Harassment of Mature Female Chimpanzees by Young Males in the Mahale Mountains

Juvenile and adolescent male chimpanzees sometimes threaten older, apparently stronger individuals such as mature females. I label the behavior harassment. Harassment comprises 25 behaviors, 14 of which are accompanied by the use of objects such as branches: Clubbing, flailing and throwing are the most common. Females respond to harassment with 10 behaviors, including scream, avoid, ignore, and retaliate. Females tend to respond to harassment by juvenile males by ignoring them. However, they are more likely to retaliate, scream or avoid in response to harassment by adolescent males. I propose the rank improvement hypothesis that harassment initiates the process of male domination of females, and compare the predictions derived from it with those of the exploratory aggression hypothesis. Males stopped harassing females significantly earlier when females ignored them versus when they did not ignore them. This is not consistent with the exploratory aggression hypothesis. Males harassed adult females significantly longer when females retaliated than when they did not, which is consistent with the rank improvement hypothesis. Although the observations are congruent with my hypothesis, we need more data to test it.     

1990-2022年祁连山国家公园碳储量时空变化及其驱动因素

全球气候变暖和冰雪融化等现象日益加剧,加速了生态系统的退化,特别是在\"双碳\"战略背景下,明确碳储量对气候变化和人类活动的响应变得尤为重要。目前在碳储量方面的研究未充分考虑碳储量在不同时间段内逐年碳储量的动态变化,无法有效捕捉碳储量的细节变化特征,此外,影响因素维度较为单一,从而难以明确碳储量变化的关键因素。基于1990-2022年逐年土地利用/覆被数据,应用InVEST模型计算了逐年碳储量,并结合Sen+MK趋势分析和Spearman相关性分析,探讨了祁连山国家公园碳储量的变化趋势及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)过去33年间该地区碳储量空间差异明显,平均碳储量为112.12 t,碳储总量呈轻微上升趋势,显著变化的区域面积仅占1.11%;(2)在不同土地利用/覆被类型中,森林具有最强的碳储能力,而草原由于其广泛的分布,碳储总量最大;(3)地形(不包括坡向因素)、土壤、气候及土壤因子均与碳储量显著相关。尤其是气温(r=0.489)、蒸散发量(r=0.406)和人类足迹(r=0.460)对碳储量的正向驱动作用显著高于降水量、粘土和细粉砂等因子,而海拔对碳储量呈负向驱动(r=-0.514)。研究揭示了该区域碳储量的时空变化规律,并深入探讨了影响碳储量的关键因素,为未来生态保护与碳汇管理提供了重要的科学依据。     

生态保护与乡村振兴双赢生态补偿标准的模拟与分析——以祁连山国家公园为例

生态补偿作为建设生态文明的重要制度保障和推进乡村振兴的重要机制,是实现国家公园生态保护与乡村振兴“双赢”目标的重要途径。其中,补偿标准的制定是实施“双赢”生态补偿机制的关键环节。以祁连山国家公园为例,将生态补偿标准纳入生态保护-乡村振兴复杂系统之中,通过构建系统动力学模型,将不同的发展情景和补偿标准相结合,仿真模拟生态保护-乡村振兴系统未来发展趋势,甄选更适合祁连山国家公园“双赢”目标实现的发展路径和生态补偿标准。研究发现：（1）通过发展路径规划和补偿标准优化,祁连山国家公园能够实现生态保护和乡村振兴“双赢”。在不同的发展情景中,综合协调情景为祁连山国家公园实现生态保护和乡村振兴“双赢”发展的最优方案,该情景能兼顾各子系统之间协调发展的同时,使生态环境和乡村振兴指数达到最大值。（2）综合协调情景下,当补偿标准区间为129.84—149.24元/hm²,为“双赢”目标实现下制定生态补偿标准的相对最优方案。（3）经济优先情景下,当补偿标准维持现状（128.55元/hm²）不变时,为制定生态补偿标准的相对最优方案。（4）延续现状和生态优先情景下,当补偿标准区间为131.12—173.01元/hm²,为制定生态补偿标准的相对最优方案。从系统视角剖析祁连山国家公园“双赢”的演化路径,在一定程度上可以避免做出片面的发展决策,研究结果不仅为祁连山国家公园体制建设和生态补偿政策实施提供行动指南,其研究思路和方案设计对其他国家公园实现“双赢”目标具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Dispersal by cattle of salt-marsh and dune species into salt-marsh and dune communities

We investigated the spatial cohort structure of Trillium populations in old-growth cove forests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (TN, USA). We mapped the locations of all Trillium erectum L., Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury, and Trillium vaseyi Harbison occurring within two 10 × 10 m sample plots at each of three old-growth sites—Anthony Creek, Cove Mountain, and Kalanu Prong. The height and life stage of each individual were recorded and a randomly selected subset was excavated for age determination. Our results suggest that Trillium populations in cove forests of the southern Appalachians display a high degree of spatial aggregation and are relatively stable, spatially, over long time periods (i.e., decades). Individual patches (aggregations of plants) within populations were typically multi-aged and no clear spatial cohort structure was observed. Surprisingly, more isolated plants (distal from large aggregations) were among the oldest plants in the population, rather than recent colonists dispersing away from parent populations. Individual species were less mingled than expected given that they share a common dispersal agent (ants). This study provides a double-baseline for Trillium population structure in old, primary forests with low browse pressure.