黄海特定断面夏秋季大型底栖动物生态学特征

根据2001年8月和2002年8、9、10月共4个航次,在黄海特定断面的10个站采集到的大型底栖动物样品,采用相对重要性指数、物种多样性指数、物种均匀度指数、物种丰度指数,Bray-Curtis相似性系数聚类分析和MDS标序等方法,分析了该区域大型底栖动物的生态学特性。调查共得到定量样品36个,经分析鉴定有大型底栖动物182种,其中多毛类环节动物54种,软体动物29种,甲壳动物66种,棘皮动物17种,其它类群生物16种。相对于邻近海区,物种丰富度指数较小,物种多样性指数相似,均匀度指数较高;各航次中4、5号站种数明显较少,而生物量和栖息密度没有表现出一定的规律性。通过该断面大型底栖动物的研究发现,可将研究区域的大型底栖动物群落分为沿岸广温性群落、温带性群落和暖水性群落,各群落结构保持相对稳定性;主要底栖动物种类组成在2001年和2002年出现较大变化,而在2002年的8、9、10月的种类组成保持相对稳定。     

Biogeography of the marine birds of a confined sea, the Mediterranean

Aim The Mediterranean sea is a winter productive oligotrophic basin where Atlantic water replaces water lost through evaporation, this influx being a major source of productivity and fertility. The long coastlines and the large number of islands cause high oceanographic heterogeneity. Moreover, during its geological history, it has dried out several times. So we describe the consequences of these particular features on species richness, distribution, and breeding ecology of marine birds. Location The Mediterranean sea (including the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov) communicates with the Atlantic Ocean only through a 14 km wide channel (Straits of Gibraltar), and since 1869, with the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. Methods The Mediterranean was subdivided into different areas, according to physical oceanographic entities and productivity, linked to numbers and distribution of both breeding and wintering marine birds (defined as species strongly dependent on marine resources, breeding only on islands and/or the coastline). Results The total marine bird biomass, and species diversity, are lower in the Mediterranean than in the near Atlantic. The eastern Mediterranean, with lowest primary productivity, contains fewer marine bird taxa than the more productive western part. Taxa which mainly occur in the western and southern parts of the Mediterranean migrate through the Straits of Gibraltar to winter in the southern Atlantic, while those inhabiting the northern and eastern parts are sedentary, as a result of differences in species composition. Northern coastal basin communities (i.e. the Tyrrhenian and the Balearic Seas), are composed of less pelagic, and earlier breeding species, that rear chicks during the productive season. These latter taxa are actually the most typical Mediterranean taxa, in terms of endemism. Main conclusions The Mediterranean marine bird community is not tropical, but rather, shows the highest affinity with the Atlantic temperate community. Its level of endemism is however high and comparable to other confined basins such as the Red Sea.     

Diversity and distribution of marine microbial eukaryotes in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas

We analyzed microbial eukaryote diversity in perennially cold arctic marine waters by using 18S rRNA gene clone libraries. Samples were collected during concurrent oceanographic missions to opposite sides of the Arctic Ocean Basin and encompassed five distinct water masses. Two deep water Arctic Ocean sites and the convergence of the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents Seas were sampled from 28 August to 2 September 2002. An additional sample was obtained from the Beaufort Sea (Canada) in early October 2002. The ribotypes were diverse, with different communities among sites and between the upper mixed layer and just below the halocline. Eukaryotes from the remote Canada Basin contained new phylotypes belonging to the radiolarian orders Acantharea, Polycystinea, and Taxopodida. A novel group within the photosynthetic stramenopiles was also identified. One sample closest to the interior of the Canada Basin yielded only four major taxa, and all but two of the sequences recovered belonged to the polar diatom Fragilariopsis and a radiolarian. Overall, 42% of the sequences were <98% similar to any sequences in GenBank. Moreover, 15% of these were <95% similar to previously recovered sequences, which is indicative of endemic or undersampled taxa in the North Polar environment. The cold, stable Arctic Ocean is a threatened environment, and climate change could result in significant loss of global microbial biodiversity.     

Diversity and Distribution of Marine Microbial Eukaryotes in the Arctic Ocean and Adjacent Seas

We analyzed microbial eukaryote diversity in perennially cold arctic marine waters by using 18S rRNA gene clone libraries. Samples were collected during concurrent oceanographic missions to opposite sides of the Arctic Ocean Basin and encompassed five distinct water masses. Two deep water Arctic Ocean sites and the convergence of the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents Seas were sampled from 28 August to 2 September 2002. An additional sample was obtained from the Beaufort Sea (Canada) in early October 2002. The ribotypes were diverse, with different communities among sites and between the upper mixed layer and just below the halocline. Eukaryotes from the remote Canada Basin contained new phylotypes belonging to the radiolarian orders Acantharea, Polycystinea, and Taxopodida. A novel group within the photosynthetic stramenopiles was also identified. One sample closest to the interior of the Canada Basin yielded only four major taxa, and all but two of the sequences recovered belonged to the polar diatom Fragilariopsis and a radiolarian. Overall, 42% of the sequences were <98% similar to any sequences in GenBank. Moreover, 15% of these were <95% similar to previously recovered sequences, which is indicative of endemic or undersampled taxa in the North Polar environment. The cold, stable Arctic Ocean is a threatened environment, and climate change could result in significant loss of global microbial biodiversity.     

Seasonal changes on planktonic diatom communities along an inshore-offshore gradient in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia)

We investigated the composition, biomass and cell size dynamics of the marine planktonic diatom species along a coastal-open sea gradient in relation to the hydrological characteristics, during four oceanographic cruises in July 2005, May–June 2006, September 2006 and March 2007 in the Gulf of Gabes. The study of the marine planktonic diatoms throughout the sampling period showed the presence of 40 different species belonging to 22 pennate and 18 centric diatom species. Centric diatoms were more abundant than the pennate ones; 56% and 44% of total diatom abundance, respectively. Diatoms were very abundant, representing about 60% of the total phytoplankton abundance, with an exception in July 2005 (19%) during which Dictyochophyceae were the most dominant group (41% of the total phytoplankton abundance). Diatoms, which were dominant in the coastal samples, mainly proliferate in the semi-mixing conditions (May–June 2006), whereas they declined in the offshore area, most likely due to silicate shortage. In this period, in spite of the high abundance of diatom planktonic cells, only diatom biomass was correlated with silica amount, proving that biomass was a better ecological bio-indicator than abundance. The results suggest that the marine planktonic diatoms taxa were generally adapted to specific hydrological structure. In fact, the dominance index of diatoms showed that the biodiversity of diatoms increased gradually along the coastal-open sea gradient except in May–June 2006 during which a slight decrease along the inshore towards offshore areas was observed. This index increase depended on a coastal-open sea distance during thermal stratification (July 2005 and September 2006) and mixing periods (March 2007).     

The Mediterranean Sea under siege: spatial overlap between marine biodiversity,cumulative threats and marine reserves

Aim A large body of knowledge exists on individual anthropogenic threats that have an impact on marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, although we know little about how these threats accumulate and interact to affect marine species and ecosystems. In this context, we aimed to identify the main areas where the interaction between marine biodiversity and threats is more pronounced and to assess their spatial overlap with current marine protected areas in the Mediterranean. Location Mediterranean Sea. Methods We first identified areas of high biodiversity of marine mammals, marine turtles, seabirds, fishes and commercial or well‐documented invertebrates. We mapped potential areas of high threat where multiple threats are occurring simultaneously. Finally we quantified the areas of conservation concern for biodiversity by looking at the spatial overlap between high biodiversity and high cumulative threats, and we assessed the overlap with protected areas. Results Our results show that areas with high marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea are mainly located along the central and north shores, with lower values in the south‐eastern regions. Areas of potential high cumulative threats are widespread in both the western and eastern basins, with fewer areas located in the south‐eastern region. The interaction between areas of high biodiversity and threats for invertebrates, fishes and large animals in general (including large fishes, marine mammals, marine turtles and seabirds) is concentrated in the coastal areas of Spain, Gulf of Lions, north‐eastern Ligurian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, south‐eastern Turkey and regions surrounding the Nile Delta and north‐west African coasts. Areas of concern are larger for marine mammal and seabird species. Main conclusions These areas may represent good candidates for further research, management and protection activities, since there is only a maximum 2% overlap between existing marine protected areas (which cover 5% of the Mediterranean Sea) and our predicted areas of conservation concern for biodiversity.     

Seabird species associations and affinities to areas covered with sea ice in the northern Greenland and Barents Seas

Species associations and affinity to sea ice among arctic marine birds were studied during ship transects in the northern Greenland and Barents Seas in the period 1980–1984. Associations were investigated at the scale of visual contact, and the sampling units were 10-min periods, corresponding to a transect length of 1.5–3 km. In the Greenland Sea, three or four of the most abundant species, fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), little auk (Alle alle), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, composed a recurrent group in all years. In the Barents Sea, fulmars, Brünnich's guillemots and kittiwakes were most often clustered. A positive association with sea ice was found in more than one cruise in three seabird species: black guillemots, ivory gulls and little auks, whereas seven other species showed negative association with ice in more than one cruise. The observed species associations and affinities to sea ice reflect similarities in diet among the species involved. Received: 23 February 1994 / Accepted: 12 January 1997     

Prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species

In order to analyse the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the marine waters around Denmark, staff from the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research participated in 5 research cruises during 1998 to 2002 as a follow-up to 4 research cruises performed in 1996 to 1997. In total, 16,655 fish were examined virologically as 3569 samples. Forty fish species and 3 invertebrate species were represented. VHSV was isolated from 133 samples representing 8 species: herring Clupea harengus, sprat Sprattus sprattus, dab Limanda limanda, flounder Platichthys flesus, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, cod Gadus morhua, sand eel Ammodytes sp. and sand goby Pomatochistus minutus. Calculations showed that VHSV was more prevalent in the Baltic Sea in an area between Zealand and the island of Bornholm and the waters surrounding Bornholm than in the Kattegat, Skagerrak and along the North Sea coast of Denmark. This is the first report on the isolation of VHSV from dab, flounder and plaice and the first publication on VHSV from sand eel from Europe and sand goby.     

First geolocator tracks of Swedish red‐necked phalaropes reveal the Scandinavia‐Arabian Sea connection

We studied migration and wintering patterns of a wader with a pelagic lifestyle during the non‐breeding period, the red‐necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus. Using light‐level geolocation, we obtained three full annual tracks and one autumn migration track of male red‐necked phalaropes caught during breeding in Scandinavia. These tracks confirmed expectations that individuals from the Scandinavian population winter in the Arabian Sea. Migration was accomplished in two to four migration leaps, staging for a few days in the Gulf of Finland (autumn) or the southern Baltic Sea (spring) and for up to a month in or near the Black and Caspian Sea (autumn and spring). In addition, travel speeds suggested that only the flights between the Baltic and Black/Caspian Sea are non‐stop, and thus the birds seem to make additional short stops during the other flights. Stopover time in the Black/Caspian Sea is only 8–10 d in spring but up to 36 d in autumn, which is longer than expected if only used for pre‐migratory fattening to cover the ca 2000 km to the Gulf of Oman. After entering the Arabian Sea via the Gulf of Oman, birds dispersed over the entire presumed winter range. Winter movements appear to correspond to the spatio‐temporal patterns in primary production linked to seasonally changing monsoon winds. These are not only the first tracks of Scandinavian red‐necked phalaropes, but also the first seabird tracks in the Arabian Sea, one of the most productive and dynamic marine areas on the planet.     

青海祁连山地区兽类分布格局及动物地理学分析

根据2001～2002 年对青海祁连山及周边地区的考察, 结合历史资料对青海祁连山及临近地区的兽类分布格局及动物地理分布等问题进行了探讨。通过兽类分布信息对该地区进行聚类, 用物种分布的相似性聚类结果分析该地区兽类区系特点。结果表明: 湟水河谷兽类区系特殊; 祁连山中部与青海湖北岸山地的区系成分近似;祁连山西部与其它区域区系差异明显; 柴达木盆地东部与祁连山中部相近, 而与柴达木盆地中、西部相区别。本地区的兽类分布格局与植被关系密切, 充分体现出青藏高原和黄土高原过渡的特点。本区特有种类比较缺乏,在不同生境交错带具有各种成分混杂和相互渗透的现象, 既包含了东部黄土高原和东南湿润地区的区系成分,又不乏典型的青藏高原种类, 同时还与蒙新区有一定的联系。从而体现出祁连山地区在兽类物种多样性及其动物地理方面的边缘效应作用。     

Patterns of frugivore species richness and abundance in forest islands and in agricultural habitats at Los Tuxtlas,Mexico

Destruction and fragmentation of tropical rain forest result in a loss of species and of generating capacity of the ecosystem via animal vectors such as seed dispersal agents. To gather quantitative data regarding this ecological problem, birds and mammals were censused in 30 forest fragments, 15 agricultural islands representing five types of vegetation (coffee, cacao, citrus, pepper and mixed-crops) and in three pastures in Los Tuxtlas, southern Veracruz, Mexico. More than 6000 animals of 257 species were detected thus suggesting the existence of a rich species pool in the fragmented landscape. Frugivores accounted for 60% of species, for 72% of individuals censured and for 85% of the total animal biomass recorded. Clusters of small forest fragments (<100 ha) were richer in species and individuals than clusters of large area (>100 ha) forest islands. Pastures were especially poor in forest birds and mammals. While the agricultural islands studied contributed to only 1% of the total area of vegetation sampled, they contained 58% of all species detected and 34% of all individual birds and mammals censured. Recaptures indicated inter-island movements of forest birds and mammals. Forty percent of the species were detected in forest habitats only, the rest were detected in forest and in agricultural habitats. Seeds of forest interior plants dispersed by birds and bats were detected in the agricultural habitats. The value of agricultural islands as landscape features providing some degree of biotic connectivity among fragmented animal populations is discussed.     

Abundance and distribution of invertebrate larvae in the Bellingshausen Sea (West Antarctica)

The central part of the Bellingshausen Sea has been poorly studied, partly because of the presence of ice during most of the year. The main aim of this study was to analyse the abundance and distribution of meroplankton, and the influence of oceanographic properties were investigated in the Bellingshausen Sea (West Antarctica) during the BENTART-06 cruise carried out in January–February 2006. Zooplankton samples were collected with a 80-μm mesh plankton net hauled vertically from a depth of 200?m to the surface at fifteen stations across the Bellingshausen Sea. Fifteen types of larval benthic invertebrates were found, with echinospira and nudibranch veligers being the most abundant. Hierarchical analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed a high degree of spatial variability in both larval abundance and larval types across the Bellingshausen Sea. The variability was significantly correlated with total chlorophyll-a and the contribution of large (>5?μm) phytoplankton to total chlorophyll, indicating the availability of food as an important factor determining the larval distribution observed. Nudibranch veligers, nemertean pilidia, echinoderm and planula larvae were more abundant at stations in the central Bellingshausen Sea, which was characterized by low phytoplankton biomass and production. Higher abundances of echinospira veligers and polychaete larvae were found at the more productive stations close to Peter I Island and the Antarctic Peninsula. The abundance and diversity of larval types found in the Bellingshausen Sea during the BENTART-06 cruise support the hypothesis that indirect development through larval swimming stages plays a key role in benthic recruitment in polar areas.     

Microscopic species make the diversity: a checklist of marine flora and fauna around the Island of Sylt in the North Sea

Based on the past 150 years of research and ongoing time-series observations we give a comprehensive overview of marine species composition around the island of Sylt in the eastern North Sea. A total of 2758 species is listed according to the categories microplankton (591 species), zooplankton (137), nekton (118), benthic microflora (158), benthic macroflora (125), benthic micro-and meiofauna (1204), benthic macrofauna (509), birds and mammals (91), and neobiota (39). Plants account for a third of the species, most (85%) of them are microscopic Chromista. Among animals, 60% of the species are micro- and meiofauna though this faunal component is still insufficiently known. These figures are similar to records from the southern North Sea and therefore may by typical for temperate climate sedimentary coastal areas. A comparison with the total of marine species suggests that the small benthic fauna may be severely understudied over most of the world. Analysis of global change depends on sound baseline data and species inventories like this can assist in the detection of biodiversity changes. They emphasise rare species and the full range of local habitats while time-series measurements usually rely on a few selected habitats and biotic components to generate a very general picture of the state of an ecosystem.     

Proximate composition,energetic value,and relative abundance of prey fish from the inshore eastern Bering Sea: implications for piscivorous predators

Changing ocean conditions and subsequent shifts in forage fish communities have been linked to numerical declines of some piscivorous marine birds and mammals in the North Pacific. However, limited information about fish communities is available for some regions, including nearshore waters of the eastern Bering Sea, where many piscivores reside. We determined proximate composition and energetic value of a suite of potential forage fish collected from an estuary on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, during 2002 and 2003. Across species, energy density ranged from 14.5 to 20.7 kJ g⁻¹ dry mass and varied primarily as a function of lipid content. Total energy content was strongly influenced by body length and we provide species-specific predictive models of total energy based on this relationship; some models may be improved further by incorporating year and date effects. Based on observed energetic differences, we conclude that variation in fish size, quantity, and species composition of the prey community could have important consequences for piscivorous predators.     

基于红外相机陷阱法的北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物的调查研究

为了调查北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布和活动规律,于2015年7月—2016年9月,铺设20台红外相机,共拍到有效照片3761张,其中兽类2813张,鸟类643张。鉴定出兽类14种(分属5目9科);鸟类39种(分属4目16科),其中4种兽类和8种鸟类是保护区新纪录。红外相机在不同的生境类型、海拔以及不同月份的拍摄率都不同,阔叶林的动物物种数和拍摄率远远高于其他生境类型;较低海拔(1150—1400 m)区域的拍摄率高于中间海拔(1400—1600 m)和较高海拔(1600—1800 m);动物集中在5—10月份活动,这几个月的拍摄率高于其他月份。而拍摄率与多样性指数往往不一致,阔叶林低于针叶林和灌木林;中间海拔最高,较低海拔最低。野生动物活动活跃的月份与旅游旺季在很大程度上是重合的,而野猪(Sus scrofa)、狗獾(Meles meles)、豹猫、猪獾和花面狸(Paguma larvata)这五种潜在危险动物,表现出明显的夜行性,对白天游客的威胁性不大,但存在潜在危险性。通过研究,有助于保护区制定相应的管控方案和建立危险预警机制。     

The change in water circulation and its implication for the distribution and abundance of salmon in the western Bering Sea in the early 21st century

A “change” in water circulation took place in the Bering Sea in 2007. The Bering Sea cyclonic gyre decreased to the size of the Commander Basin; the longitudinal northward flow from the Near Strait intensified, and the latitudinal westward flow from the Aleutian Basin along the Koryak coast and the Bering Slope Current became noticeably weaker. The longitudinal flow formed a hydrodynamic front along the border of the Russian EEZ that prevented cold subsurface waters from spreading eastward. The changes in circulation of waters that were observed in the Bering Sea during the 2007–2011 period, as compared to the situation in 2002–2006, had an influence on the intensity of feeding migrations of immature salmon into Russian waters. The abundance of immature chum, sockeye, and chinook salmon in the western part of the sea declined and the pattern of their spatial distribution was altered. In 2012, after the water circulation changed to its original pattern, the abundance of salmon was restored to the levels that were recorded in 2002–2006.     

Biology and migration of Eared Grebes at the Salton Sea

The Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis Brehm) is the North American bird species most closely associated with highly saline habitats, and in winter and early spring it is the most abundant waterbird at the Salton Sea. During the fall, the great majority of the North American population stages at hypersaline lakes in the Great Basin, departing in early winter for wintering areas in southern California and Mexico, principally in the central Gulf of California. On the northward return flight, nearly all the population passes through the Salton Sea, where concentrations of >1 million have been reported in February–March. After staging for several weeks, grebes leave in March–April and migrate toward breeding grounds in the northern United States and southern Canada. The Sea's development as the species' major spring staging area may be as recent as the 1960s, and presumably awaited the establishment of appropriate prey populations of marine worms. In the past decades, two major dieoffs at the Sea each resulted in the undiagnosed death of tens of thousands of birds. Whether the cause(s) are endemic to the Sea or involve the grebes' migration routes and stopover locations is unknown. Because of problems in estimating numbers, the significance of these mortality events is hard to evaluate. Population trends are better studied at fall staging areas, especially Mono Lake, where population turnover is inconsequential, grebes are virtually the only species present, and numbers can be ascertained by aerial photography.     

Local adaptation and oceanographic connectivity patterns explain genetic differentiation of a marine diatom across the North Sea–Baltic Sea salinity gradient

Drivers of population genetic structure are still poorly understood in marine micro‐organisms. We exploited the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition for investigating the seascape genetics of a marine diatom, Skeletonema marinoi. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were analysed in 354 individuals from ten locations to analyse population structure of the species along a 1500‐km‐long salinity gradient ranging from 3 to 30 psu. To test for salinity adaptation, salinity reaction norms were determined for sets of strains originating from three different salinity regimes of the gradient. Modelled oceanographic connectivity was compared to directional relative migration by correlation analyses to examine oceanographic drivers. Population genetic analyses showed distinct genetic divergence of a low‐salinity Baltic Sea population and a high‐salinity North Sea population, coinciding with the most evident physical dispersal barrier in the area, the Danish Straits. Baltic Sea populations displayed reduced genetic diversity compared to North Sea populations. Growth optima of low salinity isolates were significantly lower than those of strains from higher native salinities, indicating local salinity adaptation. Although the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition was identified as a barrier to gene flow, migration between Baltic Sea and North Sea populations occurred. However, the presence of differentiated neutral markers on each side of the transition zone suggests that migrants are maladapted. It is concluded that local salinity adaptation, supported by oceanographic connectivity patterns creating an asymmetric migration pattern between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, determines genetic differentiation patterns in the transition zone.     

Phytoplankton distribution and its ecological and hydrographic controls in two contrasting areas of a stratified oligotrophic system

Hydrobiologia - In order to analyse the relationship between oceanographic factors and the distribution of marine phytoplankton in oligotrophic conditions, an oceanographic cruise was carried out...     

Species composition of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) and possibility of the West Nile virus natural foci formation in the South of Western Siberia

In 2004 June-July collections of mosquito adults and small mammals were carried out in two areas of Novosibirsk Region (forest-steppe and steppe zones), where the West Nile virus (WNV) was for the first time recorded in birds with different migration status in 2002-2004. Seventeen species of mosquitoes were found; significant changes in their species composition and abundance, as compared with latest faunistic studies made in the sixties-seventies of the last century, are revealed. WNV markers (antigen, RNA) are found in small mammals; highly sensitive to the WNV replication mosquito species are also found. These facts allow supposing a possibility of the formation of stable West Nile virus natural foci in the South of Western Siberia, under conditions of forest-steppe and steppe zones.