基于物种分布模型的精确采样提高目标物种发现率——以黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis),白头鹤(Grus monacha)为例

明确野生动植物的地理分布是基础生态学和应用生态学领域的一个基础但关键的步骤,为后续分析提供了重要的信息。而野生动植物分布调查是一项需要投入大量人力,精力和资金的工作,特别是稀有物种的调查。物种分布模型越来越受到广泛引用尤其是在生物保护方面。为了证明物种分布模型在野生生物调查中精确采样方法的可行性,以全球易危物种黑颈鹤和白头鹤的实际繁殖分布预测为例,使用随机森林(Random Forest)算法加以验证。比较发现物种分布模型预测实际调查分布点,随机样方法生成的随机点,系统样方法的规则点在空间相对出现概率具有显著差异(P0.001),实际分布点具有较高的相对出现概率。该结果表明若在物种分布相对出现概率较高区域设置样方能够减少实际调查区域,有效提高发现目标物种的概率,从而减少调查投入。基于物种分布模型的精确采样方法将有效地提高我们对稀有物种分布的了解,有利于野生动植物的保护规划。     

海南岛山蛭生态分布的调查研究

为了解决山蛭危害问题,我们对海南岛山蛭分类生态做了调查研究。 一、调查方法 有关山蛭密度的调查方法并无借鉴。考虑到山蛭是在地面杂草上活动,是不均匀的点状分布。水平分布的调查方法是,在山蛭最多的林段内采用慢步行走20分钟,同时用120cm长的小木棍边走边打动周围的杂草、诱山蛭活动,把所看到的山蛭分成体、亚成体、幼体计数记录。在水平分布的基础上,选择四大林区(黎母山、吊罗山、尖峰岭、坝王岭、顺序下同)进行山蛭垂直分布的调查研究。在四个调查点都选择山     

我国野生樱属植物种质资源调查、收集与保护

我国是樱属植物(Cerasus Mill.)的起源中心,拥有最为丰富的野生资源。为了解和掌握我国野生樱属植物种质资源的现存分布状况、保护现状、受威胁因素等情况,2010-2015年持续对我国西部山区6个省(市)31个调查点的野生樱属植物种质资源进行了实地考察和收集。调查发现,我国野生樱属植物种质资源分布广泛,多样性丰富。但在31个调查点中,除了离城镇较远或自然保护区内的13个调查点外,其他野生樱属植物资源都是零星分布,现存资源分布量很小,约84%的调查点都处于一般保护或无保护状态,任其自生自灭,砍伐频繁,在修路或开荒过程中多会消亡。在调查过程中共收集408份种质资源叶样,进行硅胶干燥室内保存。基于对野生樱属植物种质资源的原生境状况分析,讨论了可能的受威胁因素及保护过程中存在的问题,并提出了对未来樱属植物种质资源的保护策略及开发利用建议。     

四川岷山小麂的种群性比、社会结构和活动节律

小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)主要分布在东亚长江以南的地区,是我国分布范围最广的麂属物种.本研究基于四川省岷山山脉6个自然保护区2011-2020年的红外相机调查数据,共布设有效调查位点726个,完成75320个相机日的有效调查工作量;在其中133个相机位点上拍摄到小麂照片和视频20236份,独立探测190...     

四眼斑水龟在海南岛的地理分布调查

采用查阅文献、走访调查和野外调查三种方法相结合,对四眼斑水龟在海南岛的地理分布进行了调查。对18个市县的103个乡镇进行了走访调查;野外调查中采用系统抽样法和笼捕法,对黎母山、尖峰岭、霸王岭、南茂岭、万俄岭和文教河上游6个研究点进行了调查。结果表明：1）四眼斑水龟分布于海南岛中部和西南部山区以及丘陵地区,除了海口、文昌、临高、定安和澄迈5个市县没有分布外,其它13个市县均有分布,其中8个市县为本次调查的分布新记录;2）四眼斑水龟栖息于海拔170～640m的山区溪流环境,而在平原、台地、滩涂地区以及比较大的江河、水库和湖泊沿右分布。     

烟翅麦茎蜂幼虫田间分布型及抽样技术

烟翅麦茎蜂CephusfumipennisEversmann是我省中部地区小麦上的主要害虫,1994年全省发生8．7万多hm2,损失小麦1000多万kg。为了了解其幼虫田间分布型,采用正确取样方法和最适抽样数,以提高损失率和防治效果调查的准确性,1994年我们在定西地区进行了调查,现将结果整理如下。l调查方法在定西地区通渭县选麦茎蜂为害率不同的麦田3块,每块田连续取样49个样点,每样点查100株,记载幼虫数（死、活虫及天敌取食虫均计）。将调查资料列频次分布表,统计平均虫数和方差,用聚集度指标、方差与平均数的幂法则,平均数与平均拥剂度的回归式来测…     

黔东南山地苗族与侗族村寨空间分布特征的分异

以黔东南州统计数据、野外调查资料和矢量地图为数据源, 基于ArcGIS10, 对黔东南山区内分布的苗族村寨和侗族村寨点进行空间分析, 通过数字高程模型(DEM)提取了苗族村寨和侗族村寨分布的海拔、坡度、坡向等数据,计算了不同苗寨点和侗寨点与水系和道路的距离, 基于Getis-ord General G 函数对苗寨和侗寨进行空间点模式分析。研究结果表明: 苗族村寨分布于273-1256 m 的高程、1.14-36.11°的坡度范围内, 南坡是最主要的分布坡向, 苗族村寨与水系距离处于9-1349 m 的范围内; 侗族村寨分布于244-915 m 的高程、1.64-30.44°的坡度范围内, 主要分布在东坡, 侗族村寨与水系的距离在2-1259 m 之间。空间点模式分析结果表明: 苗族村寨在海拔和坡向上属于高值聚集, 而侗族村寨只坡度上属于高值聚集, 地形对苗寨的分布影响更大。     

广西木论国家级自然保护区细痣疣螈栖息地环境的调查分析

2010年3～9月,运用样线调查和植被样方调查的方法,对广西木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特林区细痣疣螈的分布、数量和栖息地环境进行了调查,使用GPS对各分布点进行地理坐标定位,观测记录植物种类、多度、盖度,记录地形、海拔、坡向、坡位、坡度、森林起源、土壤类型、水塘长宽深度、塘底物组成、水流速度、水体清晰度和干扰程度等生态环境因子,以揭示细痣疣螈与环境之间的关系。调查结果显示,林区细痣疣螈主要分布于地下水露头的积水坑周围的郁闭度>75%的常绿落叶阔叶混交林和灌木林,海拔300～850m,调查样点31个,数量1725只,平均密度55.65只/点。细痣疣螈的分布范围与栖息地周围的水源、植被、地形等密切相关,同时受人类捕捉的影响。调查分析结果可为广西木论国家级自然保护区制定该物种的保护措施提供基础资料。     

基于Clark-Evans最近邻体分析对果树主要害虫空间分布格局分析

使用坐标调查法对美国杏李果园的5种主要害虫的空间分布格局进行调查,采用最近邻体分析方法分析,结果表明绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola、山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis、李小食心虫Grapholita funebrana为聚集分布,草履蚧Drosicha corpulenta、金纹细蛾Lithocolleti ringoniella为随机分布。并采用点分布图、分散度指数和最近邻体分析结果进行比较,使用正态分布对试验结果进行检验,结果表明两者的拟合结果相同,说明Clark—Evans最近邻体分析法可以很好地对果园害虫的空间分布格局进行估计。     

兰州市淡水原生动物调查

1987年2月至6月,在兰州市分6个样点采集水样,调查了淡水中的原生动物,共103种,分别隶属于根足、辐足、植鞭、幼基片、多膜及寡膜等6纲;同时分析了各样点的主要生态因素及原生动物的分布特征。     

不同抗性小麦品种上麦红吸浆虫幼虫的空间分布型与理论抽样数

【目的】为了解小麦品种抗性对麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana(Géhin)幼虫在麦穗上空间分布型的影响,为科学调查提供合理的抽样依据。【方法】2015年5月采用剥穗调查法对陕西省周至县试验田种植的4个抗虫和4个感虫小麦品种麦红吸浆虫幼虫危害进行调查,应用6种聚集度指标和Iwao M*?m回归法综合分析了幼虫在抗性不同小麦品种上的的空间分布结构。【结果】幼虫在抗、感小麦品种整穗及麦穗上、中、下部位上空间分布型一致,均呈聚集分布,但在抗虫品种上聚集强度大于感虫品种;抗、感小麦品种上分布的基本成分均为个体群,个体间相互吸引。聚集均数λ分析表明,幼虫在抗性较强品种上的聚集主要由小麦穗部化学物质和形态结构等环境因素引起,感虫品种上则由环境因素和成虫的产卵习性共同作用所致。幼虫在抗、感小麦品种上的发生趋势一致,均是上部发生最重,中部次之,下部最轻。根据Iwao回归法中的分布型参数,确立了幼虫在不同虫口密度和允许误差条件下的理论抽样数。【结论】麦红吸浆虫幼虫在抗性不同小麦品种上均呈聚集分布,调查时应根据当地栽培品种平均虫口密度选择适宜的抽样数量。     

Analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) by using spatial analysis by distance indices and geostatistics

Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is the most serious insect pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Iran. In this study, spatio-temporal distribution of this pest was determined in wheat by using spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and geostatistics. Global positioning and geographic information systems were used for spatial sampling and mapping the distribution of this insect. The study was conducted for three growing seasons in Gharamalek, an agricultural region to the west of Tabriz, Iran. Weekly sampling began when E. integriceps adults migrated to wheat fields from overwintering sites and ended when the new generation adults appeared at the end of season. The adults were sampled using 1- by 1-m quadrat and distance-walk methods. A sweep net was used for sampling the nymphs, and five 180° sweeps were considered as the sampling unit. The results of spatial analyses by using geostatistics and SADIE indicated that E. integriceps adults were clumped after migration to fields and had significant spatial dependency. The second- and third-instar nymphs showed aggregated spatial structure in the middle of growing season. At the end of the season, population distribution changed toward random or regular patterns; and fourth and fifth instars had weaker spatial structure compared with younger nymphs. In Iran, management measures for E. integriceps in wheat fields are mainly applied against overwintering adults, as well as second and third instars. Because of the aggregated distribution of these life stages, site-specific spraying of chemicals is feasible in managing E. integriceps.     

Spatial distribution of the cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in wheat

A 2-yr study was conducted in wheat fields in South Carolina involving weekly sampling of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.). In each of the six fields of this study, temporal patterns showed two distinct peaks in March and in May of adult O. melanopus. Populations decreased as wheat plants matured. In 2009, larval populations had one peak in April in between the two adult peaks. The χ(2) statistics for observed and Poisson predicted distributions of O. melanopus indicated nonrandom distribution for adults and larvae. In addition, the values of I(D) were >1 for adults and larvae in both years across sampling dates. These results indicate that the sampling distributions of both adult and larval populations of O. melanopus were aggregated. Slopes of Taylor power's law (b) and patchiness regressions (β) were significantly (P < 0.05) different than one in all cases, except for b in 2008 for adults. Across sampling dates, the distance from field border had a significant effect on adult O. melanopus in both years, but not on larval O. melanopus. Densities of adult O. melanopus were greatest at 0 m (the field edge), and decreased at 5-25 m from the field edge. The inverted distance weighted interpolation method showed considerable levels of spatial variability in densities within fields. High densities along the edge of wheat fields suggests that localized control methods in wheat may be effective in reducing migration of O. melanopus and damage in corn, Zea mays L.     

Three-dimensional temporal and spatial distribution of adult Rhyzopertha dominica in stored wheat and corn under different temperatures, moisture contents, and adult densities

Three-dimensional temporal and spatial distributions of adult Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) at adult densities of 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 adults per kg grain and at 20 +/- 1, 25 +/- 1, and 30 +/- 1 degrees C were determined in 1.5 t bins filled with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with 11.0 +/- 0.8, 13.0 +/- 0.6, and 15.0 +/- 0.5% moisture content (wet basis) or corn (Zea mays L.) with 13.0 +/- 0.2% moisture content (wet basis). At each of five sampled locations, grain was separated into three 15-kg vertical layers, and adult numbers in each layer were counted. Inside both corn and wheat, adults did not prefer any location in the same layer except at high introduced insect density in wheat. The adults were recovered from any layer of the corn and >12, 65, and 45% of adults were recovered in the bottom layer of the corn at 20, 25, and 30 degrees C; respectively. However, <1% of adults were recovered in the bottom layer of wheat. Numbers of adults correlated with those in adjacent locations in both vertical and horizontal directions, and the temporal continuous property existed in both wheat and corn. Adults had highly clumped distribution at any grain temperature and moisture content. This aggregation behavior decreased with the increase of adult density and redistribution speed. Grain type influenced their redistribution speed, and this resulted in the different redistribution patterns inside wheat and corn bulks. These characterized distribution patterns could be used to develop sampling plans and integrated pest management programs in stored grain bins.     

Building anisotropic sampling schemes for the estimation of anisotropic dispersal

Anisotropy, a structural property of dispersal, is observed in dispersal patterns occurring for a wide range of biological systems. While dispersal models more and more often incorporate anisotropy, the sampling schemes required to collect data for validation usually do not account for the anisotropy of dispersal data. Using a parametric model already published to describe the spatial spread of a plant disease, the wheat yellow rust, we carry out a study aimed at recommending an appropriate sampling scheme for anisotropic data. In a first step, we show with a simulation study that prior knowledge of dispersal anisotropy can be used to improve the sampling scheme. One of the main guidelines to be proposed is the orientation of the sampling grid around the main dispersal directions. In a second step, we propose a sequential sampling procedure (SSP) used to automatically build anisotropic sampling schemes adapted to the actual anisotropy of dispersal. The SSP is applied to simulated and real data. The proposed methodology is expected to be adapted easily to any kind of organisms with wind-borne propagule dispersal because it does not require the inclusion of biological features specific of the considered organism.     

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) was studied within a field of winter wheat during the summer of 1996. Sampling was done using four nested grids comprising 133 locations. Analysis by Taylor's power law gave results typical for insect populations. Analysis by SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) showed spatial pattern due to edge effects and sampling scale, and positive but mild spatial association, although spatial patterns were ephemeral. Reasons for these findings and the implications for integrated crop management are discussed.     

八倍体小冰麦及其亲本种子醇溶蛋白和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的研究

对５个八倍体小冰麦种子醇溶蛋白和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的电泳谱带进行了分析,结果表明：八倍体小冰麦中１和中２的电泳谱带基本相同,中３、中４、中５的电泳谱带基本相同,但完全不同于中１和中２的类型。八倍体小冰麦中１和中２同天蓝冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｐ．Ｂ．＝Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ＝Ｔｈｉｎｏｐｙｒｕｍｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）ＢａｒｋｗａｒｔｈａｎｄＤｅｗｅｙ）在高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基上存在一条相同的谱带,在醇溶蛋白谱带上出现了小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）和冰草均没有的带型。中３、中４、中５在醇溶蛋白谱带上具有一条冰草×染色体组的特征谱带,其基因表达程度同冰草类似。从５个八倍体小冰麦种子醇溶蛋白和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的电泳图谱结果,分析了八倍体小冰麦染色体组构成及亲本来源,并探讨了八倍体小冰麦在优质麦育种过程中的价值。     

Effects of long-term storage on Fusarium toxin concentrations in wheat - sources of error of the analytical results

The concentrations of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) of a heavily contaminated wheat grain batch were followed over a period of 1 year by taking samples 15 times every 28 days. The air temperature and relative humidity at the top of the wheat batch ranged between 7 and 22°C and 44 and 55%, respectively, and corresponded to a variation in the moisture content of the wheat grain between 11.5 and 12.3%. None of these fluctuations were related to ZON and DON concentrations, which varied between 0.46 and 0.66 and 15.0 and 19.5 mg/kg DM. Therefore, the data were used to analyse the error sources for the analytical results. It was found that the variance proportions due to sampling and sample preparation plus analysis were not similar for DON and ZON. The variance proportion due to sampling was found to be 0.62 for ZON, which corresponded to a variance proportion of 0.38 due to sample preparation plus analysis. In contrast, the latter variance proportion for DON was estimated to be 1.0 and consequently completely superimposed the sampling error. It is concluded that long-term storage of contaminated wheat grain does not affect the concentrations of DON and ZON considering the measured fluctuations in ambient temperature, relative humidity and moisture content of the grain. Therefore, no degradation of DON and ZON occurred during the storage of wheat for a period of one year under ambient conditions. The effects of sampling and sample preparation plus analysis on the final analytical results are different for DON and ZON and require further consideration.     

A comparison of a corer and a shovel for sampling populations of wheat bulb fly Delia coarctata eggs

The most commonly used tool for sampling soil for eggs of the wheat bulb fly Delia coarctata Fall.) is a corer, but in Scotland samples are taken with a modified shovel. The sampling properties of a corer and shovel were compared in two exercises in which soil samples were taken from the ridge, sides and furrow of drills of maincrop potatoes at several sites in east Scotland. Although each tool sampled approximately the same surface area of soil, the corer sampled three times as much soil as the shovel. The numbers of wheat bulb fly eggs estimated by the corer and shovel were similar in both sampling exercises and there were no indications that the comparison of the two tools was affected by the sampling position on the potato ridge. The results of the two exercises gave no reason to believe that in similar conditions the shovel is an inferior sampling tool or that population estimates obtained with a shovel in Scotland are not comparable with those obtained with a corer. Evidence from some sites suggested that wheat bulb flies lay more eggs on the potato ridge than in the furrow.