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1.
【目的】探明光周期对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(0L︰24D,8L︰16D,12L︰12D,16L︰8D和24L︰0D)下小地老虎的生长发育和繁殖情况。【结果】随着光照时间增加,小地老虎生长速度加快,发育历期缩短,孵化率、存活率、羽化率、产卵量先增大后降低。其卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的最适光周期分别为12L︰12D或16L︰8D、16L︰8D、0L︰24D以及12L︰12D。综合来说,光周期16L︰8D最适合小地老虎的生长发育。【结论】研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖状况存在显著的影响,并且不同虫态对光周期变化也呈现不同的变化规律。  相似文献   

2.
This experiment deals with the effects of two different light-dark regimes on general activity, behavioural patterns and sleep in domestic hens (Gallus domesticus). The light-dark schemes were composed of a traditional 14 h light-10h dark period and the Biomittent Lighting Program (BMLP), which consists of only 15 min light during every hour of the traditional 14 h photoperiod. Although it was found that hens are more active during the day than during the night, they were much less active under the BMLP-regime compared to the traditional regime. More specifically, there is considerable lowering of their activities during the dark portions of the day; behavioural observations revealed that they spend these periods not with resting behaviour, but with passive wakefulness. They more or less concentrate their daily activities during the 15-min light periods. Under the night period of the BMLP-regime, hens appeared to be more restless. Sleep recordings showed that sleep tended to decrease in favour of more drowsiness.

It was concluded that circadian rhythmicity of the hens is maintained under both lighting schemes, although the BMLP-regime imposes more passive wakefulness during the day and slightly more activity during the night.  相似文献   


3.
温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生性天敌之一。研究了温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育、寄生及繁殖等方面的生态学特性。研究表明:温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长影响明显。在32℃下不能完成世代发育,在温度为18-27℃范围内随温度升高发育加快,18℃发育历期最长(54.0d),27℃最短(22.8d);世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.76℃和307.62日度。高温和低温均不利于斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂寄生,21℃时寄生率最高为(36.0%),30℃时寄生率最低(4.5%)。结合发育历期、体长、产卵、抱卵、寄生率等参数,该蜂发育繁殖的适宜温度为21-27℃度范围内,30℃以上不利于小蜂的发育及存活。斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂对长光的刺激比较敏感,随光照时间增长,发育加快、产卵量明显增加,长日照条件(LD16∶8h)的发育历期最短(24.8d),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)的最长(27.8d),产卵量在长日照条件(LD16∶8h)时最多(119.6粒),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)时最少(86.2粒)。结合发育、产卵、寄生等参数,长日照条件(LD14∶10-LD16∶8h)有利于种群增长。  相似文献   

4.
Chris R.  Dickman 《Journal of Zoology》1985,206(4):509-524
The timing of reproduction was investigated and compared in natural pop ulations and laboratory colonies of three species of dasyurid marsupials, Antechinus stuartii, A. swainsonii and A. flavipes. In the natural populations, reproductive events occurred only during the austral winter (July-September), and began at almost exactly the same time each year. The mating period lasted–3 weeks, and coincided with the onset of pouch changes (oestrus) in females. In males, spermatozoa appeared in the urine up to five weeks before the first matings occurred, but sexual activity tended to be suppressed during this time by female aggression. In the laboratory colonies, most individuals were paired (females with males) and housed under 12L: 12D or ambient light. Irrespective of the light regime, all first-year animals entered reproductive condition at the same time or only slightly earlier than those in the natural populations. However, in females housed for two years under 12L: 12D, oestrus occurred–5 weeks earlier, on average, than in field individuals, and–5 weeks earlier than in equivalent individuals housed under ambient light. Males again achieved reproductive condition before females, and may have stimulated and helped to synchronize oestrus. These findings showed that the timing of reproduction is controlled by an endogenous circannual rhythm, which is probably entrained by some component of the photoperiod. The timing mechanism ensures that all young are nursed and weaned in spring and summer when food is most predictably abundant, and hence maximizes individual reproductive success.  相似文献   

5.
《Theriogenology》1986,26(6):721-732
Sixty anestrous ewes were used to determine the effects of artificial photoperiod and/or melatonin feeding on seasonality of reproduction. Treatments included natural daylight (ND), 8 h of light, 16 h of darkness (8L: 16D), natural daylight plus 3.5 mg melatonin fed per ewe daily (ND + MEL), and 8L: 16D plus 3.5 mg melatonin fed per ewe daily (8L: 16D + MEL). The percentage of ewes lambing was lower (P < 0.05) for ND treated ewes (40%) than for ewes in 8L: 16D (100%), ND + MEL (91.7%), or 8L: 16D + MEL (93.3%). The earliest mean conception date was for ewes in the 8L: 16D + MEL treatment. This was 10 days earlier than for ewes in the ND treatment (P < 0.05). ND and ND + MEL treated ewes had fewer lambs (P < 0.05) and lighter litter weight (P < 0.05) per ewe lambing than did 8L: 16D and 8L: 16D + MEL treated ewes. Serum progesterone levels above 1.0 ng/ml were reached and maintained approximately 3 wk earlier in the 8L: 16D, 8L: 16D + MEL, and ND + MEL treated ewes than in the ND treated ewes (P < 0.05). Ewes in ND treatment had higher overall serum prolactin levels (P < 0.05) than did ewes in all other treatments. Results indicate that the 8L: 16D treatment and/or feeding melatonin can hasten cyclicity in ewes and increase the number of ewes conceiving.  相似文献   

6.
Seasonality of reproduction in sheep and its control by photoperiod   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Seasonality of the reproductive cycle in sheep is a general phenomenon for mid-latitude breeds. The proximal part (breeding season) and also partially distal part (end of gestation and beginning of lactation) of this cycle is controlled by photoperiod, whatever the form of light regimens. Data are presented which indicate that male and female do not necessarily have the same photoperiodic sensitivity. Gonadal stimulation in the ram starts 1.5-2 months earlier than in the ewe under annual variations. Photoperiod controls the reproductive cycle by the intermediary of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. There are both a steroid-independent and a steroid-dependent effect of light, depending on both decreasing and increasing daylength in mid-latitudes. Data are also presented which support Bunning's hypothesis on photoperiodic time measurement in mammals. Sheep measure photoperiodic time by using a circadian rhythm of photosensitivity. Daylength is not measured by the total duration of exposure to light but by the illumination of two special set points during the day, one of them entraining the circadian rhythm of photosensitivity and the other inducing or not inducing a physiological response if it is coincident, or not coincident, with photoinducible phase of that rhythm. A photoinducible phase has been found for prolactin secretion, and perhaps also for LH secretion. Melatonin secretion is used by sheep for measuring daylength. However, that secretion disappears during two set points during the day, thus raising the possibility of using alternatively melatonin and light pulse for controlling the reproductive cycle in sheep.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT. Mexican bean beetles (Coccinellidae: Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant)) have an adult diapause and show a graded response to photoperiods intermediate between those that lead to the fastest gonadal maturation and those that lead to diapause. The rate of maturation is reduced by a few to several days at day lengths corresponding to dates after the summer solstice, and such delays in reproduction may be of ecological and evolutionary importance. Multinomial probit analysis is demonstrated as a method for studying more than two classes of response to a photoperiodic regime.  相似文献   

8.
To examine the interactions between age and photoperiod on reproduction and spleen weights, we exposed adult male and female rice rats of various ages to photoperiods of 16:8-h light-dark photoperiods (16L:8D) or 12L:12D. After 10 wk, animals were killed and the following data were recorded: weights of testes, seminal vesicles, uterus, ovaries, body, and spleen and, in addition, vaginal patency. Young adult males displayed a greater degree of testicular and seminal vesicle regression in short photoperiods than did older males; the testes of most older males did not regress in response to short photoperiods. Spleen weight was unresponsive to short photoperiods in all males, but was affected by age. Females, however, exhibited reproductive organ regression and decreased vaginal patency in response to short photoperiods at all ages examined. Body weights were affected by photoperiod in young females, and, as in males, photoperiod had no effect on spleen weights. These data suggest that the reproductive response to photoperiod in adult male rice rats declines with age, whereas in adult females it does not.  相似文献   

9.
In Exp. 1, the time course for the photoperiodic response in juvenile male musk shrews was examined by exposing animals to short (10L:14D) or long (14L:10D or 18L:6D) daylengths for 10, 20, 40 or 56 days. When compared with the response of animals maintained in long days, those exposed to short days showed an inhibition of reproductive maturation by 40 days of treatment. In Exp. 2, the combined effects of photoperiod and social cues were investigated in juvenile males that were either housed in short days (with or without a female) or in long days (with or without a female) for 40 days. The short photoperiod was generally inhibitory to sexual maturation, while the presence of an adult female was generally stimulatory, i.e. animals living with a female in long days had the greatest level of sexual maturity, while those living alone in short days had the lowest level of maturity. Animals that received opposing signals, i.e. short days in the presence of a female, had an intermediate response which was equivalent to the response seen in males living alone in long days. These results suggest that the presence of a female can partly reverse inhibitory effects of short days. In Exp. 3, the effects of photoperiod and social cues on the reproductive physiology of the adult male (same design as in Exp. 2) were investigated. The results show that the adult male musk shrew is responsive to both photoperiodic and social cues, in a manner similar to that of juvenile animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

10.
光周期与温度对林地德国小蠊生长发育与繁殖的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
朱道弘  刘世大  赵吕权 《生态学报》2006,26(7):2125-2132
为弄清湖南株洲(北纬27°50′,东经112°54′)栖息于林地的德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)季节生活史策略,研究了光周期和温度对其若虫发育、龄数变异及成虫繁殖的影响。结果表明,德国小蠊的若虫发育明显受光周期的影响。长日条件(LD 16∶8h)下若虫发育最快,中间日长(LD 14∶10h)次之,短日条件(LD 12∶12h)下若虫发育最慢。将孵化后30日的若虫自长日条件向短日条件转移,则若虫发育受到明显抑制,反方向的转移,则若虫发育迅速。说明德国小蠊若虫存在滞育现象,短日条件诱导并维持滞育,长日条件解除滞育。若虫期经历的龄数受光周期和温度的影响,25℃的温度条件下,LD 16∶8h、LD 14∶10h及LD 12∶12h若虫期的龄数分别为7、8和9龄;长日条件下,30℃和25℃的若虫龄数为7龄,而20℃为9龄。根据实验室观察和林地调查结果,德国小蠊在湖南株洲1年发生1代,以滞育若虫越冬。30℃、25℃、20℃的温度条件下,卵鞘成活率分别为14.3%、90.1%和51.9%,高温和低温均不适合德国小蠊的繁殖。因此,可以认为控制若虫发育和龄数的光周期、温度反应的生态意义在于调控繁殖虫态和繁殖的适宜季节保持同步。  相似文献   

11.
设置6个光照时间梯度和两个光照强度梯度,分别对3种(基因型)果蝇进行光照处理,结果显示:在5001ux光照强度下,光照处理3h/d的果蝇发生量最少,其他各光照时间果蝇发生量无显著差异;1000lux光照强度下,不同光照时间果蝇发生量差异不显著,而不同基因型果蝇间表现出显著差异;连续光照处理使黑檀体果蝇后代数明显减少。  相似文献   

12.
pH、食物和光周期对福寿螺生长发育和繁殖的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以7.5 g左右的成年福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata为对象,研究p H值(2.5—11.5)、光周期(24 h光照、12 h光照和无光照)和食物(喂食和不喂食)三因子的联合作用下对福寿螺生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,无光照和饥饿条件下,福寿螺在酸性p H值4.5和p H值3.5试验的第24天均达到50%致死率,在碱性p H值10.5试验的第21天死亡率达到53.3%;试验第27天,无光照和饥饿条件下,p H值2.5和p H值11.5的死亡率则分别达到最大为66.7%和80%,产卵量均仅为20粒,孵化率分别低至6.06%和5.97%;24 h光照和喂食条件下,p H值7.5试验的第27天福寿螺体重增长率最高,为17.78%(而12 h光照和无光照条件下则分别仅为7.03%和5.47%),但此时产卵量只有180粒,孵化率仅为8.23%,延长孵化历时到16.6 d,而此酸度下12 h光照(最接近于自然节律),最终产卵量达到1600粒,且卵的孵化率高达84.66%,孵化历时为13.53 d。以上结果说明,福寿螺具有较强的耐酸碱和抗饥饿能力,但过酸(p H值≤3.5)和过碱(p H值≥10.5)的环境,也会严重抑制福寿螺的存活、生长发育和繁殖,特别是在福寿螺缺乏足够食物条件下,抑制作用更强;光周期对福寿螺的生长发育和繁殖影响较大,连续24 h光照会极大地刺激福寿螺的体重增长,但同时会干扰福寿螺繁殖,减少产卵量和卵的孵化率,延长孵化历时;而12 h光照在3种光照条件下最有利于福寿螺的生长发育和繁殖;完全黑暗则会严重抑制福寿螺的生长发育及降低其繁殖能力。  相似文献   

13.
光周期对棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是世界上重要的农业害虫,探讨光周期变化对其羽化节律、生殖和飞行能力的影响,可为准确预测该虫种群动态的季节性变化提供理论依据。本文报道了,在温度为22℃±1℃,相对湿度为75%±5%的条件下,不同光周期(L∶D=24∶0、L∶D=16∶8、L∶D=12∶12、D∶L=12∶12、L∶D=8∶16和L∶D=0∶24)对棉铃虫羽化节律、成虫生殖力和飞行能力的影响。结果表明:棉铃虫的羽化活动具有节律性,不同光周期条件下棉铃虫的羽化高峰均集中在暗期,羽化活动均随光周期的光暗交替而变化。蛹期感受不同长短的暗期也会影响棉铃虫的羽化节律,暗期缩短,羽化有提前的趋势。光周期对棉铃虫产卵前期、卵孵化率和交配次数也有显著影响,但对单雌产卵量、产卵历期和交配率均无显著影响。另外,光周期对棉铃虫成虫的飞行距离和飞行时间也有显著影响,而对平均飞行速率影响不显著。上述结果表明光周期是影响棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的重要环境因子。  相似文献   

14.
InEurydema rugosa Motschulsky (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the type of food supplied (i.e. seeds or leaves of the brown mustard,Brassica juncea Hemsel) and photoperiod, which control the induction of adult diapause, do not play a role in the initiation of reproduction after overwintering. A temperature above 13.2°C was required to start reproduction. After its initiation, however, short-day conditions on seeds induced diapause again in some adults. Although a diet of seeds under long-day conditions, in common with short-day conditions, induced diapause in young adults (Numata & Yamamoto, 1990), it did not reinduce diapause in adults after overwintering. Thus,E. rugosa that had overwintered became sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiod again but not to dietary factors.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

A study was made of the interaction of the photoperiod and the availability of food in influencing egg laying of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. At a long day photoperiod (LD = 16 h light/8 h dark) egg laying of fed snails had increased compared with that of fed animals kept at a medium day photoperiod (MD = 12 h light/12 h dark). In MD snails oviposition ceased within a week of the beginning of a starvation period. This is most probably due to a reduction in the activities of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells which secrete an ovulation hormone. In contrast, in starved LD snails a low rate of ovipository activity continued, indicating that a lowered frequency of caudodorsal cell release cycles occurred under these conditions. The decreased mean size (number of eggs) of the egg masses in starved LD snails indicates that the activities of the endocrine dorsal bodies, which control vitellogenesis and synthetic activities in the female accessory sex organs, had decreased.

All MD snails survived, but nearly all LD snails died during the course of the experiment. Determinations of the mantle glycogen stores of LD snails suggest that the high mortality of LD snails is due to exhaustion of the animal's energy reserves.  相似文献   

16.
17.
吴珂珂  顾钢  赖荣泉  周挺  韩梦 《昆虫学报》2022,65(11):1488-1497
【目的】烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis对烟蚜Myzus persicae有着极高的寄生率,而被广泛用于烟田防治烟蚜。但在人工扩繁烟蚜茧蜂过程中,环境因素对烟蚜茧蜂的生长发育有一定影响。本研究旨在明确光周期、湿度和温度对烟蚜茧蜂在烟蚜上寄生力的影响。【方法】在室内分别调查温度25℃、相对湿度70%与4个光周期(9L∶15D,12L∶12D, 14L∶10D和19L∶5D)组合条件下,温度25℃、光周期14L∶10D与4个相对湿度(65%, 70%, 75%和80%)条件下,以及相对湿度70%、光周期14L∶10D与4个温度(10℃, 15℃, 25℃和35℃)组合条件下,烟蚜茧蜂成蜂对烟蚜若蚜的寄生率及成蜂羽化率、寿命、性比(雌性占比)和后足胫节长度。【结果】结果表明光照时间过长或过短均会对烟蚜茧蜂的生长发育造成负面影响。在温度25℃和相对湿度70%时,光周期14L∶10D下烟蚜茧蜂成蜂的体型最大,其成蜂后足胫节最长,为0.439 mm;光周期为12L∶12D下烟蚜茧蜂成蜂的体型最小,后足胫节长度只有0.345 mm;光周期14L∶10D下烟蚜茧蜂成蜂对烟蚜若蚜的寄生率、寿...  相似文献   

18.
  • 1.1. Six of eight life-history traits related to growth and reproduction were significantly affected by temperature-photoperiod regimes.
  • 2.2. A temperature-photoperiod interaction was the most significant factor affecting life-history traits.
  • 3.3. Temperature probably significantly affected length of life, age at first brood, mean carapace length at first brood, length of time between broods, and number of young per day of adult life independent of the temperature-photoperiod interactions.
  • 4.4. Photoperiod probably did not significantly affect any of the life-history traits independent of the temperature-photoperiod interactions.
  相似文献   

19.
20.
Summary

Specimens of Cepaea nemoralis were raised from egg to adult in the laboratory for 15.5 months in two artificial photoperiods: short-day (LD 8:16) and long-day (LD 16:8). Over 20% of the snails in each photoperiod were functional adults by the end of the experiment and had fully developed male and female reproductive systems as determined both by dissection and by oviposition. A total of 925 eggs were laid by animals reared in a long-day photoperiod, whereas animals in a short-day photoperiod laid 677 eggs. Animals reared in a long-day photoperiod grew slightly faster (2.04 mg/day compared to 1.73 mg/day), began laying eggs about 18 days sooner, and suffered higher mortality (19% compared to 11%) than animals reared in a short-day photoperiod. These results clearly establish for C. nemoralis that gametogenesis and the development of a functional hermaphroditic reproductive system are neither prevented nor significantly retarded by exposing the animals to a short-day photoperiod for their entire pre-reproductive life.  相似文献   

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