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1.
Understanding the mechanisms of species distribution within ecosystems is a fundamental question of ecological research. The current worldwide changes and loss of habitats associated with a decline in species richness render this topic a key element for developing mitigation strategies. Ecological niche theory is a widely accepted concept to describe species distribution along environmental gradients where each taxon occupies its own distinct set of environmental parameters, that is, its niche. Niche occupation has been described in empirical studies for different closely related taxa, like ant, ungulate, or skink species, just to name a few. However, how species assemblages of whole ecosystems across multiple taxa are structured and organized has not been investigated thoroughly, although considering all taxa of a community would be essential when analyzing realized niches. Here, we investigated the organization of niche occupation and species distribution for the whole ground‐associated invertebrate community of small tropical insular ecosystems. By correlating environmental conditions with species occurrences using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA), we demonstrated that the ground‐associated invertebrate community does not spread evenly across the overall niche space, but instead is compartmentalized in four distinct clusters: crustacean and gastropod taxa occurred in one cluster, attributable to the beach habitat, whereas hexapods and spider taxa occurred in three distinct inland clusters, attributable to distinct inland habitats, that is, grassland, open forest, and dense forest. Within the clusters, co‐occurrence pattern analysis suggested only a few negative interactions between the different taxa. By studying ground‐associated insular invertebrate communities, we have shown that species distribution and niche occupation can be, similar to food webs, organized in a compartmentalized way. The compartmentalization of the niche space might thereby be a mechanism to increase ecosystem resilience, as disturbances cascade more slowly throughout the ecosystem.  相似文献   

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The combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography (FISH-MAR approach) was applied to brine samples of a solar saltern crystallizer pond from Mallorca (Spain) where the simultaneous occurrence of Salinibacter spp. and the conspicuous square Archaea had been detected. Radioactively labeled bicarbonate, acetate, glycerol, and an amino acid mixture were tested as substrates for the microbial populations inhabiting such brines. The results indicated that hitherto uncultured 'square Archaea' do actively incorporate amino acids and acetate. However, Salinibacter spp. only showed amino acid incorporation in pure culture, but no evidence of such activity in their natural environment could be demonstrated. No glycerol incorporation was observed for any component of the microbial community.Communicated by W.D. Grant  相似文献   

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Understanding the effects of forest-to-agriculture conversion on microbial diversity has been a major goal in soil ecological studies. However, linking community assembly to the ruling ecological processes at local and regional scales remains challenging. Here, we evaluated bacterial community assembly patterns and the ecological processes governing niche specialization in a gradient of geography, seasonality, and land-use change, totaling 324 soil samples, 43 habitat characteristics (abiotic factors), and 16 metabolic and co-occurrence patterns (biotic factors), in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, a subtropical biome recognized as one the world’s largest and most threatened hotspots of biodiversity. Pairwise beta diversities were lower in pastures than in forest and no-till soils. Pasture communities showed a predominantly neutral model, regarding stochastic processes, with moderate dispersion, leading to biotic homogenization. Most no-till and forest microbial communities followed a niche-based model, with low rates of dispersal and weak homogenizing selection, indicating niche specialization or variable selection. Historical and evolutionary contingencies, as represented by soil type, season, and dispersal limitation were the main drivers of microbial assembly and processes at the local scale, markedly correlated with the occurrence of endemic microbes. Our results indicate that the patterns of assembly and their governing processes are dependent on the niche occupancy of the taxa evaluated (generalists or specialists). They are also more correlated with historical and evolutionary contingencies and the interactions among taxa (i.e., co-occurrence patterns) than the land-use change itself.

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The relationship between anthropogenic impact and the maintenance of biodiversity is a fundamental question in ecology. The emphasis on the organizational level of biodiversity responsible for ecosystem processes is shifting from a species-centred focus to include genotypic diversity. The relationship between biodiversity measures at these two scales remains largely unknown. By stratifying anthropogenic effects between scales of biodiversity of bacterial communities, we show a statistically significant difference in diversity based on taxonomic scale. Communities with intermediate species richness show high genotypic diversity while speciose and species-poor communities do not. We propose that in species-poor communities, generally comprising stable yet harsh conditions, physiological tolerance and competitive trade-offs limit both the number of species that occur and the loss of genotypes due to decreases in already constrained fitness. In species-rich communities, natural environmental conditions result in well-defined community structure and resource partitioning. Disturbance of these communities disrupts niche space, resulting in lower genotypic diversity despite the maintenance of species diversity. Our work provides a model to inform future research about relationships between species and genotypic biodiversity based on determining the biodiversity consequences of changing environmental context.  相似文献   

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Iron (Fe) governs the cycling of organic carbon in large parts of the Southern Ocean. The strategies of diverse microbes to acquire the different chemical forms of Fe under seasonally changing organic carbon regimes remain, however, poorly understood. Here, we report high-resolution seasonal metagenomic observations from the region off Kerguelen Island (Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean) where natural Fe-fertilization induces consecutive spring and summer phytoplankton blooms. Our data illustrate pronounced, but distinct seasonal patterns in the abundance of genes implicated in the transport of different forms of Fe and organic substrates, of siderophore biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The seasonal dynamics suggest a temporal decoupling in the prokaryotic requirements of Fe and organic carbon during the spring phytoplankton bloom and a concerted access to these resources after the summer bloom. Taxonomic assignments revealed differences in the prokaryotic groups harbouring genes of a given Fe-related category and pronounced seasonal successions were observed. Using MAGs we could decipher the respective Fe- and organic substrate-related genes of individual taxa assigned to abundant groups. The ecological strategies related to Fe-acquisition provide insights on how this element could shape microbial community composition with potential implications on organic matter transformations in the Southern Ocean.  相似文献   

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The ecosystems of the Red Sea are among the least-explored microbial habitats in the marine environment. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities in the water column overlying the Atlantis II Deep and Discovery Deep in the Red Sea. Taxonomic classification of pyrosequencing reads of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed vertical stratification of microbial diversity from the surface water to 1500 m below the surface. Significant differences in both bacterial and archaeal diversity were observed in the upper (2 and 50 m) and deeper layers (200 and 1500 m). There were no obvious differences in community structure at the same depth for the two sampling stations. The bacterial community in the upper layer was dominated by Cyanobacteria whereas the deeper layer harbored a large proportion of Proteobacteria. Among Archaea, Euryarchaeota, especially Halobacteriales, were dominant in the upper layer but diminished drastically in the deeper layer where Desulfurococcales belonging to Crenarchaeota became the dominant group. The results of our study indicate that the microbial communities sampled in this study are different from those identified in water column in other parts of the world. The depth-wise compositional variation in the microbial communities is attributable to their adaptations to the various environments in the Red Sea.  相似文献   

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高通量测序和DGGE分析土壤微生物群落的技术评价   总被引:28,自引:7,他引:28  
夏围围  贾仲君 《微生物学报》2014,54(12):1489-1499
【目的】比较新一代高通量测序与传统的变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)指纹图谱技术,评价两种技术研究土壤微生物群落结构的优缺点。【方法】针对新西兰典型草地和森林土壤,以16S rRNA基因为标靶,通过高通量测序和DGGE技术分析土壤微生物群落的组成、丰度和多样性,比较两种方法在土壤微生物研究中的适用性。【结果】在不同的微生物分类水平,高通量测序草地土壤检测到22门,54纲,60目,131科,350属;而DGGE仅检测到6门,9纲,8目,10科,10属,表明DGGE显著低估了土壤微生物的群落组成。森林土壤也得到了类似规律,高通量测序的检测灵敏度是DGGE的3.8、6.7、6.4、19.2及39.4倍。进一步分析土壤中主要微生物类群的相对丰度,发现分类水平越低,高通量测序与DGGE的结果差异越大,尤其在科和属的水平上差异最大。以高通量测序结果为标准,DGGE明显高估了土壤中大多数微生物类群的相对丰度,最高可达2000倍。两种方法都表明草地土壤的多样性指数高于森林土壤,但DGGE多样性指数的绝对值远低于高通量测序结果。【结论】高通量测序能够较为全面和准确的反映土壤微生物群落结构,而DGGE仅能够反映有限的优势微生物类群,在很大程度上极可能低估土壤微生物的物种组成并高估其丰度。  相似文献   

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Cairo CW  Golan DE 《Biopolymers》2008,89(5):409-419
Cell surface receptors mediate the exchange of information between cells and their environment. In the case of adhesion receptors, the spatial distribution and molecular associations of the receptors are critical to their function. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms regulating the distribution and binding associations of these molecules is necessary to understand their functional regulation. Experiments characterizing the lateral mobility of adhesion receptors have revealed a set of common mechanisms that control receptor function and thus cellular behavior. The T cell provides one of the most dynamic examples of cellular adhesion. An individual T cell makes innumerable intercellular contacts with antigen presenting cells, the vascular endothelium, and many other cell types. We review here the mechanisms that regulate T cell adhesion receptor lateral mobility as a window into the molecular regulation of these systems, and we present a general framework for understanding the principles and mechanisms that are likely to be common among these and other cellular adhesion systems. We suggest that receptor lateral mobility is regulated via four major mechanisms-reorganization, recruitment, dispersion, and anchoring-and we review specific examples of T cell adhesion receptor systems that utilize one or more of these mechanisms.  相似文献   

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Diversity begets higher-order properties such as functional stability and robustness in microbial communities, but principles that inform conceptual (and eventually predictive) models of community dynamics are lacking. Recent work has shown that selection as well as dispersal and drift shape communities, but the mechanistic bases for assembly of communities and the forces that maintain their function in the face of environmental perturbation are not well understood. Conceptually, some interactions among community members could generate endogenous dynamics in composition, even in the absence of environmental changes. These endogenous dynamics are further perturbed by exogenous forcing factors to produce a richer network of community interactions and it is this ‘system'' that is the basis for higher-order community properties. Elucidation of principles that follow from this conceptual model requires identifying the mechanisms that (a) optimize diversity within a community and (b) impart community stability. The network of interactions between organisms can be an important element by providing a buffer against disturbance beyond the effect of functional redundancy, as alternative pathways with different combinations of microbes can be recruited to fulfill specific functions.  相似文献   

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The degree of trophic differentiation of millipedes in taxocenes of temperate and tropical forests was estimated by isotopic analysis. The isotope ratio variation among species was notably wider in a tropical forest (23 millipede species, δ15N ranges within 10‰) than in a temperate broad-leaved forest (9 species, δ15N range less than 3‰). It is suggested that partitioning of food resources among species contributes significantly to the maintenance of high diversity of soil saprotrophic animals in tropical ecosystems.  相似文献   

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Conditions in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) differ from those in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) due to the intrusion of oxygen through the cathode and the release of H2 gas into solution. Based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, anode communities in reactors fed acetic acid decreased in species richness and diversity, and increased in numbers of Geobacter sulfurreducens, when reactors were shifted from MFCs to MECs. With a complex source of organic matter (potato wastewater), the proportion of Geobacteraceae remained constant when MFCs were converted into MECs, but the percentage of clones belonging to G. sulfurreducens decreased and the percentage of G. metallireducens clones increased. A dairy manure wastewater-fed MFC produced little power, and had more diverse microbial communities, but did not generate current in an MEC. These results show changes in Geobacter species in response to the MEC environment and that higher species diversity is not correlated with current.  相似文献   

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AIMS: To assess the effect of protozoal species on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: Entodinium caudatum, Isotricha intestinalis, Metadinium medium, and Eudiplodinium maggii from monofaunated wethers and mixed protozoa from conventional wethers were obtained by centrifugation, re-suspended at their normal densities in rumen fluid supernatants from defaunated or conventional wethers and incubated in vitro. The presence of protozoa increased the concentration of ammonia and altered the volatile fatty acids balance with more acetate and butyrate produced at the expense of propionate. Differences among species were observed, notably in the production of methane, which increased with E. caudatum as compared to other ciliates and to defaunated and mixed protozoa treatments (P < 0.05). The increased methanogenesis was not correlated to protozoal biomass indicating that the metabolism of this protozoan and/or its influence on the microbial ecosystem was responsible for this effect. CONCLUSIONS: Entodinium caudatum stimulated the production of methane, a negative effect that was reinforced by a concomitant increase in protein degradation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Comparison of individual species of protozoa highlighted the particular influence of E. caudatum on rumen fermentation. Its elimination (targeted defaunation) from the rumen could reduce methane production without affecting feed degradation.  相似文献   

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A general theory giving an explanation of microbial cell differentiation is presented. Based on experimental results, an unstable hyperoxidant state is postulated to trigger differentiation. Simple rules, involving the reduction of dioxygen and the isolation from dioxygen by diverse mechanisms, are proposed to govern transitions between the growth state and the differentiated states. With this view, common features of microbial differentiation processes, dimorphic growth, cell differentiation in dioxygen evolving phototrophs and in anaerobes are analyzed. The theory could have implications for understanding cell differentiation in higher organisms.  相似文献   

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The binding of calcium to whiting (one tryptophan residue) and pike (one tyrosine residue) parvalbumins has been studied by means of kinetic and steady-state fluorescence techniques. The decay curves of the tryptophan and tyrosine fluorescence of the parvalbumins are best fitted by a sum of two exponents for any metal state of the proteins. The data can be interpreted as a nonexponential decay of the fluorescence of a single-type chromophore or in terms of equilibria between compact and relaxed conformers of the parvalbumins in each metal state. Fluorescence quenching by I-ions and effects of H2O/D2O substitution confirm the second interpretation. The constants of the equilibria have been evaluated.  相似文献   

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