鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

以100份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对15个主要农艺性状的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,参试材料存在广泛的遗传多样性。其中,多样性指数最高的是株高,其次是百粒重;性状变异系数最大的是单株荚数,其次是单株粒重;基于各种质间形态标记的遗传差异,将100份鹰嘴豆种质聚类并划分为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为选育丰产中粒型和株高适中的品种,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育矮秆耐密及特异粒色(型)品种,第Ⅲ类群丰产性较差可作为选育子粒球型、光滑的品种,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化收获的品种。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达73.91%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源农艺性状,为鹰嘴豆的有效利用提供一定的科学依据。     

应用SSR标记分析鹰嘴豆种质资源遗传多样性

种质资源的遗传多样性是育种工作的基础,本研究利用SSR标记对鹰嘴豆资源进行遗传多样性分析,旨在发掘鹰嘴豆资源中丰富的遗传变异。从48对鹰嘴豆SSR引物中筛选出18对核心多态性引物,对96份不同来源的鹰嘴豆种质资源进行SSR标记的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,18对SSR引物共检测到115个等位变异,占总检测位点的52.99%,每对SSR引物可检测出3~10个等位变异,平均6.39个;平均每个位点多态信息量(PIC)为0.8107,变化范围为0.6661~0.8984。Shannon's信息指数平均为1.4769,变化范围为0.0607~1.9584。PGMA聚类结果表明,在遗传相似系数0.59处,可将96份鹰嘴豆资源分为6个类群,类群Ⅰ包含9份资源,类群Ⅱ包含2份资源,类群Ⅲ包含28份资源,类群Ⅳ包含4份资源,类群Ⅴ包含40份资源,类群Ⅵ包含13份资源。本研究对我国鹰嘴豆种质资源的评价与利用、优异基因的挖掘、育种亲本材料的选择等提供科学依据。     

海岛棉种质资源的遗传多样性及对黄萎病的抗性鉴定

摘要【目的】通过田间抗病性与室内苗期抗病性联合鉴定和分析,掌握海岛棉种质资源的抗病性分布状况,为筛选出抗黄萎病高抗资源提供基础。【方法】以本课题组的238份海岛棉种质资源为鉴定对象,于2023年在库尔勒和阿瓦提通过自然病田小区试验,并联合室内通过接菌的方法,对海岛棉资源进行黄萎病抗病性鉴定和评价。【结果】对238份海岛棉种质资源的15个指标遗传多样性分析,变异系数范围为2.00%～36.97%,均值为16.05%。于不同环境进行抗性鉴定发现变异系数范围为8.40%～71.06%。结合4个不同环境分析未鉴定到对黄萎病完全免疫及高抗的种质资源材料,鉴定出30份抗病材料,194份耐病材料,14份感病材料。【结论】整体趋势可以看出海岛棉种植资源对黄萎病大部分都具有抗耐性,因此从海岛棉种质资源中鉴定和选育出对黄萎病抗性强的种质资源是十分重要的。     

云南“大粒水稻”对稻白叶枯病的抗性遗传

云南地方品种——云南大粒抗水稻白叶枯病菌“江陵691”,其抗性由2对具重叠作用的隐性抗性基因控制,与IR28、南粳15的显性抗病基因不等位;也与已命名的xa-5、xa-8、xa-9和xa-13 4个抗性基因也不等位。     

小麦种质对麦长管蚜的抗性鉴定与评价

2002-2005年连续4年,选用蚜情指数法对小麦种质进行麦长管蚜田间自然感蚜抗性鉴定,从2000份小麦种质中筛选出不同抗性材料34份,占总鉴定材料的1.7%,其中高抗种质5份、抗性种质9份、中抗种质20份。利用苗期室内接虫法,对部分抗感小麦种质进行鉴定,结果表明,苗期的抗性表现与成株期基本一致。对杂交组合临远207(抗)×Witchita(感)的F1、F2的抗性遗传分析表明,临远207对麦长管蚜的抗性由1对显性单基因控制。     

160份外引鹰嘴豆种质主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

对引自国际半干旱热带作物研究中心的160份鹰嘴豆种质资源的13个农艺性状进行了评价鉴定,并筛选了特异种质,为我国鹰嘴豆种质资源创新和品种选育提供参考.结果 表明,该批鹰嘴豆种质资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,7个数量性状的变异系数由大到小分别为主茎分枝数＞单株荚数＞百粒重＞产量＞株高＞单荚粒数＞生育期,6个质量性状的Sh...     

广东普通野生稻对水稻白叶枯病的抗性评价及分析

本研究通过抗性鉴定、分子标记和方差分析,评价与分析了广东普通野生稻对白叶枯病的抗性。结果表明广东普通野生稻对广东省典型的致病菌株Ⅳ型小种表现为抗或高抗,对PXO99小种的抗性反应差异较大,表现出从中感到抗病。用已知功能标记做鉴定,结果显示：20个普通野生稻居群中,3个居群能够扩增出Xa21抗病基因条带;4个居群能够扩增出Xa4抗病基因条带;5个居群能够扩增出Xa7、Xa27抗病基因条带;Xa23、Xa10、Xa26抗病基因条带分别能够在11、12和16个居群中被扩增出;19个居群能检测出Xa1的抗病基因条带,所有居群均不含xa5、xa13抗病基因。抗谱分析发现,HY2、DB2和GZ2 3个居群中的5份野生稻资源可能含有新的抗性基因。方差分析结果表明,对于Ⅳ型小种,高州普通野生稻的抗性水平显著高于化州、雷州和台山普通野生稻;而化州、台山普通野生稻的抗性水平显著低于陆丰普通野生稻。对于PXO99小种,广东不同县市间的抗性水平未呈现出显著性差异。本研究为进一步发掘和利用广东普通野生稻的优异抗白叶枯病基因提供了材料基础和理论依据。     

RAPD和ISSR标记对水稻化感种质资源遗传多态性的分析

运用RAPD和ISSR技术分析水稻化感种质资源的遗传多态性。从供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的RAPD引物12条,ISSR引物7条。RAPD引物共扩增到85条清晰的多态性条带,多态性条带比率为69．4％。ISSR引物共扩增到34条清晰的多态性条带,多态性条带比率为53．0％。对两种标记结果进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果极其类似,呈极显著的正相关(r=0．74)。聚类结果表明,地理位置相近的品种聚为一类。部分具有较强化感作用潜力的水稻品种亲缘关系很近,表明控制其化感作用性状的基因可能是等位的相同基因。而部分化感作用潜力差异显著的水稻品种聚为一类,这是由于人类在长期高产品种的定向选择过程中,水稻化感作用性状不被注意而丢失,遗传基础日益狭窄的原因。     

玉米抗南方锈病种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析

南方锈病是玉米生产上的重要病害。2013-2015年在广西南宁和北京昌平对903份玉米种质资源进行了抗南方锈病的初步鉴定与评价,并利用SSR标记对筛选出的部分抗性材料进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在903份种质中,8份自交系在广西南宁和北京昌平均对南方锈病表现高抗(HR),占总鉴定种质的0.9%;29份材料表现为抗病(R),占比3.2%,包括27份自交系和2份农家种;中抗种质(MR)100份,占比11.1%;感病(S)和高感(HS)种质分别为181和585份,占鉴定材料的20.0%和64.8%。由此可见,玉米资源中高抗南方锈病的种质较为匮乏,在不同地点均表现高抗的材料是难得的抗源。不同地理来源的玉米种质对南方锈病的抗性水平存在较大差异,其中抗性资源较为丰富的是源自内蒙古和山西的种质。42对多态性SSR引物在50份抗锈病材料中,共扩增出141个条带,多态性条带139个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为98.58%。平均等位基因数(Na)1.98,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.59,平均Nei's基因多样性(H)0.34,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)0.78,平均Shannon's信息指数(I)0.51;通过UPGMA聚类分析,50份抗病材料被划分为2个类群,其中,第Ⅰ类群又可划分为5个亚类,表现出较高的遗传多样性,为抗病育种中抗源的选择和利用提供参考信息。     

萝卜种质资源对芜菁花叶病毒的抗性鉴定与评价

病毒病是危害萝卜作物的主要病害之一,芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)作为萝卜病毒病的主要毒源,给萝卜生产造成严重经济损失。由于缺乏精准鉴定,萝卜育种中缺乏稳定可靠的抗TuMV材料。本研究就国家蔬菜种质资源中期库提供的来自中国25个省份125个县市和其他3个国家的150份代表性萝卜种质资源对TuMV的抗性进行了苗期鉴定和ELISA检测,筛选出23份抗病材料,其中1份表现免疫。这些材料对萝卜抗病毒病基因定位和新品种培育具有重要意义。     

Virulence diversity of Ascochyta rabiei the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in the western provinces of Iran

Chickpea is the third most important food legume in the world. The most important limiting factor for the chickpea production in the world, including Iran, has been the Ascochyta blight. The pathogenic variation of 40 Ascochyta rabiei isolates from the western provinces of Iran was assessed on eight chickpea differential lines. The results revealed that A. rabiei population is diverse in the western provinces of Iran and the virulence rating of isolates across differential lines showed a large but continuous pathogenic variability. Based on the statistical analysis and the continuous response in differential lines, it was not possible to categorise A. rabiei isolates in the present study into pathotypes or races. Information obtained from the current study can be valuable in developing quarantine methods aimed to prevent dissemination of highly virulent isolates and in the development of durable resistant cultivars against the Ascochyta blight of chickpea.     

Influence of inoculation with Ascochyta rabiei on the mineral contents of resistant and susceptible cultivars of chickpea

The determination of mineral contents of healthy as well as Ascochyta rabiei inoculated resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible cultivars revealed that the amount of N, P, Zn and Fe did not vary much in healthy plants of the resistant and susceptible cultivars. The amount of K and S was greater in the susceptible cultivars compared to the resistant cultivars while the reverse was true for Cu and Mn. Barring the recovery of Cu and Fe, the amount of all other elements (N, P, K, S, Zn and Mn) was enhanced upon inoculation of resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible cultivars. There was a noticeable increase in the amount of K in the resistant cultivars and the reverse was true for P, S and Mg contents after inoculation.     

Ascochyta blight of chickpea reduced 38% by application of Aureobasidium pullulans (anamorphic Dothioraceae,Dothideales) to post-harvest debris

In 2004–2005, application of non-amended suspensions of Aureobasidium pullulans conidia to post-harvest chickpea debris resulted in 37.9% fewer Ascochyta blight lesions on chickpea test plants relative to controls. Analogous tests in 2006–2007 resulted in 38.4% fewer lesions. Ascospores released from debris were predominantly Davidiella sp. (anamorph, Cladosporium sp.), followed by Didymella rabiei (anamorph, Ascochyta rabiei, agent of Ascochyta blight).     

Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in Leaves and Stems of Resistant and Susceptible Chickpea Cultivars to Ascochyta rabiei

The histo- and cytopathological effects in resistant (ILC-195) and susceptible (Canitez-87) chickpea cultivars were examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy 3, 5 and 7 days after inoculation (d.a.i) of seedlings with Ascochyta rabiei. The fungus produced typical appressoria that penetrated both cuticle and stomata. The resistant plants had physical barriers and a cuticle layer against fungal penetration 3 d.a.i. The fungus spread intercellularly and subepidermally in the leaves and stems of susceptible plants 3 d.a.i., and was followed 5 d.a.i. by cell plasmolysis, degeneration of organelles and of cellulose, but not lignified, walls. Pycnidia formation occurred between 5 and 7 d.a.i. 7 d.a.i., organelle degeneration, pycnidia formation and symptom severity increased. Tracheidal elements, including lignified elements, were almost intact in both resistant and susceptible cultivars. In the susceptible plants, lignin cell walls were slightly degraded after 7 days. There was less cell degeneration and pycnidia formation in resistant plants. Some electron-dense large bodies and lipid granules were observed within intracellular fungal hyphae in infected cells of resistant plants 7 d.a.i.