甘肃南部巴蜗牛科(腹足纲:巴蜗牛科)的种类名录

本文根据甘肃南部所辖地区采集的腹足目巴蜗牛科标本和国内外报道,对其进行系统整理研究,列出巴蜗牛科动物76种,分隶11属1科,其中30种为甘肃省新纪录.     

异色瓢虫视觉系统中5-HT阳性神经元的分布(英文)

本文运用树脂石蜡(Colophony-Paraffin, CP;专利号: ZL98125709·7)组织包埋切片技术,结合免疫组织化学链酶菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(Streptavidin-Peroxidase , SP)双染法,对异色瓢虫视觉系统中5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经元的分布进行了初步研究。结果显示,异色瓢虫视觉系统的结构及5-HT免疫反应系统相对比较特殊。5-HT阳性神经元胞体数目较少,染色显著,并聚集成群。根据胞体定位、细胞形态及轴突走向,可大体分为5群,其中包括1群呈弱反应的光感细胞。5-HT阳性膨大纤维支配所有的视神经纤维网,并呈柱状或分层排列模式。结果表明5-HT作为经典的神经递质在昆虫的视觉信息处理过程中可能发挥重要的调节作用,且主要以远距离的广域神经调节模式为主,并在特定区域和GABA有伴随现象。此外,昆虫视觉系统中5-HT的含量还可能与其明暗适应的生理调节方式具有相关性[动物学报51 (5) : 912 -918 , 2005]。     

生于Equisetum上的日本新记录种Stamnaria americana(英文)

对日本新记录种Stamnaria americana进行了描述和图示。尽管低温适宜该种子囊孢子的萌发,它在20℃生长最好。DNA序列分析的结果表明,其分类地位应该从柔膜菌科转入锤舌菌科。     

从白符虫兆(弹尾纲)活性卵的形状变化探讨沃尔巴克氏体的共生作用(英文)

Wolbachia属共生菌的侵染是引起跳虫——白符虫兆孤雌生殖的原因。对带有正常沃尔巴克氏体菌群的白符虫兆卵和通过利福平处理剔除沃尔巴克氏体菌群的白符虫兆卵的胚胎发育进行实验观察。白符虫兆的活性卵产出3到4天后,卵体大小显著性地增大,并伴随卵体形状从球形到圆饼形的变化。这些变化在利福平处理的或者是7%自然失活的非活性卵中都没有出现。推测沃尔巴克氏体在白符虫兆卵产出后的3天之内或者3天之前的受精卵发育或胚胎发育中发挥着重要作用;同时根据目前已有的研究结果推断沃尔巴克氏体对白符虫兆卵发育可能的影响机制。     

采用统一命名的热带多型性地衣生Koordersiella属(异名:Hansfordiellopsis)的分类概要（英文）

对同一菌物不同形态型分别命名的做法于2011年结束,这就需要对非地衣化的多型性子囊菌和担子菌采用统一的命名。地衣生的Koordersiella属因此也只需要单一的名称,而后发表的Hansfordiellopsis就是该属的异名。此属共有5个种,包括在此发表的2个新组合:K.tenuissima和K.variegate combs.Nov.。本文列举了该属的地衣寄主和已报道的地理分布,同时也提供了已被接受的物种检索表。此外,在Hansfordiellopsis下发表的1个种和在Koordersiella下发表的2个种,因与该属的模式种显然为不同的属而被排除。由于缺乏分子序列数据,Koordersiella属在座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)中的系统学地位目前仍然不明确。     

家蚕色氨酸羟化酶(TRH)基因的克隆及表达特性分析（英文）

5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)是生物界广泛分布的信号分子,涉及动物的重要行为。5-HT是色氨酸羟化酶(Tryptophan hydroxylase, TRH)将L-色氨酸羟化为5-羟-L-色氨酸,5-羟-L-色氨酸随即被多巴脱羧酶(Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, DDC)脱羧而成。TRH作为5-HT合成的限速酶,在无脊椎动物神经调控中具有重要地位。鳞翅目昆虫中TRH的功能研究并不多。在家蚕中克隆了家蚕TRH (Bombyx mori TRH, BmTRH)的cDNA序列1667bp,其中包含1632bp的开放读码框(Openreadingframe,ORF)。人类TPH或者果蝇TRH(Drosophila TRH, DmTRH)与BmTRH有高度相似性,尤其BmTRH和DmTRH之间大多数氨基酸保守说明它们在系统发育上的密切关系并可能有相似功能。基因表达分析显示BmTRH主要表达于头部和中枢神经组织,免疫组织化学和Western blotting结果显示BmTRH只存在于神经组织中,即BmTRH可能仅参与家蚕的神经活动。此外,家蚕DDC(B.moridecarboxylase,BmDDC)和蛋白具有TRH活性的苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因(Phenylalanine hydroxylase, BmPAH)也在中枢神经系统中有表达,暗示家蚕神经系统5-HT的合成与果蝇中不同,可能有两种不同的调控机制。     

药物传输系统(DDS)的研究现状与发展前景

药物传输系统(drug delivery system,简称DDS)的出现大大改善了药物的药理学和药效学特性,目前已有一些抗肿瘤和抗真菌的DDS制剂应用于临床。基因组学和蛋白质组学的发展为制备新药提供了契机,如能最大限度地利用DDS系统的优势并将其应用于新药的体内传输及受体靶向治疗方面,将推动新药以至医学的进一步发展。     

冷应激小鼠十二指肠5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的免疫组织化学研究(英文)

采用ABC(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex)免疫组织化学方法,观察冷应激小鼠十二指肠内5-羟色胺免疫反应阳性(5-HTIR)细胞的形态、分布位置及数量。结果显示:冷应激小鼠十二指肠内5-HTIR细胞主要分布于肠上皮细胞间,细胞形态多样,除圆形和锥形外,还具有条形和梭形。冷应激小鼠十二指肠内5-HTIR细胞数量(3.83±1.29)与对照组小鼠十二指肠内5-HTIR细胞数量(2.37±1.10)有显著差异(P=0.000)。分析表明,冷应激对小鼠十二指肠5-HTIR细胞的分布具有一定影响。     

Angeli盐对二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶的可逆性灭活作用(英文)

二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶(dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase,DLDH)是线粒体3个α-酮酸脱氢酶复合物(丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合物、支链氨基酸脱氢酶复合物)的关键成分,属于吡啶依赖性二硫化物氧化还原酶类,对活性氮自由基(reactive nitrogen species,RNS)和活性氧自由基(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS)造成的氧化修饰非常敏感。本研究探索由Angeli盐所产生的RNS对DLDH的修饰作用及机制。将大鼠脑线粒体分离,与不同浓度的Angeli盐作用,应用分光光度计、蓝色胶、基于二维电泳的蛋白质组学等手段,测定DLDH酶活性。结果显示,Angeli盐呈浓度依赖性方式灭活DLDH,过氧亚硝酸盐在同样条件下对DLDH酶活性无抑制作用,说明Angeli盐对DLDH的作用可能是非随机的。由于Angeli盐在生理pH条件下可分解为硝基阴离子(nitroxyl anion,HNO)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO),故进一步分析了Angeli盐对DLDH的灭活作用是否由HNO引起,结果证实确实如此。最后,二维电泳Western blot结果显示,Angeli盐对DLDH的灭活伴随着DLDH蛋白质的S-亚硝基硫醇形成,提示S-亚硝基硫醇化可能是导致DLDH酶失活的原因。综上,本研究为研究Angeli盐灭活DLDH的机制提供了新证据。     

Notch信号通路调控猕猴胚胎干细胞的胆管样细胞分化(英文)

猕猴胚胎干细胞(rhesus monkey embryonic stem(rES))与人胚胎干细胞有相似的生物学特性,因此是理想的临床前研究的替代模型。Notch信号通路在胆管及胆管上皮细胞的形成中有重要的作用,然而,有关Notch信号通路在ES细胞的胆向分化中的作用了解甚少。该实验以rES为模型,对Notch信号通路对ES细胞的胆向分化过程中的作用进行了较为系统的研究。rES在细胞因子ActivinA诱导作用下产生约80%的限定性内胚层细胞。以Matrigel作为细胞外基质,在含BMP4和FGF1的无血清培养体系中继续诱导5～7d,rES细胞来源的限定性内胚层细胞分化产生约胆管样细胞。分化的细胞表达胆管细胞的特异性蛋白((CK7、CK18、CK19、CK20和OV-6)及基因(GSTPi、IB4和HNF1β)。在胆管样细胞的分化过程中检测到了Notch1和Notch2基因及下游信号分子hes1和hes5的表达。用Notch抑制剂L-685458处理分化过程中的细胞可导致Notch1和Notch2基因及下游信号分子hes1和hes5的表达下降,同时CK19阳性的胆管样细胞分化比率也从90%下降至约20%。这一...     

Neuron-microglia communication in the CNS of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus

The aim of the present study was to identify molecules that may be involved in neuron-microglia communication in the CNS of freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus. Messenger molecules are exchanged in normal and pathological conditions and we tried to identify some of them by immunocytochemistry on whole ganglia and cell cultures. In particular, we examined neurons and microglia for the expression of some cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and the neurotransmitter glutamate. These substances may be released by suffering or injured neurons and communicate to microglia the damaging event. Even microglia, on own turn, once activated, express and released the same or other substances in order to reestablish the system homeostasis, depending on modalities and times of activation. We discuss the possibility that hyperactivated microglia can shift from neuroprotective to neurodegenerative. Moreover, we examined in neuron-microglia co-coltures the direct interaction effects in terms of neuronal survival and improved neurite regeneration.     

Neuronal mechanisms of defense reaction to statocyst receptor stimulation in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus

Tilting of the freshwater snailPlanorbarius corneus triggering dynamic statocyst receptor response resulted in defense reaction attended by rapid lowering of the shell over the head, foreshortening of the foot, and inhibited locomotion and buccal apparatus operation. Large numbers of neurons from different ganglia were found to take part in this reaction in isolated nervous system preparations. The response usually followed an "all or none" pattern and did not depend on which statocyst receptors had been stimulated. Each successive response arose no sooner than 10–20 sec after the previous reaction to tilting the preparation. It is deduced that defense reaction to statocyst receptor stimulation takes the form of a "fixed action" governed by a special central mechanism. It was found during the process of investigating interaction between response to statocyte receptor and cutaneous nerve stimulation that the same central mechanism serves to produce defense reactions evoked by presentation of different stimuli.     

Microglia proliferation as a response to activation in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus: a BrdU incorporation study

Invertebrate microglia constitute a class of cells resident in the ganglionic nervous system which are activated after tissue injury or by the presence of pathogens. The microglia activation response includes graduated morpho-functional and biochemical changes and cell proliferation. In this study we verified in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus that an activation caused by a traumatic event may induce microglia division. Cell proliferation was assessed immunocytochemically using BrdU incorporation technique and documented on both ganglionic sections and microglia cultured cells at different experimental conditions and times after activation. In addition, we studied the possibility of increasing microglia proliferation by adding to the cultured medium the Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) that has been shown to stimulate specifically this process in vertebrates.     

Effect of a toxicant on phagocytosis pathways in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

The disturbance of plasma membrane carbohydrates and of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligands in relation to cytoskeletal transformations of haemocytes has been investigated after chronic exposure of pond snails (Lymnaea stagnalis) to the peroxidizing toxicant fomesafen. Neither of the two lectins used (concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin) showed any binding modification after incubation of the snails in the presence of the toxicant. However, after exposure of the snails to fomesafen, a clear and persistent reduction in LPS labelling of haemocytes occurred. The actin cytoskeleton of the same cells also appeared to be sensitive to the toxicant. The reduction in LPS-binding sites was related to actin staining, leading to the hypothesis that LPS ligands and actin could be similarly modulated by the toxicant. Damaged cells showed non-adherent membrane portions with reduced filopodial extrusions, exhibiting a smooth surface free of microvilli. These changes could lower the spreading and adhesion of the cells and could therefore account for the loss in their phagocytic capabilities.     

Coordination between locomotor and respiratory rhythms in the great ramshorn snail Planorbarius corneus: Transmitter-dependent modifications

In a reduced preparation of Planorbarius corneus consisting of the CNS and mantle complex, both the dopamine precursor L-DOPA and the serotonin precursor 5-HTP have been found to be able to induce and maintain rhythmic pneumostome (PN) movements phase-coupled to fictive cyclic locomotion in a neurotransmitter-specific manner. After the transection of pedal commissures, pharmacologically induced PN movements were coordinated with the locomotor activity rhythm generated by the left pedal ganglion, as in Lymnaea regardless of spatial inversion of its CNS. Nevertheless, in Planorbarius during the 5-HTP-induced fictive muscular locomotion, the PN was never opened, but cuddled up to the mantle at the same phase of the locomotor cycle corresponding to close down the PN in Lymnaea.     

Chromosome-associated paracrystalline nuclear inclusions in the spermatocytes of a pulmonate snail,Planorbarius corneus L.

Chromosome-associated paraorystalloids are regularly found in the spermatocytes of snails which were reared in the laboratory. They seem to be largely specific for the male gametocytes as they have been observed only in few cases in the oocytes. It is likely that paracrystalloids are formed during pachytene at the site of large heterochromatic knobs which originate by fusion of heterochromatic terminal segments of some bivalents. During diplotene they are always connected with the telomeres of three or four bivalents, thus forming a large trefoil-like structure. During metaphase I paracrystalloids are shed off from the chromosomes and transferred to the cytoplasm. In early spermatids they are found again in the nuclei, where they fade away during spermiogenesis. Histochemically they consist of basic proteins, which are probably crystallized in the cubic system. Radioactive labeling of the structure could not be achieved, neither by ³H-uridine or thymidine, nor by amino acids. The functional significance of this peculiar structure is unknown. Certain features justify a comparison with synaptonemal polycomplexDedicated to Professor B. Rensch on the occasion of his 75th birthday     

Increase in number and size of kidney concretions as a result of PCP exposure in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)

Molluscan kidneys are able to excrete solids in the urine in the form of concretions. It is thought that increased formation of these concretions occur under pollutant, environmentally or reproductive induced stress. This study examined the formation of concretions in the kidney of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus L. experimentally exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP). Light microscopic histopathological analysis of the PCP-exposed P. corneus revealed significantly enhanced production of the kidney concretions when compared to the kidneys of control individuals. Measurements of the number of kidney concretions, the apparent area of the concretions, and the epithelial area filled with concretions indicated an increase in the number and size of concretions in all treated snails. Lipofuscin content of excretory cell concretions was detected.