Plastoquinol as a singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II

It has been found that in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, under high-light stress, the level of reduced plastoquinone considerably increases while in the presence of pyrazolate, an inhibitor of plastoquinone and tocopherol biosynthesis, the content of reduced plastoquinone quickly decreases, similarly to alpha-tocopherol. In relation to chlorophyll, after 18 h of growth under low light with the inhibitor, the content of alpha-tocopherol was 22.2 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll and that of total plastoquinone (oxidized and reduced) was 19 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll, while after 2 h of high-light stress the corresponding amounts dropped to 6.4 and 6.2 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll for alpha-tocopherol and total plastoquinone, respectively. The degradation of both prenyllipids was partially reversed by diphenylamine, a singlet oxygen scavenger. It was concluded that plastoquinol, as well as alpha-tocopherol is decomposed under high-light stress as a result of a scavenging reaction of singlet oxygen generated in photosystem II. The levels of both alpha-tocopherol and of the reduced plastoquinone are not affected significantly in the absence of the inhibitor due to a high turnover rate of both prenyllipids, i.e., their degradation is compensated by fast biosynthesis. The calculated turnover rates under high-light conditions were twofold higher for total plastoquinone (0.23 nmol/h/ml of cell culture) than for alpha-tocopherol (0.11 nmol/h/ml). We have also found that the level of alpha-tocopherolquinone, an oxidation product of alpha-tocopherol, increases as the alpha-tocopherol is consumed. The same correlation was also observed for gamma-tocopherol and its quinone form. Moreover, in the presence of pyrazolate under low-light growth conditions, the synthesis of plastoquinone-C, a hydroxylated plastoquinone derivative, was stimulated in contrast to plastoquinone, indicating for the first time a functional role for plastoquinone-C. The presented data also suggest that the two plastoquinones may have different biosynthetic pathways in C. reinhardtii.     

外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗生长以及光合作用的影响

以水培豌豆(Pisum sativum)品种‘陇碗一号’幼苗为材料,以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮(NO)供体,研究外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长及光合作用的影响。结果显示:0.6 mmol.L-1的外源SNP所产生的NO能够促进缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长,并促进叶绿素的合成,增强净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),而使胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降;同时,叶绿素荧光最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(Yield)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均升高,在一定程度上缓解缺铁对豌豆幼苗叶片PSII反应中心的影响。外源NO对正常铁(100μmol.L-1Fe)处理下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合作用具有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,缺铁和正常铁处理的豌豆幼苗对NO的敏感性不同,适宜浓度的NO对缺铁下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合都具有一定的改善作用。     

转铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因马铃薯的耐氧化和耐盐性研究

高盐等逆境可以加剧植物体内活性氧的产生,进而引起植物细胞死亡。为开发抗逆境作物,以置于氧化诱导型启动子下定位于叶绿体的转铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu/ZnSOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因(APX)马铃薯为材料,研究了其对MV和 NaCl所引起的氧化胁迫的耐受性。结果表明, MV胁迫下,转基因马铃薯叶片膜的相对电导率明显低于对照; NaCl胁迫下,其叶绿素含量高于对照。 在含NaCl 的培养基上,转基因幼苗生根率明显大于对照。另外,NaCl胁迫下转基因马铃薯叶片的SOD和APX酶活性显著高于对照,与其耐盐性的提高相一致。这些研究表明,转入Cu/ZnSOD和APX基因的马铃薯清除活性氧的能力增强,抗逆性得到提高。本实验采用氧化诱导型启动子调控下的SOD和APX两个基因协同作用,使外源基因只有在逆境胁迫时才特异性表达,增强转基因植株的抗逆效果,为培育抗逆经济作物开阔了思路。     

Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates water stress in watermelon plants

Salicylic acid (SA) has been considered to attenuate the effects of abiotic stresses on plants, including water deficit that intensely affects the growth and production of plants. The goal of this work was to evaluate the role of SA in the alleviation of water stress in watermelon seedlings on a morphophysiological and biochemical level. The experiment consisted of application of SA at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 μmol L⁻¹ to leaves of watermelon seedlings grown in three levels of water retention (100%, 75% and 50% WRL). To evaluate the effect on morphophysiological and biochemical aspects, the plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll index, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, protein content, amino acids, proline, carbohydrates, sucrose and starch concentration variables were determined. All variables were influenced by the SA concentrations and WRL, with statistically significant interaction between these factors for all except root dry weight. SA promotes increases in the concentration of organic solutes and reduces the rate of electrolyte leakage in watermelon seedlings, thus, supporting metabolism and growth of plants under stress conditions resulting from water deficit.     

Effects of Stress Modifier Biostimulants on Vegetative Growth,Nutrients, and Antioxidants Contents of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Under Water Deficit Conditions

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of stress modulators on vegetative growth, antioxidants, and nutrient content of Thymus vulgaris L. under water deficit stress conditions. A factorial experiment was performed in the form of a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in the 2019–2020 growing season. The factors were stress modulators at 5 levels (ZN: zinc nano-fertilizer, AA: amino acid, SW: seaweed, HA: humic acid and C: control) and irrigation regime at 2 levels [FIrr: full irrigation (100% field capacity) and DIrr: deficit irrigation (50% field capacity)]. The highest plant height, number of branches, and total dry weight of the garden thyme plant were observed in the foliar application of HA and SW under full irrigation conditions. Relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, and uptake of nutrients (N, P, and K) were reduced under water deficit stress, but the foliar application of stress modulators increased relative water content, chlorophyll content, and nutrient uptake of the garden thyme plant significantly compared with control. The water deficit increased proline content, total flavonoid, and phenol content in the garden thyme plant. So, the highest total flavonoid and phenol content was obtained from plants treated with HA, whereas proline content was higher in the control plants. Soluble sugars and essential oil increased significantly under water deficit stress conditions. The foliar application of HA compared to the control plant increased soluble sugars and essential oil in garden thymes. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were improved in stress modulator treatments such as HA and SW compared to control plants under water deficit stress conditions. The plants of garden thymes showed a good response to stress modulator treatments under water stress conditions, and HA and SW treatments were found to be more effective.

     

干旱和复水对草莓叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用日本丰香草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.cv.Toyonoka)品种进行实验,研究干旱和复水对其叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,草莓叶片的最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)都随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降。干旱胁迫14d后,不同处理组草莓叶片的叶绿素荧光参数存在着显著的差异(P0.05)。复水后,低度胁迫和中度胁迫处理组能较快地恢复到正常水平,但重度胁迫组与对照组存在着显著的差异(P0.05)。     

Abstracts of papers read at the winter meeting at the university of Newcastle Upon Tyne

Young plants of Laminaria hyperborea collected from the field were grown for 2·5–4 weeks in blue, green, red and white (simulated underwater) light fields at 5, 20 and 100 μmol m^-2s^-1. The absolute concentrations of all pigments showed little variation with irradiance in green and white light, but decreased in high irradiances of red and blue light. The ratio of fucoxanthin to chlorophyll a also increased in the latter treatments, as did the chlorophyll c:a ratio in bright red light. There was little difference in the action spectrum for photosynthesis between the different light qualities at any one irradiance, but the action spectra for plants grown at 100 μmol m^-2s^-1 showed deeper troughs and higher peaks than those for plants grown at lower irradiances. Gross photosynthesis per unit of thallus area at 10 μmol m^-2s^-1 decreased in plants with low total pigment concentrations, but the photosynthesis per unit of pigment concentration increased. This suggestion of self-shading of pigment molecules within the algal thalli was supported by a flattening of the action spectrum in plants with higher chlorophyll a contents. The variations observed between the action spectra for different plants could thus be attributed to the decrease in pigment content at high irradiances, and not to the light quality in which the plants were grown.     

Glycine betaine accumulation,ionic and water relations of red-beet at contrasting levels of sodium supply

Exposure of plants to sodium (Na) and salinity may increase glycine betaine accumulation in tissues. To study this, red-beet cvs. Scarlet Supreme and Ruby Queen, were grown for 42 days in a growth chamber using a re-circulating nutrient film technique with 0.25 mmol/L K and either 4.75 mmol/L (control) or 54.75 mmol/L (saline) Na (as NaCl). Plants were harvested at weekly intervals and measurements were taken on leaf water relations, leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll levels, glycine betaine levels, and tissue elemental composition. Glycine betaine accumulation increased under salinity and this accumulation correlated with higher tissue levels of Na in both cultivars. Na accounted for 80 to 90% of the total cation uptake under the saline treatment. At final harvest (42 days), K concentrations in laminae ranged from approximately 65-95 micromoles g-1 dry matter (DM), whereas Na in shoot tissue ranged from approximately 3000-4000 micromoles g-1. Leaf sap osmotic potential at full turgor [psi(s100)] increased as lamina Na content increased. Glycine betaine levels of leaf laminae showed a linear relationship with leaf sap [psi(s100)]. Chlorophyll levels, leaf photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll fluorescence were not affected by Na levels. These results suggest that the metabolic tolerance to high levels of tissue Na in red-beet could be due to its ability to synthesize and regulate glycine betaine production, and to control partitioning of Na and glycine betaine between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.     

Functional organization and plasticity of the photosynthetic unit of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans

Anacystis nidulans grown under high and low light, 100 and 10 μE m^?2 s^?1, respectively, was analyzed with respect to chlorophyll/P700, phycobiliproteins/P700, chlorophyll/cell, and oxygen evolution parameters. The photosynthetic unit sizes of this cyanobacterium, measured as the ratio of total chromophores (chlorophyll and bilin) to P700, were shown to be similar to those of higher plants and green algae. High light grown cells possessed a photosynthetic unit consisting of a core of 157 ± 6 chlorophyll a molecules per P700 associated with a light harvesting system of 95 ± 3.5 biliprotein chromophores. Low light grown cells had substantially more biliprotein chromophores per P700 (125 ± 3.1) than high light cells, but showed no significant difference in the numbers of chlorophyll a molecules per P700 (149 ± 4). Analyses of aqueous biliprotein extracts indicate that low light grown cells produce proportionately more phycocyanin relative to allophycocyanin than high light cells. Calculations of the molecular weight of biliproteins per P700 suggest that there is less than one phycobilisome per reaction center I under both growth conditions. Differences in chlorophyll/cell ratios and oxygen evolution characteristics were also observed. High light cells contain 6.3 × 10^?12 mg chlorophyll cell^?1, while low light grown cells contain 12.8 × 10^?12 mg chlorophyll cell^?1. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate vs. light intensity curves indicate that high light grown cells reach maximal levels of oxygen evolution at higher light intensity than low light grown cells. Maximal rates of oxygen evolution were 16.6 μmol oxygen min^?1 (mg chlorophyll)^?1 for high and 8.4 μmol oxygen min^?1 (mg chlorophyll)^?1 for low light cells. Maximal oxygen evolution rates per cell were equivalent for both cell types, although the amount of P700 per cell was lower in high light cells. High light grown cells are therefore capable of producing more oxygen per reaction center I than low light grown cells.     

Foliar Application of Cytokinin Modulates Gas Exchange Features,Water Relation and Biochemical Responses to Improve Growth Performance of Maize under Drought Stress

Improvement of plant performance under drought stress is crucial to sustaining agricultural productivity. The current study investigated the ameliorative effects of foliar-applied kinetin, an adenine-type cytokinin (CK), on growth and gas exchange parameters, water relations and biochemical attributes of maize plants under drought stress. Eighteen-day-old maize plants were subjected to drought by maintaining soil moisture content at 25% field capacity for 8 days followed by foliar application of kinetin at 0, 75, 150 and 225 mg L⁻¹ (CK0, CK75, CK150 and CK225, respectively) to the plants for two-times at the 9-day interval. Results revealed that drought stress markedly reduced stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters and water balance but increased proline, malondialdehyde and soluble sugar contents, electrolyte leakage and senescence in maize leaves. Application of exogenous CK remarkably improved maize performance by modulating growth, gas exchange- and water relation-related parameters in a dose-dependent manner under drought stress. CK225 increased chlorophyll content (by 61.54%), relative water content (by 49.14%), net photosynthesis rate (by 39.94%) and transpiration rate (by 121.36%) and also delayed leaf senescence but decreased internal CO₂ concentration (by 7.38%), water saturation deficit (by 40.40%) and water uptake capacity (by 42.49%) in both well-watered and drought-stressed plants. Nevertheless, CK application considerably decreased electrolyte leakage, proline, malondialdehyde and soluble sugar levels in drought-stressed maize plants, as also supported by heatmap and cluster analyses. Taken together, exogenous CK at proper concentration (225 mg L⁻¹) successfully improved maize performance under drought conditions, thereby suggesting CK application as a useful approach to alleviate drought-induced adverse effects in maize plants, and perhaps in other important crop plants.     

Plant aging increases oxidative stress in chloroplasts

Aging has received considerable attention in biomedicine, but little is known about the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the aging not associated with senescence in plants. This study provides new insights into the relationship between oxidative stress and plant aging, and points out chloroplasts as one of the target organelles of age-associated oxidative stress in plants. We simultaneously analyzed lipid oxidation, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle, and levels of chloroplastic antioxidant defenses such as beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in leaves of the same age in 1-, 3- and 7-year-old Cistus clusii Dunal plants growing under Mediterranean field conditions. Enhanced formation of malondialdehyde in leaves (2.7-fold) and chloroplasts (2.8-fold), decreased photosynthetic activity (25%), and lower chlorophyll (ca. 20%) and chloroplastic antioxidant defense levels (ca. 25%-85%) were observed in 7-year-old plants, when compared with 1- and 3-year-old plants. The differences observed, which were associated with plant aging, were only noticeable in mature nonsenescing plants (7-year-old plants). No differences were observed between pre-reproductive (1-year-old plants) and young plants (3-year-old plants). This study shows that from a certain age, oxidative stress increases progressively in chloroplasts as plants age, whereas photosynthesis is reduced. The results indicate that the oxidative stress associated with the aging in plants accumulates progressively in chloroplasts, and that the contribution of oxidative stress to aging increases as plants age.     

Effect of potassium on growth and nitrate reductase during water stress and recovery in maize

Abstract The effect of potassium (0,50, 100 and 200 mg/pot) was studied on growth characteristics and nitrate reductase activity in maize (Zea mays) seedlings during water stress and subsequent recovery. In irrigated plants K⁺ increased the rate of leaf area expansion, leading to increased leaf area per plant. Increased leaf area was associated with decreased chlorophyll content. Water stress (–15 bars) enhanced the stomatal resistance of leaves which was further accentuated by K⁺ application. Nitrate reductase activity rose in irrigated plants 24 h after K⁺ application. Subsequently, as water stress developed, K⁺ helped to maintain higher NR activity for the first two days. However, K⁺ had no effect on half life of NR in light or darkness. During recovery from stress K⁺ aided to maintain the higher leaf expansion rate, the chlorophyll content and the stomatal resistance. The results above are discussed in relation to the ability of K⁺ to maintain better growth under water stress.     

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION OF FATSIA JAPONICA LEAVES TO IRRADIANCE

Anatomical and physiological leaf characteristics and biomass production of Fatsia japonica plants were studied. Plants were grown in a growth chamber at 300 μmol m^-2 s^-1 (high light) and 50 μmol m^-2 s^-1 (low light) photosynthetic photon flux density. Plants grown under high light showed a net maximum photosynthetic rate 44% higher than plants grown under low light; the light compensation point and the light saturation point were also higher in high-light plants. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution in isolated chloroplasts was about 40% higher in high-light plants. However, chlorophyll content on a dry weight basis, on a leaf area basis, and per chloroplast was greater in plants grown under low light. Leaf thickness in high-light plants was 13% higher than in low-light plants. The number of chloroplasts was 30% higher in high-light leaves, while chloroplast size was only slightly higher. Chloroplast ultrastructure was also affected by light. Leaf dry weight, leaf area, and biomass production per plant were drastically reduced under low light. Thus, F. japonica is a plant that is able to acclimate to different photosynthetic photon flux density by altering its anatomical and physiological characteristics. However, low-light acclimation of this plant has a considerable limiting effect on biomass production.     

高温下喷施水杨酸和磷酸二氢钾对中稻生理特征和产量的影响

为探寻减轻水稻抽穗开花期高温热害的技术途径,以3个籼型杂交稻品种为材料,于2017—2018年在江西省吉安县、余干县、南昌县进行田间试验.在抽穗开花期自然高温下,设置叶面喷施5个不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)处理(SA₁～SA₅分别为100、500、1000、1500、2000 μmol·L^-1)和5个不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)处理(K₁～K₅分别为7.35、14.70、22.05、29.40、36.75 mmol·L^-1),并以叶面喷施蒸馏水为对照(CK),分析中稻生理特征和产量.结果表明: 与对照相比,SA处理和KH₂PO₄处理分别降低了剑叶丙二醛含量,提高了叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性,其中SA₂和K₃处理效果最好.SA₂、SA₃和K₃、K₄处理提高了水稻穗粒数、结实率和产量,其中SA₂和K₃处理效果显著,与对照相比,SA₂处理分别使穗粒数、结实率和产量增加了7.0%、4.0%和11.9%,K₃处理增加了3.9%、4.7%和6.6%.抽穗开花期高温下,采取叶面喷施500 μmol·L^-1 SA或22.05 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄的技术措施可显著提高中稻产量.     

Consequences of chlorophyll deficiency for leaf carotenoid composition in tobacco synthesizing glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense RNA: dependency on developmental age and growth light

Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), with a reduced chlorophyll content of up to less than 10% of the wild-type level due to a different expression of antisense RNA coding for glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, were used to study the relationship between chlorophyll accumulation and changes in carotenoid composition in developing and mature leaves grown either under low (30 mol photons m^-2 s^-1) or high light (300 mol photons m^-2 s^-1). Regardless of the extent to which chlorophyll synthesis was reduced, under low light the ratios of total chlorophyll to carotenoids remained constant. In contrast, under high light the content of carotenoids was elevated relative to chlorophyll and increased further with progressive inhibition in chlorophyll synthesis. The xanthophyll-cycle pigment pool was most strongly increased (up to 18-fold) upon suppression of chlorophyll synthesis. Concurrently to the higher pool sizes a higher extent of violaxanthin was converted into antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin and this was found to be correlated with a decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry. While lutein increased (up to 3-fold) with decreasing chlorophyll contents in high light transformants, neoxanthin remained rather constant in all plants analysed. Based on the present results, two different levels for the regulation of carotenoid synthesis are proposed depending on (I) the chlorophyll synthesizing capacity, and (ii) the photosynthetic light utilization efficiency. The first point suggests a co-regulation between carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis; the second emphasizes the special role of carotenoids for protection against light stress.     

Tocopherol quinone content of green algae and higher plants revised by a new high-sensitive fluorescence detection method using HPLC--effects of high light stress and senescence

A rapid, sensitive fluorescence method was applied here for detection of oxidized tocopherol quinones in total plant tissue extracts using HPLC, employing a post-column reduction of these compounds by a Zn column. Using this method, we were able to detect both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol quinones in Chamydomonas reinhardii with a very high degree of sensitivity. The levels of both compounds increased under high light stress in the presence of pyrazolate in parallel to a decrease in the content of the corresponding tocopherols. The formation of tocopherol quinones from tocopherols was apparently due to their oxidation by singlet oxygen, which is formed in photosystem II under high light stress. alpha-Tocopherol quinone was also detected in a variety of higher plants of different age, and its level was found to increase during senescence in leaves grown under natural conditions. In contrast to alpha-tocopherol quinone, gamma-tocopherol quinone was not found in the higher plant species investigated with the exception of young runner bean leaves, where the levels of both compounds increased dramatically during cold and light stress. Taking advantage of native fluorescence of the reduced alpha-tocopherol quinone (alpha-tocopherol quinol), it can be detected in plant tissue extracts with a high sensitivity. In young runner bean leaves, alpha-tocopherol quinol was found at a level similar to alpha-tocopherol.     

Effect of light on photosynthetic capacity during cold acclimation in a cold-sensitive and a cold-tolerant potato species

The effect of low temperature acclimation at various light levels on the photosynthetic capacity of Solanum species was examined. Two species, Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Red Pontiac and Solanum acaule Bitt., which differ significantly in degree of frost-tolerance and in their ability to acclimate to low temperature stress, were compared. Acclimation conditions included 5/2°C (day/night) temperatures, and either moderate (400 · mol · m⁻²· s⁻¹) or low (40 · mol · m⁻²· s⁻¹) photosynthetic photon flux densities. Several parameters of photosynthesis were measured in tissue pieces during acclimation treatments including chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratios and carbon dioxide-saturated photosynthetic oxygen evolution during light-limited and light-saturated assays.
Most measured photosynthetic parameters of low temperature-grown plants of both species showed greater declines under the moderate light than the low light conditions. Chlorophyll a/b ratios were unchanged after low temperature exposures in both light level treatments. At low temperatures, the cold-sensitive S. tuberosum demonstrated a greater inhibition of photosynthetic capacity in light- and carbon dioxide-saturated assays than S. acaule at all light levels. In addition to a pronounced inhibition at the higher light level, S. tuberosum demonstrated a very strong inhibition of photosynthetic capacity at very low light levels. Our results suggest a correlation between ability to maintain essential metabolic processes during low temperature stress in the presence of moderate light levels and the ability to increase cold tolerance.     

外源NO对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合生理响应的调节

采用营养液砂培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对100 mmol/L NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光能分配及叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明:(1)外施60μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP)显著缓解了NaHCO3胁迫下叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和气孔限制值(Ls)的下降及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的升高,提高了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qP),降低了初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。(2)NaHCO3胁迫下,外施SNP显著抑制了天线转换效率(Fv’/Fm’)的下降,降低了光系统间激发能分配的不平衡性(β/α-1)和天线热耗散的比例(D),提高了吸收光能中用于光化学反应的比例(P),而对PSⅡ反应中心的过剩光能(Ex)无明显影响。(3)外施SNP显著降低了NaHCO3胁迫下叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)下降和叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)上升的幅度。但SNP对NaHCO3胁迫的缓解效应可被NO清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)部分或完全地逆转,SNP的分解产物NaNO2处理对NaHCO3胁迫无明显改善。表明外源NO可能通过提高光化学效率,缓解了碱胁迫引起的光抑制对光合机构的破坏,从而提高黑麦草的光合效率。     

“741杨”扦插苗耐阴性的研究

 用黑色遮阴网遮光,研究了741杨嫩枝扦插苗的耐阴性。共设置全日照(对照)、全日照的24.5％、7.5％和2.5％等4种光量。研究了光强对叶生长、叶解剖构造、叶绿素含量、光-光合曲线、新梢生长和生物量等指标。结果表明,741杨是一种喜光树种,在全日照下生长,其生物量等多项指标都高于各种遮光处理。741杨对24.5％光量有较强的适应补偿能力,其单片叶面积、新梢生长率、叶绿素含量、叶柄长度等都超过对照,但生物量还是低于对照34.4％。7.5％光量处理已接近741杨的耐阴极限。741杨扦插苗不能长期在2.5％的光量下生活。