) Two genera are cosmopolitan. The analysis of genera: Fourty eight genera (containing 151 species with 4 varieties) of the tropical distribution occur in the region, among which Calanthe and Cymbidium distributed in the temperate region, and Bulbophyllum and Peristylus in the subtropical part of China are comparatively abundant (with over 10 species), but the other 25 genera are monospecific and 11 genera each contain only 2-3 species. Some epiphytic genera mainly distributed in tropical Asia and belonging to tropical florestic elements, such as Vanda, Luisia, Schoenorchis, Flickingeria, Monomeria, Kingidium, Acampe, Phalaenopsis, Thrixspermum, Eria, Taeniophyllum, and terrestrial genera, such as Aphyllorchis, Collabium, Mischobulbum, Paphiopedilum, Thunia, Brachycarythis, Satyrium, Corybas, Geodorum, Zeuxine, Tropidia, have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the northern limit of distribution. Of 151 species with 4 varieties, 41 species with 4 varieties are endemic to China, and 14 species with 3 varieties of them are endemic to the area, making up 3.86% of the total in the region under discussion. There are 41 genera (containing 189 species with 5 varieties) of the temperate distribution, which occur in the region. Among them Platanthera (22 species with 1 variety), Cypripedium (17 species), Herminium (16 species), Amitostigma (15 species with 1 variety), Orchis (12 species), Hemipilia (8 species with 1 variety), Neottianthe (4 species), Gymnadenia (4 species), Diphylax (3 species), Bletilla (3 species), have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the distribution centre and differentiation centre. Among the 189 species with 5 varieties, 111 species with 5 varieties are endemic to China, and 54 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the area, making up 14.88% of the total of orchids in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Although the number of temperate distribution genera is smaller than that of tropical distribution ones, several points may be mentioned: (1) The Hengduan Mountain Region is distribution centre and differentiation centre of a number of temperate genera in China, and is the northern limit of many genera mainly distributed in the tropics. (2) The number in the former category is obviously larger than that in the latter. (3) Endemic species in the former category in the area are over three times as many as those in the latter. The differentiation of species of the temperate distribution genera is obviously stronger than the tropical ones, which characterizes the orchid flora in the area as the temperate one. The life forms of genera. The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region so far known comprises 91 genera, among which 51 are terrestrial, 32 epiphytic and 8 saprophytic, thus with the terrestrial one dominant. The analysis of species: The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region so far known comprises 363 species with 9 varieties. Their distribution patterns and floristic components, to which they belong, are indicated as follows: (1) Fifty four species, belonging to 33 genera, are widespread, covering the whole East Asian Region, but 6 of them are endemic to China. (2) Forty four species, belonging to 27 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion, but 22 species of them are endemic to China. (3) One hundred and ninety five species with nine varieties, belonging to 53 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion under discussion: (A) Four species (i.e. Aphyllorchis alpine, Listera divaricata, L. pinetorum and Oreorchis micrantha) are distributed in the Himalayan Region and S. E. Xizang (Tibet), western part of this region. (B) Twenty five species, belonging to 17 genera, are distributed in N. W. Yunnan and the Himalayan Region (Appendix, 1.). (C) Sixteen species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region and W. Sichuan. Among them 6 species occur only with Mt. Emei as the easternmost limit and 10 species occur in the region west of Mt. Emei. (D) Ten species, belonging to 9 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region, this region and S. Shaanxi, S. Gansu or S. E. Qinghai. (E) Eight species, belonging to 6 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region and this region. Among them 6 species have their range extending eastwards to Guizhou and 2 species eastwards to Guangxi. (F) Five species, belonging to 5 genera, having their range extending from this region southwards to N. Burma. (G) One handred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are endemic to China behind discussion. (4) (A) Three species (i.e. Anoectochilus moulmeinensis, Bulbophyllum forrestii and Liparis chapaensis) are distributed in Indo-China, Burma and the region. (B) Nine species, belonging to 7 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, N. E. India and this region. (C) Forty six species, belonging to 21 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, the Himalayan Region and this region (Appendix, 2.). (D) Twelve species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in Indo-China and this region (Appendix, 3.) 3. The vicarism is obvious in the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region. There are 10 species-pairs (in genera Calanthe, Tropidia, Anoectochilus, Mischobulbum, Bulbophyllum, Gymnadenia, Pogonia, Tipularia, Tulotis, Orchis, etc.) of the horizontal vicarism and 7 species-pairs (in genera Epigeneium, Epipogium, Platanthera, Pogonia, etc.) of the vertical vicarism in the region. 4. The endemic species are prolific in the region. In the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region there are 155 species and 9 varieties endemic to China: (1) Six species are widespread in the whole East-Asian Region. (2) Twenty two species are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. (3) One hundred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion. Among them 69 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the region (Appendix, 4.), making up 19% of the total in the region; other 58 species with 4 varieties are distributed in the region and neighbouring regions or provinces of it (Appendix, 5.). 5. Remarkable differentiation of the orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region is shown by evident vicarism and abundance of endemic elements, exampled by Amitostigma, Herminium, Orchis, Cypripedium, Platanthera, etc. and one group of Platanthera, which is confined to the south fringe of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau-Hengduan Mountain Region. The group consists of 12 species, of which one (P. edgeworthii) is distributed in the Western Himalayas from Hazara in Pakistan to Kumaun in India, and all the other 11 species (i.e.P. stenantha, P. bakeriana, P. roseotincta, P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula, P. exilliana, P. chiloglossa, P. leptocaulon, P. platantheroides, P. clavigera and P. latilabris) occur in China, with 3 of them (i.e.P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula and P. chiloglossa) endemic to China. According to their structure of gynostemum and form of labellum they belong to Platanthera without question, although they are different from the other members of Platanthera in stigma convex (not concave) and sepals mammillary-ciliate, stigma exhibits a series of evolutionary trends in part of species, from stigma single, convex, elliptic and located near rear of spur mouth (in P. stenantha) to stigma single, suddle, and located near front of spur mouth (in P. bakeriana) and to stigma double, separate and located at front of spur mouth in the other ten species. The group in Platanthera is only confined to the area from the south fringe of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau to the Hengduan Mountain Region. It seems that the genus has been affected by intense lift of the area, causing variation and differentiation and giving rise to the group due to the long-term natural selection. Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province is the eastern limit of distribution of the group, where there are three spcies, among which two (P. deflexilabella and P. longiglandula) are endemic to the mountains. In addition, among Risleya (1 species), Diphylax (3 species) and Diplomeris (2 species), three genera typical of distribution in the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, Risleya and Diphylax have Mt. Emei as their eastern limit. Eleven species, belonging to elements of the SinoJapanese Subregion, occur only from Japan to Western Sichuan with Mt. Emei as the western limit. Among nine species, belonging to elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, six occur from the Himalayas to W. Sichuan and three of them are endemic to the Hengduan Mountain Region, with Mt. Emei as their eastern limit of distribution. There are eight endemic species and one variety of orchids in Mt. Emei, making up about 11.59% of the total endemic species in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Orchid floristic elements in Mt. Emei are obviously different from those in Mt. Jinfo, the former being mainly of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, while the latter being mainly of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. From the distribution patterns of the orchid floristic elements in the Hengduan Mountain Region and Eastern China, the Emei Mountain is considered important for drawing a boundary line between the Sino-Japanese Subregion and the Sino-Himalayan Subregion. The discussion may be summarized as follows: the floristic features of the orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region are: (1) rich in species, complex in geographical components, eminent vicarism and differentiation, and prolific in endemic species; (2) terrestrial life form is dominant one; (3) mainly consisting of temperate and subtropical East-Asian elements, es pecially, elements of Sino-Himalayan Subregion, though with some tropical elements and elem-ents of other regions.     

高黎贡山兰花的多样性

对高黎贡山兰科植物的生物地理学和多样性进行了研究。1.兰科是高黎贡山种子植物中最大的科,包括75属265种。2.高黎贡山兰花起源于新、旧世界的热带和温带, 热带属占60%(45属),温带属占38.67%(29属),包括2个云南特有属。但是,高黎贡山兰科植物与地中海地区和中亚地区的联系十分微弱。3.高黎贡山的兰花以地生兰为主。这里,57.33%(43属)为地生兰,而附生兰和腐生兰仅分别为31属和3属。4.兰花物种的分布区式样表明高黎贡山兰花以温带兰为主 温带兰占总种数的69.43%(184种),包括东亚成分即滇西高黎贡山-东喜马拉雅分布的种和中国西南部特有种,它们是高黎贡山兰花区系的核心。5.高黎贡山兰科的特有现象在于1)具有云南二个特有属蜂腰兰Bulleyia和反唇兰Smithorchis;2)有高黎贡山特有种21个,如泸水兜兰Paphiopedilum markianum,贡山风兰Cymbidium gongshanense,贡山贝母兰Coelogyne gongshanense,热带附生兰——万带兰亚科在高黎贡山没有形成特有种;3)高黎贡山北段的特有种比南段丰富贡山有14种,腾冲仅有4种; 海拔1800～2100 m的梯度带特有种最多(13种);4)高黎贡山有云南特有种10种,其中小花槽舌兰Holcoglossum junceum是一个热带种,因为板块位移而来到了亚热带地域;5)高黎贡山的兰科植物中有19.25%(51种)是中国特有种,它们出现在高黎贡山,分布在云南其他地区和西南的一些省区。高黎贡山特有种,分布到高黎贡山的云南特有种和分布到高黎贡山的中国特有种一共为82种,占高黎贡山兰科总种数的30.91%, 兰科在高黎贡山是一个特有化程度很高的类群。     

The Southern African orchid flora: composition, sources and endemism

Aim The Southern African orchid flora is taxonomically well known, but the biogeographical and diversity patterns have not yet been analysed. In particular, we want to establish whether (a) it is, like the Southern African flora in general, more diverse than would be expected from its latitude and area; (b) it is an African flora, or whether it contains palaeoendemic relicts of a Gondwanan orchid flora; (c) the diversity and endemism in the orchid flora is concentrated in particular biomes and habitat types; and (d) the patterns of endemism in the flora can be accounted for by current environmental parameters, or whether we need to invoke historical explanations. Location Southern Africa. Methods We used the recent floristic account of the Southern African orchids, in conjunction with a data base of over 14,642 herbarium records, to assign the species and subspecies of Southern African orchids to biomes, habitats, and clades. We explored the relationship between the number and endemism of entities (species, subspecies and varieties) and the biomes and habitats. We compared the richness of this flora with that of 31 other regions from all continents and latitudes, to establish whether the Southern African orchid flora is richer or poorer than expected. We assigned the Southern African orchid species to 16 monophyletic clades and mapped the global distribution of these clades to establish the continental affinities of the flora. Main conclusions The Southern African orchid flora is not any more diverse than could be expected from its latitude or area, while the two tropical African floras included were less diverse than expected. Latitude is an excellent predictor of regional orchid species richness; this might indicate that available habitat is more important for orchid diversity than gross area available, since latitude is probably correlated with the extent of suitable habitat. The Southern African orchid flora is clearly an African flora, since all clades are also found in tropical Africa, while many of them are absent from the Americas or Asia. Conversely, while most African orchid clades are also found in Southern Africa, both the Americas and Asia contain many clades absent from Africa. The distribution of orchid entities among the biomes in Southern Africa is very uneven, with two of the seven biomes totally devoid of orchids. Habitats and biomes that have no equivalent in tropical Africa are high in endemism, and habitats and biomes which are also well developed in tropical Africa are low in endemism. Endemism appears largely explained in terms of modern habitats. However, two patterns (the high endemism in the Succulent Karoo and the lack of endemism in the southern Cape among epiphytic orchids) may also be explained in terms of Quaternary climatic changes.     

海南岛吊罗山种子植物区系分析

吊罗山位于海南岛东南部 ,约 1 8°5 0′N,1 0 9°5 0′E,为北热带地区 ,其种子植物区系共有种子植物1 71科、846属、1 90 0种 (裸子植物 4科 5属 1 0种 ,被子植物 1 67科 841属 1 890种 )。区系分析表明 :(1 )地理成分以泛热带、热带成分占绝对优势 (非世界属总数的 84.2 9% ) ;(2 )纯热带成分不形成区系和植被的表征 ,许多泛热带、热带种类已接近其分布北限 ;山地成分表现出热带、亚热带 -温带成分相互渗透的特点 ;(3 )该区系在海南岛整体区系中占重要位置 ,特有现象较突出 ,有海南岛地区特有属 4个 ,其它中国特有属 6个 ;吊罗山包括邻近的陵水县有 2 3 7个海南岛地区特有种 ,占全部 5 3 6个海南特有种 (变种 )的 44.2 2 % ;吊罗山特有种 5 2个 ,占海南全部特有种的 9.7% ,这表明该区系在海南森林区系中具重要意义。