车前属（Plantago L.）植物生态与进化生物学研究进展

车前属植物是理论生态学、生理生态学、进化生物学研究的理想材料。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在车前属生态学、进化生物学、系统分类学方面的研究概况。     

浅谈“进化生态学”

进化生态学是一门新兴学科。关于生态学、进化论以及进化生物学的著作汗牛充栋,而关于进化生态学的著作却如凤毛麟角,难以寻觅。为什么？因为进化生态学是结合进化生物学和生态学的边缘学科,前者是研究物种起源、演化的科学,后者是研究生物与环境之间关系的科学;一门...     

三种药用车前的染色体数目和核型的研究

<正> 车前为常用中药材,《神农本草经》和明李时珍的《本草纲目》中列为上品,以干燥全草及种子入药,有清热、明目、利尿、止泻、降低血压和镇咳祛痰等功效。 本文报道了作为“车前”中药材的三种车前属Plantago L.植物:大车前P. major L.车前P. aslatica L. 和平车前P. depressa Willd.染色体数目和核型的资料,旨在为探讨车前属内的分类和进化及为提高车前中药材的产量和质量的研究提供必要的细胞学资料。     

小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究与进化思想

动物生理生态学是一门利用生理学的手段和方法研究与动物的生存和繁殖相关的生态学问题的交叉学科,
旨在阐明动物对环境适应和进化的生理机制。在近70 年的发展历程中,进化生物学的思想和理论越来越紧密地
融入到生理生态学的研究中,同时生理生态学的研究结果也在充实着进化生物学理论的发展。本文根据作者多
年的研究经历,从动物的体型和代谢特征、消化生理、生态免疫和冬眠等几个侧面,简述了小型哺乳动物生理
生态学的某些研究进展和进化思想对该领域的影响。     

花色变异的分子基础与进化模式研究进展

近年来国际上风行的生态学与进化生物学的学科整合已成为生物学发展的一个趋势。寻找适合的生物学系统来进行从表型到基因型的综合研究是推动这一整合向纵深发展的一项必要的和带探索性的工作。被子植物花色的形成机理和有关代谢途径上的结构和调控基因在若干模式植物中已有相当了解,使花色成为适合生态与进化生物学研究的一个首选性状, 为进一步了解野生种中花色的形成机制奠定了基础。本文着重介绍旋花科(Convolvulaceae)番薯属(Ipomoea)花青素代谢途径的分子遗传学、生物化学和生态学工作, 试图从多学科的角度提供有关花色自然变异的知识背景, 并指出未解决的生物学问题和预期今后可能出现的发展。     

花色变异的分子基础与进化模式研究进展

近年来国际上风行的生态学与进化生物学的学科整合已成为生物学发展的一个趋势.寻找适合的生物学系统来进行从表型到基因型的综合研究是推动这一整合向纵深发展的一项必要的和带探索性的工作.被子植物花色的形成机理和有关代谢途径上的结构和调控基因在若干模式植物中已有相当了解,使花色成为适合生态与进化生物学研究的一个首选性状,为进一步了解野生种中花色的形成机制奠定了基础.本文着重介绍旋花科（Convolvulaceae）番薯属（Ipomoea）花青素代谢途径的分子遗传学、生物化学和生态学工作,试图从多学科的角度提供有关花色自然变异的知识背景,并指出未解决的生物学问题和预期今后可能出现的发展.     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部2013年度杰出青年科学基金项目

项目名称 植物细胞生物学 植物光信号调控 离子长途转运及再分配 动植物关系及其生态功能 进化生态学与进化博弈论 树木根系生物学     

《行为生态学分析》简介

《行为生态学分析》(Analysis in Behavioral Ecology)一书,由美国乔治·梅森大学的Luther Brown和俄亥俄州大学的Jerry F.Downhower教授共同编著,于1988年由马萨诸塞州Sinauer联合出版公司出版,它是为从事动物生态学实验和野外工作者编著的一本实用性很强的指导手册。行为生态学的研究途径很多,从畜牧业的实践方法到心理学的比较方法,直到生物学的进化途径。每种途径都有各自所要解决的问题体系,有各自不同的分析和解释方法。本书所涉及的是进化途径,这是一种从生态学、特性论、进化理论、种群生物学、遗传学以及从不同意义上同生物生存和     

《生态学》简介

现代生态学的中心就是探讨生物有机体在地球上的分布和数量规律,它既具有环境科学的特征,同时又具备进化生物学的特征。近二十年来,生态学中最重要的进展之一当推进化生态学的掘起。因为生物有机体的最基本特征之一就是在同环境的生存斗争中竭尽全力保持种的生存和繁衍,因此生物的适应、进化是生态学研究的核心问题之一。美国著名动物生态学家Paul Colinuaux教授编著的《生态学,(《Ecology》)一书就是以进化生态学为主线的一本优秀的普通生态学教科书,该书内容极为丰富,几乎涉及了现代生态学的所有领域,书中阐述的一些内容,如:生物能量学与生物适应性、生态系统与社会系统,生态系统能量学、     

扩散生态学及其意义

扩散研究是生态学研究中的一个热点领域 ,而扩散生态学则是生物学领域一门新的分支学科。本文综述了扩散生态学研究的一些基本理论问题 ,包括扩散的定义、扩散生态学的研究内容及其与生物学其它分支学科的关系 ,并阐述了研究扩散的重要意义。扩散生态学的研究内容十分广泛 ,既涉及所有生物 (从微生物到脊椎动物 )的生态学 (如复合种群、群落、生态系统多样性、复杂性和稳定性 )和进化 (如种化 )等理论问题 ,又涉及物种保护、生物多样性保育、有害生物 (包括外来物种 )的控制、流行病防范、环境保护和人口管理等应用问题。因此 ,研究生物的扩散具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。     

Phylogenetic taxonomy in Drosophila: Problems and prospects

The genus Drosophila is one of the best-studied model systems in modern biology, with twelve fully sequenced genomes available. In spite of the large number of genetic and genomic resources, little is known concerning the phylogenetic relationships, ecology, and evolutionary history of all but a few species. Recent molecular systematic studies have shown that this genus is comprised of at least three independent lineages and that several other genera are actually embedded within Drosophila. This genus accounts for over 2000 described, and many more undescribed, species. While some Drosophila researchers are advocating dividing this genus into three or more separate genera, others favor maintaining Drosophila as a single large genus. With the recent sequencing of the genomes of multiple Drosophila species and their expanding use in comparative biology, it is critical that the Drosophila research community understands the taxonomic framework underlying the naming and relationships of these species. The subdivision of this genus has significant biological implications, ranging from the accurate annotation of single genes to understanding how ecological adaptations have occurred over the history of the group.     

对我国分子生态学研究近期发展战略的一些思考

分子生态学是多学科交叉的整合性研究领域, 是运用进化生物学理论解决宏观生物学问题的科学。经过半个多世纪的发展, 本学科已日趋成熟, 它不仅已经广泛渗透到宏观生物学的众多学科领域, 而且已经成为连接和融合很多不同学科的桥梁, 是目前最具活力的研究领域之一。其研究的范畴, 从最基础的理论和方法技术, 到格局和模式的发现和描述, 到对过程和机制的深入探讨, 再到付诸于实践的行动和规划指导等各个层次。分子生态学的兴起给宏观生物学带来了若干飞跃性的变化, 使宏观生物学由传统的以观察、测量和推理为主的描述性研究转变为以从生物和种群的遗传构成的变化和历史演化背景上检验、证明科学假设及揭示机制和规律为主的机制性/解释性研究, 因而使得对具有普遍意义的科学规律、生态和进化过程及机制的探索成为可能。分子生态学已经进入组学研究时代, 这使得阐明复杂生态过程、生物地理过程和适应性演化过程的机制性研究由原来难以企及的梦想变成完全可以实现的探求; 它也带来了全新的挑战, 其中最有深远影响的将是对分子生态学研究至关重要的进化生物学基础理论方面的突破, 例如遗传变异理论、种群分化理论、表观遗传因素的作用, 乃至进化生物学的基本知识构架等等。这些方面的进展必将使宏观生物学迎来一场空前的革命, 并对生态学的所有分支学科产生重大影响, 甚至催生诸如生态表观组学这样的新分支学科。对于中国科学家来说, 分子生态学组学时代的开启, 更是一个千载难逢的机遇, 为提出和建立生命科学的新方法、新假说、新思想和新理论提供了莫大的探索空间——此前我们对宏观生物学方法、理论和思想的发展贡献很小。然而, 限制组学时代重大突破的关键因素是理论、概念、理念、实验方法或分析方法方面的创新和突破, 这正是我国分子生态学研究最薄弱的环节。我国教育部门应尽快调整生命科学本科生培养的理念和方法, 以培养具备突出创新潜力的年轻一代后备人才; 同时, 科研项目资助部门和研究人员不仅应清醒地认识本学科领域的发展态势, 更要及时调整思路, 树立新的项目管理理念和治学 理念。     

An emerging synthesis between community ecology and evolutionary biology

A synthesis between community ecology and evolutionary biology is emerging that identifies how genetic variation and evolution within one species can shape the ecological properties of entire communities and, in turn, how community context can govern evolutionary processes and patterns. This synthesis incorporates research on the ecology and evolution within communities over short timescales (community genetics and diffuse coevolution), as well as macroevolutionary timescales (community phylogenetics and co-diversification of communities). As we discuss here, preliminary evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a dynamic interplay between ecology and evolution within communities, yet researchers have not yet demonstrated convincingly whether, and under what circumstances, it is important for biologists to bridge community ecology and evolutionary biology. Answering this question will have important implications for both basic and applied problems in biology.     

北美车前生物与生态学特征的研究

本文调查了北美车前分主然害现状,对其生物生态学特征进行了研究,旨在掌握其生长发育过程中的薄弱环节,为综合防除该害草提供依据。结果表明,北美车前在华东地区已有较广分布;在金华地区,北美车前是一种过渡性的先锋群落性物种;具自花传粉及风媒传粉两种授粉机制,气候条件,种群密度,人为干扰影响着风媒传粉的比例;种群的分布具明显的伴人特征;光合作用特征为光补偿点高,光合速率较低。     

Evolutionary community ecology of plant-associated arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems

In the 21st century, researchers have attempted a synthesis between community ecology and evolutionary biology. This emerging research area, which aims to synthesize community ecology and evolutionary biology, is evolutionary community ecology. Evolutionary community ecology addresses how intraspecific trait variation in community members is essential for predicting community properties and, how community properties are a key component of the selective forces that determine genetic and phenotypic variation in a community member. In this paper, I review recent findings in evolutionary community ecology in plant-associated arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems. I discuss roles of both genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity as a source of trait variation in plants in shaping plant-associated arthropod communities. Also, I discuss effects of genetic variation in herbivores on plant-associated arthropod communities. Furthermore, I highlight community context evolution in which multiple species interactions and community composition affect trait evolution of a community member. Finally, I argue that future studies should investigate a feedback loop between community and evolutionary dynamics beyond unidirectional studies on effects of evolution on a community or vice versa. This approach will provide major insights into mechanistic principles for making predictions of community ecology.     

Mining online genomic resources in Anolis carolinensis facilitates rapid and inexpensive development of cross-species microsatellite markers for the Anolis lizard genus

Online sequence databases can provide valuable resources for the development of cross-species genetic markers. In particular, mining expressed tag sequences (EST) for microsatellites and developing conserved cross-species microsatellite markers can provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive method to develop new markers for a range of species. Here, we adopt this approach to develop cross-species microsatellite markers in Anolis lizards, which is a model genus in evolutionary biology and ecology. Using EST sequences from Anolis carolinensis, we identified 127 microsatellites that satisfied our criteria, and tested 49 of these in five species of Anolis (carolinensis, distichus, apletophallus, porcatus and sagrei). We identified between 8 and 25 new variable genetic markers for five Anolis species. These markers will be a valuable resource for studies of population genetics, comparative mapping, mating systems, behavioural ecology and adaptive radiations in this diverse lineage.     

Where's the ecology in molecular ecology?

Molecular techniques have had a profound impact in biology. Major disciplines, including evolutionary biology, now consistently utilize molecular tools. In contrast, molecular techniques have had a more limited impact in ecology. This discrepancy is surprising. Here, we describe the unexpected paucity of ecological research in the field colloquially referred to as 'molecular ecology.' Publications over the past 15 years from the journals Ecology , Evolution and Molecular Ecology reveal that much of the research published under the molecular ecology banner is in fact evolutionary in nature, and that comparatively little ecological research incorporates molecular tools. This failure to more broadly utilize molecular techniques in ecology is alarming because several promising lines of ecological inquiry could benefit from molecular approaches. Here we summarize the use of molecular tools in ecology and evolution, and suggest several ways to renew the ecological focus in 'molecular ecology'.     

Cross-species amplification of primers developed from Plantago major and P. intermedia in two Hawaiian Plantago species from the section Plantago

Thirty-nine primers, developed from the sister species Plantago major and P. intermedia, were tested in two Hawaiian Plantago species from the section Plantago. Eight primers were polymorphic, of which three were published earlier, and five are new ones presented here. Amplification and polymorphism levels appeared to be high in these Hawaiian species. These markers will be valuable for further mating system and evolutionary studies in species from the section Plantago that are closely related to P. major and P. intermedia.