水分胁迫对小麦叶绿体色素蛋白复合体的影响

水分胁迫可抑制激发能向ＰＳⅡ传递,降低ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体、ＰＳⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体以及ＰＳⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体和ＰＳⅠ反应中心叶绿素ａ 蛋白复合体的含量,其中以ＰＳⅡ色素蛋白复合体含量下降幅度较大。类囊体膜多肽分析表明,水分胁迫使属于ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的２５ ｋＤ蛋白、ＰＳⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体的４３ ｋＤ 和４７ ｋＤ蛋白以及ＰＳⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体的２１ ｋＤ蛋白含量降低,尤以２５ ｋＤ蛋白含量降幅最大。     

氮素水平对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素蛋白复合体含量的影响

在水培条件下,研究了不同氮素水平对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素、色素蛋白复合体含量及其光谱特征的影响。结果显示:(1)氮素水平较低时PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体LHCⅡ在24~30 kD范围内的蛋白含量降低,不供氮时,色素蛋白复合体含量最低,而高分子量区域的蛋白组分相对较为稳定,说明氮素水平影响PSⅡ的多肽组分,而对PSⅠ多肽组分的影响相对较小。(2)室温吸收光谱分析表明,氮素水平较低时结合态色素的含量及比例发生改变,影响植物对光的吸收能力;荧光激发及发射光谱的峰值均随氮素浓度的升高而升高,说明增加施氮量时,叶绿体类囊体中受激发的色素分子数目增加,荧光强度也随之增大;叶绿体蛋白含量在16.86 mg.L-1氮素浓度时最大。     

突变体大麦Mb1832C的叶绿素蛋白复合体

用低浓度ＳＤＳ对突变体大麦Ｍｂ１８３２Ｃ的类囊体膜进行增溶,再经不连续的ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胺电泳后,按电泳迁移率的增加顺序,分离出ＣＰＩ,ＣＰａｌ,ＣＰａ２和ＦＣ４条蓝绿色的带。ＣＰＩ在红区和蓝区的吸收峰分别位于６６７ｎｍ和４３８ｎｍ处。低温荧光发射光谱表明ＣＰＩ为含有少量光系统Ⅱ的光系统Ⅰ反应中心复合体。     

小麦返白系返白阶段叶片蛋白质变化与叶绿素含量的关系

小麦返白系春天现出白色心叶,白叶中有脱辅基蛋白存在,但含量很低。白叶复绿时色素条带中ＣＰⅡ出现先于ＣＰＩ,叶绿素含量的增加与色素蛋白的出现呈正相关,同时影响蛋白含量,但２１、２５ｋＤ蛋白即使在全白叶中也较高水平,白叶中ＲｕｂｉｓｃｏＬＳ含量极低,而ＳＳ仅略有降低,复绿初期蛋白质合成速率随叶绿素含量增而显著提高,ＬＳ也迅速增加。     

蓝藻叶绿素蛋白复合体的分离研究

蓝藻类囊体膜用声波超时处理,然后在4℃下用低浓度的LDS增溶,并经改进的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后被分离成15条绿色的带. 其中CPa1～CPa6有着相似的吸收光谱. 这6个组分的低温荧光光谱也很相似,其荧光发射光谱的发射峰都位于685 nm处,表明它们都属于光系统Ⅱ叶绿素a蛋白复合体. 该系统对光系统Ⅱ的分离能力是传统电泳的3倍.     

菠菜和黄瓜光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素a／b蛋白质复合体的比较研究

用菠菜（Ｓｐｉｎａｃｉａ ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ Ｍｉｌｌ．）和黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍ ｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）叶片的叶绿体制备出光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素ａ／ｂ 蛋白质复合体（ＬＨＣⅡ）,并对这两种ＬＨＣⅡ的聚合状态的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 值、光谱特性以及多肽组分进行了比较研究。实验结果表明,菠菜ＬＨＣⅡ的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 为１．３３,黄瓜ＬＨＣⅡ的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 为１．１７。其光谱特性说明黄瓜的ＬＨＣⅡ更富含Ｃｈｌｂ。它们的多肽组分存在着明显差异,菠菜的ＬＨＣⅡ含有２７ ｋＤ和２５ ｋＤ ２个多肽,而黄瓜的ＬＨＣⅡ只含有２７ ｋＤ １个多肽,这表明２５ ｋＤ多肽含有较少的Ｃｈｌｂ。叶绿素蛋白质复合体的分析结果表明,菠菜ＬＨＣⅡ的单体、二聚体及三聚体均由２个多肽组成;而黄瓜的ＬＨＣⅡ不同聚合状态均由１个多肽组成     

复水对玉米光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素a／b—蛋白复合体的影响

研究了水分胁迫再复水后玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）叶片中光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素ａ／ｂ蛋白复合体（ＬＨＣⅡ）的构象和其含量的变化。培养１０ｄ的玉米幼苗在停止灌水４８ｈ或７２ｈ后,恢复灌水并继续培养２４ｈ。此时叶片水分均能恢复到对照水平。７２ｈ的水分胁迫使得ＬＨＣⅡ的叶绿素和辅基蛋白的含量以及编码ＬＨＣⅡ的基因的转录本水平严重下降,而在复水２４ｈ后这些含量都没有恢复到对照水平。ＬＨＣⅡ在类囊体膜上的构象在７２ｈ水分胁迫处理时也受到严重影响,２４ｈ复水后构象对水分的响应较敏感,而其组分的代谢和基因表达是一个较长期的响应。     

小麦返白系返白阶段叶片蛋白质变化与叶绿素含量的关系

小麦返白系春天出现白色心叶。白叶中有脱辅基蛋白存在,但含量很低。白叶复绿时色素条带中ＣＰⅡ出现先于ＣＰＩ;叶绿素含量的增加与色素蛋白的出现呈正相关,同时影响蛋白含量,但２１、２５ｋＤ蛋白即使在全白叶中也有较高水平。白叶中ＲｕｂｉｓｃｏＬＳ含量极低,而ＳＳ仅略有降低。复绿初期蛋白质合成速率随叶绿素含量增加而显等提高,ＬＳ也迅速增加。     

固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp．7120的叶绿素蛋白复合体的分离和光谱特性的研究

用光合膜片增溶和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,从固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp．7120分离到7条色素带。迁移率较慢的五条叶绿素蛋白复合体带,具有相同的吸收光谱和室温荧光光谱特性。它们的红区最大吸收峰在676nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在438nm。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在672-673nm;在710,732和740nm都有小峰。这些是CPI叶绿素所特有的。我们认为这5条带都是属于光系统Ⅰ的叶绿素蛋白复合体。另一条迁移率稍快的叶绿素蛋白复合体带为CPⅡ。它的红区最大吸收峰在672nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在436nm。与CPⅠ带相比,两个峰均向短波端偏移。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在675nm,没有CPⅠ所特有的小峰。这些性质说明此带和CPⅠ带不同,而是和光系统Ⅱ反应中心相关的一个复合体。迁移率最快的带是游离色素带。     

水分胁迫对小麦叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学的影响

利用调制式荧光动力学分光光度计研究了水分胁迫对小麦叶片及叶绿体的叶绿素α荧光诱导动力学的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫对小麦光合作用的损伤是多部位的,它影响了PSⅠ活性、PSⅡ活性以及CO_2同化.对于PSⅡ的损伤部位除了它的氧化侧处,还可能损伤了PSⅡ反应中心.     

A Comparative Study on PSⅡ Light Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein Complexes Between Spinach and Cucumber

PS Ⅱ light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes (LHC Ⅱ ) were isolated from chloroplast of spinach (Spinacia oleracea Mill. ) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ). Comparative studies were made on the polymerized forms. Chl a/b ratio, spectral characteristics and polypeptide components of these two kinds of LHC Ⅱ. Experimental results showed that the LHC Ⅱ from spinach had a Chl a/b ratio of 1.33 and the LHC Ⅱ from cucumber had a Chl a/b ratio of 1.77. The spectral characteristics of the LHC Ⅱ from cucumber also indicated the enrichment of Chl b in this LHC Ⅱ . There was also obvious differences in the polypeptide components between these two kinds of LHC Ⅱ, the LHC Ⅱ of spinach contained a 27 kD and a 25 kD polypeptides, while the LHC Ⅱ of cucumber contained only a 27 kD polypeptide. This showed that the 25 kD polypeptide contained less Chl b. The analysis of the chlorophyll protein complexes showed that the monomer, dimer and trimer of the LHC Ⅱ of spinach were composed of two polypeptides, while all the polymerized forms of cucumber’s LHC Ⅱ were composed of one polypeptide.     

小麦TaLhca基因的克隆及表达分析

为了从分子水分研究小麦的光合作用,该研究采用RT-PCR方法,从小麦品种‘百农207’的叶中克隆到1个捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白基因,命名为TaLhca。序列分析结果表明,TaLhca的编码区序列（coding DNA sequence, CDS）长810 bp,编码269个氨基酸,推测分子量为29.31 kD,等电点为8.69。TaLhca被定位于叶绿体,无信号肽,存在3个明显的跨膜区域,预测其蛋白结构含有典型的捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白功能域（chlorophyll a/b binding domain）,为亲水性非分泌蛋白。蛋白序列比对和进化树分析表明,小麦与二穗短柄草（Brachypodium distachyon）和水稻（Oryza sativa）中的Lhca序列相似性最高,亲缘关系最近。启动子顺式作用元件预测表明,启动子区域包含多个光响应元件及逆境响应元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,TaLhca基因在小麦根、茎、叶中均有表达。其中在叶中表达量最高,在根中表达量最低,且受NaCl、干旱、ABA、H₂O₂和低温胁迫表达增强,受黑暗胁迫表达降低。该研究结果为进一步解析小麦光合作用机理及其相关基因的诱导表达特性提供了依据。     

Inhibition of degreening in the peel of bananas ripened at tropical temperatures.

Changes in the plastid ultrastructure as revealed by thin-section electron-microscopy, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and the polypeptides of the thylakoid chlorophyll-protein complexes have been examined during the degreening of bananas (Musa AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup) and plantains (Musa AAB Group, Plantain Subgroup) ripened at 20°C and 35°C. In bananas, where degreening is inhibited at temperatures above 24°C, ripening at the higher temperature results in a retention of thylakoid membranes, a relatively delayed breakdown in chlorophyll b, and a reduced dismantling of pigment-protein complexes. By contrast, in plantains, where degreening is complete within 4 days at both 20°C and 35°C, thylakoid membranes and their associated pigment-protein complexes are lost, and there is a rapid increase in chlorophyll a/b ratios at both ripening temperatures. It is suggested that the retention of thylakoid membranes is an important factor in the failure of Cavendish bananas to degreen when ripened at tropical temperatures, and that the degreening problem may be related to the comparatively high chlorophyll b content of the preclimacteric fruit.     

Unique origin and lateral transfer of prokaryotic chlorophyll-b and chlorophyll-d light-harvesting systems

pcb genes, encoding proteins binding light-harvesting chlorophylls, were cloned and sequenced from the Chl d-containing cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris marina, and the Chl b-containing cyanobacterium, Prochloron didemni. Both organisms contained two tandem pcb genes. Peptide fingerprinting confirmed the expression of one of the A. marina pcb genes. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using distance-matrix and maximum-likelihood methods indicated a single origin of the pcb gene family, whether occurring in Chl b-containing or Chl d-containing organisms. This may indicate widespread lateral transfer of the Pcb protein-based light-harvesting system.     

Changes in Thermostability of Photosystem Ⅱ and Leaf Lipid Composition of Rice Mutant with Deficiency of Light-harvesting Chlorophyll Protein Complexes

We studied the difference in thermostability of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and leaf lipid composition between a T-DNA insertion mutant rice (Oryza sativa L.) VG28 and its wild type Zhonghua11. Native green gel and SDS-PAGE electrophoreses revealed that the mutant VG28 lacked all light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes. Both the mutant and wild type were sensitive to high temperatures, and the maximal efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and oxygen-evolving activity of PSⅡ in leaves significantly decreased with increasing temperature. However, the PSⅡ activity of the mutant was markedly more sensitive to high temperatures than that of the wild type. Lipid composition analysis showed that the mutant had less phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol compared with the wild type. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the mutant had an obvious decrease in the content of unsaturation of membrane lipids on the thermostability of PSll are discussed.     

铈对黄瓜叶绿体叶绿素蛋白质复合物形成的影响

黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍ ｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）叶片叶绿体中铈（Ｃｅ）含量随Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ 培养液中ＣｅＣｌ３ 浓度的增加而增加。Ｃｅ 对黄瓜叶片Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 比值的影响与光强度有关,当植株生长在强光下,对照和处理叶片的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 比值均为３．０７;但在弱光下对照叶片的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 比值为２．７２,而处理叶片为２．８６。这说明只有在弱光下Ｃｅ才对叶片色素的组分有影响,Ｃｅ 使叶片中的Ｃｈｌｂ 略有下降。Ｃｅ能促进叶绿体光系统Ⅰ叶绿素蛋白质复合物及１１０ ｋＤ多肽的形成,并使捕光叶绿素ａ／ｂ 蛋白质复合物及其２７ ｋＤ多肽的含量减少。