携播螨与昆虫

文中指明了螨和昆虫之间的携播现象以及携播螨的特点 ,并讨论了螨和昆虫之间的携播现象与人类的关系。     

Biological control of Pacific mites and Willamette mites in San Joaquin Valley vineyards: part III. Role of tydeid mites

In the absence of spider mites, tydeids (Pronematus anconaiBaker and Pronematus ubiquitus [Mc Gregor ]) may serve as alternate prey to maintain good numbers of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt ) (Acarina, Phytoseiidae), late in the season. This late-season predator and alternate prey relationship is necessary to stabilize Pacific mite populations and perpetuate balance in San Joaquin Valley vineyards. Thriving laboratory colonies of tydeids were reared on a diet of windblown pollens, including cattail pollen (Typha sp., Typhaceae) and bottlebrush pollen (Melaleuca sp., Myrtaceae).M. occidentalis was successfully reared on a diet of tydeids and ovipositing predator females were obtained. In addition, pollen dusted on grapevines significantly increased both tydeid and indirectly M. occidentalis populations late in the season. These studies suggest that artificially disseminating cattail pollen or manipulating good pollen producing flora in and around vineyards may be used to correct situations where Pacific mites have become serious pests.     

Eczemas due to mites and microorganisms.

Eczema is a specific clinical, morphologic and microscopic reaction pattern of the skin. It has many causes, including external and internal chemicals and the action of various microorganisms--bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses and mites--and their products. Peripheral vesicles with undermined borders are a feature of all eczemas caused by fungi, yeasts and bacteria and are thus a useful diagnostic finding.     

Molecular identification of house dust mites and storage mites

Mites are known causes of allergic diseases. Currently, identification of mites based on morphology is difficult if only one mite is isolated from a (dust) sample, or when only one gender is found, or when the specimen is not intact especially with the loss of the legs. The purpose of this study was to use polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) of the ITS2 gene, to complement the morphological data for the identification of mites to the species level. For this, six species were cultured: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Blomia tropicalis, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Aleuroglyphus ovatus and Glycycometus malaysiensis. Genomic DNA of the mites was extracted, quantified, amplified and digested individually with restriction enzymes. Hinf I and Ple I differentiated the restriction patterns of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. Bfa I and Alu I enzymes differentiated B. tropicalis and G. malaysiensis. Ple I enzyme was useful for the differentiation between T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus. Bfa I was useful for the differentiation of G. malaysiensis from the rest of the species. In conclusion, different species of mites can be differentiated using PCR–RFLP of ITS2 region. With the established PCR–RFLP method in this study, identification of these mites to the species level is possible even if complete and intact adult specimens of both sexes are not available. As no study to date has reported PCR–RFLP method for the identification of domestic mites, the established method should be validated for the identification of other species of mites that were not included in this study.     

Storage mites

The interest in allergy to storage mites has increased over the past few years. Storage mites feed on a variety of substances and they can be found in many different products such as grain, flour, hay and straw, but also in house dust samples. The more common genera areLepidoglyphus, Tyrophagus, Glycyphagus, Acarus andBlomia. Several species of storage mites have been shown to cause IgE-mediated sensitization among rural workers, who to a varying extent develop asthma, rhinitis or conjunctivitis when exposed to barn dust. However, a number of studies, have reported on sensitization to storage mites also among urban people, indicating that sensitization is not restricted to individuals with occupational exposure. Regarding the allergenic relationship between storage mites and house dust mites, there appears to be a limited allergenic cross-reactivity between the two species. However, both species also possess their own unique allergens. Further research on identification and characterization of storage mite allergens and their cross-reactivity is required to understand the complexity of epitopes and allergens.     

House dust mites in Brazil--an annotated bibliography.

House dust mites have been reported to be the most important allergen in human dwellings. Several articles had already shown the presence of different mite species at homes in Brazil, being Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae and Cheyletidae the most important families found. This paper is an annotated bibliography that will lead to a better knowledge of house dust mite fauna in Brazil.     

Study of dust mites in three Birmingham hospitals.

Samples of dust were collected from wards in a general hospital, a geriatric hospital, and a skin hospital. Mites were found on the floors of all three hospitals; Surprisingly, the skin hospital showed fewer mites than the general hospital. The differences were attributed to the variation in ward activity, the number of visitors on the wards, and the differing cleaning regimens. Plastic-covered mattresses were almost completely free from mites, but foci were found on soft furnishings and on the jackets and overcoats of hospital workers. The total numbers of mites were small compared to those found in house dust, and hospital mites probably do not consitute a serious problem for asthmatic patients.     

Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis in a genus of phytophagous mites.

The vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia modifies host reproduction in several ways in order to enhance its own spread. One such modification results in the induction of parthenogenesis, where males, which are unable to transmit Wolbachia, are not produced. Interestingly, parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia have only been found within haplodiploid insects and it is not known whether this exclusivity is the result of functional constraints of Wolbachia. Here we find a unique pattern of Wolbachia infection that is associated with parthenogenesis in six species within the phytophagous mite genus Bryobia. Through antibiotic treatment we show that, in two species, Bryobia praetiosa and an unidentified species, the Wolbachia infection is strictly associated with parthenogenesis. Microsatellite loci show the mechanism of parthenogenesis to be functionally apomictic and not gamete duplication, with progeny identical to their infected mother. Crossing experiments within B. praetiosa showed no evidence of sexual reproduction. These results are discussed with reference to the distribution of parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia and the diversification of the Bryobia genus.     

两种捕食螨对苹果园叶螨的控制效果

【目的】以螨治螨是害虫生物防治的一个重要部分,也是果园害虫生态控制的重要措施。通过在苹果园人为释放捕食螨的方法,定量分析加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)和东方钝绥螨Amblyseiusorientalis(Ehara)对苹果园2种害螨(苹果全爪螨Panonychusulmi(Koch)和山楂叶螨TetranychusviennensisZacher)捕食效果,为开展果园害虫生态调控提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年5-10月份在胶东半岛烟台市牟平区果园中释放加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨,比较分析释放捕食螨区域与对照苹果树上苹果全爪螨和山楂叶螨种群数量的变化。【结果】2种捕食螨均能适应当地果园生态环境,释放后能够迅速发挥控害作用。其中,加州新小绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到84.8%-100%,东方钝绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到90%-100%,且东方钝绥螨的防治效果略优于加州新小绥螨。【结论】加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨2种捕食螨在胶东半岛对苹果叶螨防控效果比较理想,均可作为苹果园叶螨生物防治的天敌。     

Carcases and mites

Mites are involved in the decomposition of animal carcases and human corpses at every stage. From initial decay at the fresh stage until dry decomposition at the skeletal stage, a huge diversity of Acari, including members of the Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmata, Endeostigmata, Oribatida and Ixodida, are an integral part of the constantly changing food webs on, in and beneath the carrion. During the desiccation stage in wave 6 of Mégnin’s system, mites can become the dominant fauna on the decomposing body. Under conditions unfavourable for the colonisation of insects, such as concealment, low temperature or mummification, mites might become the most important or even the only arthropods on a dead body. Some mite species will be represented by a few specimens, whereas others might build up in numbers to several million individuals. Astigmata are most prominent in numbers and Mesostigmata in diversity. More than 100 mite species and over 60 mite families were collected from animal carcases, and around 75 species and over 20 families from human corpses.     

Hirsutella thompsoniU a fungal pathogen of mites. II. Host-pathogen interactions

The moniliaceous fungus, Hirsutella thompsoniU grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) or on sterile wheat bran, was highly pathogenic to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and, grown on PDA, to the oriental spider mite, Eutetranychus orientalis. The fungus penetrated the mites' integument mainly through the legs and formed hyphal bodies in chains in the haemolymph. Hyphae, on which the spores were produced, began to emerge through the genital and anal apertures and then all over the body. Various mycophagous mites, a predaceous species and the tick Argas persicus were immune. H. thompsonii grew well on cadavers of diverse insects and mites. The fungus killed most mites and quickest, usually by the 2nd day, at 25^o, 27^o and 30 ^oC; least at 13^o and 35 ^oC. It sporulated best on mites at 24^o, 27^o and 30 ^oC (full sporulation at 27 ^oC took place within 12 h after death); it was good, but slower, at 13^o and 35 ^oC. The fungus germinated, penetrated mites and sporulated there very poorly below 100% r.h. When the daily number of hours at 100% r.h. was reduced from 24 to 18 or 6 h, fungus-associated mortality dropped greatly. In the field, use of the fungus for mite control would be suitable particularly in tropical and humid subtropical areas, and its success in Israel would not be assured. In glasshouses, H. thompsonii could induce epizootics in Israel and elsewhere only if humidities were raised to saturation and the daytime temperature kept below 37 ^oC.     

Identification of house-dust mites

The term house-dust mite usually refers to those species of the mite family Pyroglyphidae, that are known to commonly occur, although sometimes regionally, in the dust of human dwellings. These species belong to five genera:Dermatophagoides, Euroglyphus, Hirstia, andMalayoglyphus. Related species ofDermatophagoides have the most world-wide occurrence, the commonest being:D. farinae, D. microceras, andD. pteronyssinus. A correct taxonomic identification of house-dust mites is very important, not only from a biological stand point, but also regarding the consequences of their respective allergenical properties. Several immuno-chemical studies revealed differences between the products of two hard to distinguish sibling species. A preliminary practical taxonomic key for the most common and important house-dust mites is presented.     

Egg-shells in mites

Summary This communication presents results of studies on the formation and structure of the vitelline envelopes in three species of mites: Euryparasitus emarginatus (Gamasida), Erythraeus phalangoides (Actinedida), and Hafenrefferia gilvipes (Oribatida). In E. emarginatus and E. phalangoides, in which the oocytes are not covered with follicular cells, the material of the vitelline envelope appears first in vesicles under the surface of the oocytes prior to secretion by exocytosis. The formed vitelline envelope is built of a homogeneous material which is perforated by numerous channels containing oocyte microvilli. Later, as the microvilli are retracted, the channels disappear. In both of these species the formed vitelline envelope is incomplete and the micropylar orifice occurs as a transitional structure.In H. gilvipes follicular cells encircling the oocyte contain granules filled with material that is subsequently secreted into the perivitelline space forming the vitelline envelope on the oocyte surface. The inner layer of the vitelline envelope is granular, whereas the outer part is more homogeneous. Both lack channels containing microvilli and micropyle.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Temperature-mediated stability of the interaction between spider mites and predatory mites in orchards

The nonlinear behavior of the Holling-Tanner predatory-prey differential equation system, employed by R.M. May to illustrate the apparent robustness of Kolmogorov’s Theorem when applied to such exploitation systems, is re-examined by means of the numerical bifurcation code AUTO 86 with model parameters chosen appropriately for a temperature-dependent mite interaction on fruit trees. The most significant result of this analysis is that there exists a temperature range wherein multiple stable states can occur, in direct violation of May’s interpretation of this system’s satisfaction of Kolmogorov’s Theorem: namely, that linear stability predictions have global consequences. In particular these stable states consist of a focus (spiral point) and a limit cycle separated from each other in the phase plane by an unstable limit cycle, all of which are associated with the single community equilibrium point of the system. The ecological implications of such metastability, hysteresis, and threshold behavior for the occurrence of outbreaks, the persistence of oscillations, the resiliency of the system, and the biological control of mite populations are discussed.