Cell-mediated Immunity in Herpesvirus hominis Infections

The cell-mediated and antibody responses to Herpesvirus hominis type 1 were investigated in patients with primary and recurrent herpetic infections. Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation with the virus and the complement fixing antibody titre did not differ significantly between patients and controls. However, macrophage migration inhibition and lymphocyte cytotoxicity were impaired in patients. The defects were specific to H. hominis, as Candida oblicans, which was used as an unrelated antigen, failed to show a similar abnormality. These results and preliminary sequential studies suggest that the susceptibility to recurrent herpesvirus infection may be due to an impaired production of macrophage migration inhibition factor and lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the presence of intact lymphocyte sensitization and antibody formation.     

Stimulation of phagocytic function by factors inhibiting leukocyte and macrophage migration in humans

Fractions containing macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) were obtained using Sephadex G-200 filtration from supernatant fluids of human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by PHA. The fractions were tested for the ability to affect migration and phagocytic activity of target cells. Peripheral blood leucocyte migration capacity was inhibited by the fraction with the molecular mass of 60,000-70,000 D (LIF), while migration activity of mouse peritoneal exudate cells was suppressed by the fraction with the molecular mass of 20,000-30,000 D (MIF). MIF- and LIF-containing fractions increased almost three-fold Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytic activity of neutrophils.     

Production of factors regulating macrophage motility in the early stages of mixed lymphocyte culture

The macrophage migration stimulation factor (MSF) is produced during the first hours of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) in the H-2 system. The activity of MSF is characterized by sharp peaks of migration stimulation in the culture fluids of allogeneic MLC. The peaks appeared every 5 hours. After 12--16 hours in the culture fluids of allogeneic MLC, there has been demonstrated macrophage migration inhibition factor whose activity rose by 48 hours. Optimal concentrations were revealed for stimulation and inhibition of macrophage migrations on the dilution of 1--2-day MLC culture fluids. The existence of the biorhythmical mechanism that controls the macrophage mobility through the balance of soluble mediators with alternative activity is suggested.     

Relation between Delayed Skin Reactivity and Macrophage Migration Inhibition or Lymphocyte Transformation in Tuberculin-Type Hypersensitivity and Jones-Mote Hypersensitivity

Precise time-course studies on delayed skin reaction, lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition were carried out from day 3 to 270 and from day 3 to 120, respectively, in guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and those immunized with BGG in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). a) Delayed skin reactions could be elicited for a long period of time after immunization with BGG in CFA in the presence of prominent antibody production and were accompanied by induration. b) Delayed reactions could be elicited transiently after immunization with BGG in IFA and were not accompanied by induration. c) At the peak of hypersensitivity, infiltrating cells at the reaction sites were composed largely of mononuclear cells and basophils, respectively, in the animals immunized with BGG in CFA and those immunized with BGG in IFA. d) Uptake of ³H-thymidine by lymphocytes was increased remarkably in the presence of BGG when cells were obtained at early stages after immunization by both methods. e) Macrophage migration inhibition was strongly positive in animals immunized with BGG in CFA but weakly positive in those immunized with BGG in IFA. Increased lymphocyte transformation preceded the appearance of a positive migration inhibition. f) After immunization with BGG in CFA, Jones-Mote hypersensitivity appeared to precede the development of tuberculin-type hypersensitivity.     

Mechanisms involved in the expression of Jones-Mote hypersensitivity: II. Lymph node morphology and in vitro correlates

Lymph node morphology, in vitro lymphocyte transformation, and inhibition of macrophage migration were studied at varying intervals after sensitization for Jones-Mote hypersensitivity (JMH) with ovalbumin (OA) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY, 300 mg/kg), given 3 days before sensitization with OA in FIA, was also studied in an attempt to clarify further its role in increasing the intensity of skin reactions and its effect on the passive transfer of skin reactivity described in the preceding paper. There were increased numbers of large pyroninophilic cells in paracortical areas of draining lymph nodes and increased in vitro DNA synthesis, by lymph node cells, in animals treated with CY 3 days before sensitization with OA in FIA. There was no inhibition of macrophage migration of PEC from animals sensitized with OA in FIA, whether or not these guinea pigs had been treated with CY before sensitization.     

Regulating effect of bone marrow cells on human T-lymphocyte function

A study was made of the regulatory effect of human bone marrow cells in two experimental systems: lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA, and spontaneous and PHA-induced production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) by peripheral blood lymphocytes. It was shown that bone marrow cells inhibit the proliferative activity of stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and induced MIF production. The effect of bone marrow cells on spontaneous MIF production was found to be inconclusive.     

Plasminogen activator and MIF-like activities in Kirsten virus transformed mouse NIH culture fluids.

Kirsten virus transformed mouse NIH cells produce both a macrophage migration inhibition activity for guinea pig and mouse peritoneal exudate cells and a plasminogen activator. The migration inhibition factor activity exhibited thermal stability up to 80°C while the plasminogen activator was inactivated after 15 minutes at 70°C. Separation of these activities was achieved by absorption of the migration inhibition activity on agarose-fucosamine or high speed centrifugation.     

Transfer of cell-mediated immunity with cell-free leukocyte extracts: II. Demonstration of antigen-specific and nonspecific components

Transfer of cell-mediated immunity was achieved with dialyzable cell-free extracts from lymphoid cells of mice primed to the contact sensitizing agent, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). The biological activity of the extract (Transfer Factor, TF) was analyzed in vivo by the ear thickness assay and in vitro by the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test and lymphocyte transformation using the soluble analog, sodium 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate. Consistently positive responses occurred 20 hr following a single intravenous injection of 5 × 10⁷ lymphocyte equivalents per recipient. The most potent source of TF (memory TF) was lymph node cells obtained 30 days after primary exposure to DNFB. By contrast TF prepared at the peak of the response to DNFB was less potent which was shown to be due to the presence in it of a suppressor factor. Memory TF elicited macrophage inhibition factor production in naive lymph node cells whereas positive responses were only obtained in the ear thickness and lymphocyte transformation assays provided recipients had undergone prior subliminal sensitization. Specificity of TF was tested using picryl chloride and oxazolone as control antigens. Results from the MMI and ear thickness assays were consistent with the presence in Transfer Factor of an antigen-specific component. Its effects, however, on the proliferative response to antigen lacked specificity and depended on prior sensitization of recipients, rather than donors, to the inducing antigen. The target of the specific component was considered to be an Ly-1⁺, Ia^?, $\text{Ly}\text{2}\text{3}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ T cell since MIF production and in vivo delayed hypersensitivity are known to be mediated by a T cell bearing this phenotype. Taken together these findings emphasize the value of using a battery of tests of cell-mediated immune function when studying soluble mediators such as Transfer Factor and suggest that the current system is a valid experimental model for analysis of the Transfer Factor phenomenon.     

MIF-like activity of natural and recombinant human interferon-gamma and their neutralization by monoclonal antibody

By utilizing elutriation-purified human monocytes, we found that human interferon (IFN) inhibits monocyte migration in a manner similar to migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and does it without demonstrable cytotoxicity. We observed that human IFN-gamma is 10 to 300 times more potent in its MIF activity than is IFN-alpha and that monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) can be used to distinguish between them. Studies with recombinant IFN-gamma indicate that the migration inhibition seen with natural IFN-gamma is due to IFN-gamma itself and is not due to co-purification of another lymphokine with the natural IFN-gamma. Although interferons exhibit MIF activities, there are apparently other cytokines, without antiviral activity, that also have MIF activities. MIF from the lymphoblastoid cell line RPMI 1788 was not neutralized by MoAb to IFN. However, MIF activity in supernatant fluid from human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures stimulated with Con A-Sepharose was completely neutralized with MoAb anti-IFN-gamma. These data indicate that MIF is really a family of cytokines that inhibit macrophage/monocyte migration and that the major portion of MIF activity associated with crude supernatant of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is due to IFN-gamma.     

Studies on the effect of various kinds of cytostatic therapy on the cellular immune reaction in children with acute lymphatic leukemia]

Clinical and experimental findings on possible changes of the lymphocyte function during an immunosuppressive or cytostatic therapy respectively caused investigations to be made for explaining the connections existing between the influence of cellular immunoreaction and the use of different cytostatic regimes. Earlier findings on the influence of cellular immunoreaction after adding cytostatics to cultivated cells and investigations on the influence of the lymphocyte function in dependence on cytostatic therapy were used for comparison. Transformation and mitosis rates as well as necrosis rates and the result of macrophage migration inhibition are comparable parameters for influencing the lymphocyte function in children treated with cytostatics. Antimetabolites, vincristine, asparaginase and daunomycin will have less influence on the transformation rate as an expression of an immunosuppressive effect on only those cells responding in accordance with their kinetic phase. Cyclophosphamide will inhibit the transformation reaction more significantly. Examinations in children with different therapeutic regimes reveal a certain validity of therapy after the first statistical evaluation of the clinical material.     

类球红细菌的免疫活性评价

目的 :评价类球红细菌的免疫活性。方法 :巨噬细胞吞噬试验、淋巴细胞转化试验、IL- 2的诱生和检测试验。结果 :类球红细菌 1号株具有调节和增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ,表现在免疫抑制组小鼠用光合细胞灌胃数周后 ,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率提高 6 1% ,吞噬指数提高 5 9% (P<0 .0 1)。在体外实验中 ,光合细菌三种不同抗原 (Ag1 、Ag2 、Ag3 )在一定程度上都有刺激脾淋巴细胞转化功能 ,特别是 Ag3 作用更为明显 ;在正常组 ,刺激指数提高了 6 5 % ;免疫抑制组 ,提高了 38% (P<0 .0 5 )。不管在正常组或免疫抑制组 ,Ag1 、Ag2 、Ag3 都具有诱生脾淋巴细胞产生 IL- 2的活性 ,其中 Ag2 的活性较明显 .结论 :类球红细菌 1号株对机体有一定的免疫活性。     

Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and lymphotoxin by leukocytes from normal and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients

The production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and lymphotoxin (LT) by cultured leukocytes from patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) and normal controls was studied. The presence of these lymphokines in leukocyte culture supernatants usually correlated directly with the dose of stimulant used. Doses of nonspecific mitogens and specific antigens, which produced maximal in vitro lymphocyte transformation, stimulated maximal production of these mediators. When the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by stimulated leukocyte cultures from patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) was deficient, they usually produced less MIF and lymphotoxin than normal. However, when their in vitro lymphoproliferative responses were normal, the lymphotoxin activity in supernatants of WAS leukocyte cultures was normal.     

Involvement of lymphocyte mediators in the rejection of a murine tumor allograft

Macrophage migration inhibition by peritoneal leukocytes was studied in BALB/c mice bearing intraperitoneal allogeneic EL-4 lymphomas to explore the role of this immune effector function in allograft rejection. The nonadherent peritoneal leukocyte population harvested between 8 and 10 days after allograft inoculation inhibited migration of nonimmune murine macrophages as demonstrated by both direct and indirect migration assays using the agarose droplet method. This host response also contained large numbers of adherent macrophages which others have shown to be cytotoxic to EL-4 target cells. These findings provide direct evidence for lymphokine activity in allograft rejection and suggest that lymphocyte mediators may attract and activate the cytotoxic macrophages observed in this response.     

Antigen isolation from Rickettsia prowazekii cultured in FL cells and its use in the macrophage migration inhibition reaction

An antigen obtained from R. prowazekii cultivated in hydrocortisone-treated FL-cells possesses activity determined in the complement fixation test and the macrophage migration inhibition test. Such antigen can be used in the macrophage migration inhibition test with macrophages obtained from animals immunized with the preparations of rickettsial egg cultures.     

Immunologic and clinical improvement of progressive coccidioidomycosis following administration of transfer factor

Three patients with progressive coccidioidomycosis were given preparations of transfer factor (TF). Adverse reactions to TF were minimal. Following TF administration two of these patients had prolonged clinical remissions in their coccidioidal disease. Cellular immune responses were sequentially evaluated by coccidioidininduced delayed-type skin tests, lymphocyte blast transformation and macrophage inhibition factor production (MIF). These three patients each exhibited different cellular immune patterns before and after TF administration. Two patients converted their coccidioidin skin tests, and one converted lymphocyte transformation response to coccidioidin. Also, TF apparently favorably affected the MIF response in all three patients.     

Human T lymphocytes become glucocorticoid-sensitive upon immune activation

A murine model for Transfer Factor (TF) was used in an attempt to identify the nature of its antigen-specific component. TF was prepared from lymph node cells of CBA/Ca/T6 mice sensitized 30 days previously with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). To assay for the specific component of TF, 2 × 10⁷ lymphocyte equivalents were injected intravenously into normal syngeneic recipients. Lymph node cells obtained 18–24 hr later gave a positive response in the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test in the presence of the soluble analog of DNFB (sodium 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate). The activity of TF was abrogated by absorption with anti-Ia sera including both an Ia alloantiserum (A.TH anti-A.TL) and a xenogeneic rabbit anti-serum which exclusively recognizes carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens. Analysis by paper chromatography using the technique for purification of carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens revealed that MIF production was obtained exclusively with those fractions known to contain Ia antigenic activity. In addition, pretreatment of TF with insoluble conconavalin A (Con A) which has an affinity for carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens resulted in removal of its activity. Taken together these findings pointed to the presence in TF of I-region gene products. Absorption with antibody directed against the dinitrophenyl determinant abolished the capacity of TF to stimulate macrophage inhibition factor production suggesting that it might also contain antigen fragments possibly in association with Ia. No evidence was, however, obtained for H-2 restriction of the action of TF in vivo since it was found to exert an effect in a variety of strain combinations including A.TH and Balb/c which share no known common I-region specificities. Parallel experiments were carried out with the lymphocyte transformation assay since this is known to be a measure of the nonspecific components in TF. Pretreatment with mouse allo-anti-Ia^k serum directed against both protein-and carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens caused a partial reduction in the proliferative response. In contrast no change in response was observed when the TF was absorbed with insoluble Con A or anti-DNP serum. Furthermore, lymphocyte transformation was obtained with only one of the three paper chromatography fractions positive in the MMI assay as well as two other different fractions. Taken together, these findings permitted a distinction to be made between specific and nonspecific components of TF and indicated that the specificity of TF could be explained in terms of the presence of I-region gene coded products possibly in association with antigen fragments.     

秦皮素通过抑制EGFR及其下游AKT信号通路抑制MCF-7细胞增殖及迁移

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)是细胞内多种信号调节通路的交汇点,其介导的信号通路与乳腺癌的发生、发展、转移和侵袭等密切相关,已成为乳腺癌治疗的新靶点之一。但目前关于秦皮素的抗乳腺癌作用与EGFR通路的关系,国内外尚未见相关报道。本研究结果表明,秦皮素能够通过抑制EGFR及其下游的AKT信号通路来发挥其抗乳腺癌作用。秦皮素在体外可促进T、B 淋巴细胞增殖及巨噬细胞吞噬能力,提示秦皮素可能促进小鼠免疫功能。Western印迹结果表明,秦皮素能显著抑制EGFR蛋白及其下游的AKT蛋白磷酸化水平。划痕实验结果表明,秦皮素能抑制MCF-7细胞的迁移。此外,秦皮素还能促进小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和代谢活力,促进T、B淋巴细胞的增殖,提高NK细胞的杀伤活力。本研究结果提示,秦皮素的抗乳腺癌作用是通过抑制EGFR信号通路,抑制MCF-7细胞迁移和促进小鼠的免疫功能等多种途径来实现的。     

Functional analysis of macrophage hybridomas. III. Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis and tumor proliferation

Four cloned macrophage hybridoma cells prepared by fusion of splenic adherent cells with a P388D1 macrophage tumor markedly inhibited the growth of lymphocytes and tumor cells. Macrophage clones 5, 8, 63, and 64 are strong inhibitors of B-cell blastogenesis, T-cell blastogenesis, and tumor proliferation, while the P388D1, tumor line and clones 13, 59, and 67 demonstrated little inhibitory activity in all three systems. The inhibitory effect of macrophage hybridomas can be detected within 8 hr, although greater inhibition was noted following longer incubation. The correlations among these three assay systems suggest that similar mechanisms may be involved. The data indicate that the inhibition of cell proliferation was not due to cell lysis. Furthermore, the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in Con A-stimulated cultures was not accompanied by inhibition of lymphokine production in the same cultures. Neither prostaglandins nor hydrogen peroxide appear to be primarily responsible for growth inhibition. The inhibitory properties of these macrophage hybridoma lines represent a stable phenotype and provide a homogeneous source of cells for further analysis of the phenomenon.     

Effect of C-reactive protein on peritoneal macrophages. I. Human C-reactive protein inhibits migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages

The effect of human C-reactive protein (CRP) isolated and purified from pooled patients' sera on macrophage function, especially on macrophage migration, was studied. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from guinea pigs were used for macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test of capillary method. Migration of either PEC or adherent purified macrophages exposed to CRP were inhibited dose-dependently. These findings indicate that CRP inhibits macrophage migration directly, not via activation of lymphocytes contained in PEC. As control, we examined the effect of normal human serum, anti C-polysaccharide antibodies isolated from patients' sera, and free endotoxin at the dose contaminated in CRP preparation on macrophage migration and found that none of them were effective. The effect of CRP on MMI of sensitized PEC exposed to antigen was also studied. Large amounts of CRP inhibited MMI induced by antigen, indicating the possibility that CRP may act on macrophages competitively with migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and may modulate MMI. CRP possesses MIF-like activity and may play a functional role at the site of tissue injury by causing the accumulation of macrophages.     

Changes in the cellular immune reaction in the course of acute lymphatic leukemia]

In a seven years course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 children by means of the lymphocyte transformation test and the macrophage migration inhibition test. The transformation response revealed a dependence on the stage, course of the disease and regime of therapy during the tests with unspecific, specific and tumorspecific antigens. Compared with all antigens the transformation in the first crisis and in the recidives is significantly lower than in the remission. In spite of continuous immunosuppressive therapy in a cytostatic treatment lasting for years, the increase of the transformation rates is concealed by the fact that a positive selection of children with favourable courses can be evaluated in single test groups with advancing time of illness. The results for the prognosis of the disease and the transformation rates depending on the age of disease and the cell type are identical. The result of reaction with leukaemic cells as antigens enables prognostic conclusions to be made during the time of remission. Tests with leukaemic cells in myeloic leukaemias reveal a marked dependence on stages. In lymphatic forms a proceeding influence of the responding capacity of the T-lymphocyte population must be assumed. The difference in the results of reaction in cells from different stages must be discussed in connection with a possible change of antigens.