基因芯片技术在检测肠道致病菌方面的应用

基因芯片技术具有高通量、自动化、快速检测等特点,因此被广泛地应用于各种研究领域,如细菌分子流行病学、细菌基因鉴定、致病分子机理、基因突变及多态性分析、表达谱分析、DNA测序和药物筛选等。现介绍基因芯片检测肠道致病菌方面的国外研究进展,基因芯片应用于检测肠道致病菌的3个方面:结合多重PCR对致病菌的毒力因子或者特异性基因进行鉴定;直接检测细菌的DNA或者RNA;以致病细菌核糖体RNA作为检测的靶基因同时检测多种肠道致病菌。由于其检测的高效率,该技术要优于其他分子生物学检测方法。基因芯片技术在肠道致病菌检测中有着巨大的应用价值,具有广阔的应用前景。     

MALDI-TOF-MS在病原微生物鉴定中的研究进展

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)是鉴定多种致病性细菌的快速、可靠的方法,具有较好的稳定性和可重复性,在快速和准确性方面的总体表现明显好于传统的细菌生化鉴定方法。适合于一些致病菌的快速、高通量的检测和鉴定。综述MALDI-TOF-MS技术在普通病原菌、多血清型病原菌、非发酵性细菌,以及植物病原菌等病原微生物鉴定方面的最新研究进展。     

基于高通量测序的RNA修饰检测技术

转录后修饰广泛存在于各种RNA分子中,对RNA发挥功能至关重要。目前,RNA上的化学修饰已达到160余种(https://iimcb.genesilico.pl/modomics/),其中甲基化修饰是最常见的修饰类型。薄层层析、高效液相色谱及质谱等传统的检测方法对RNA修饰的鉴定和定量做出了重要贡献。然而,RNA修饰的精确定位以及对低丰度RNA分子的修饰检测等则依赖于近些年发展的适用于修饰检测的高通量测序技术。《生命科学》2018年发表的"RNA修饰检测技术"一文已对一些传统的RNA检测方法和部分高通量测序检测方法进行了系统的介绍。在此基础上,该文整理了目前常见的基于高通量测序的RNA修饰检测技术,并对其工作原理和应用展开介绍。     

细菌群体感应信号分子的光电检测技术

群体感应（quorum sensing，QS）是一种依赖菌群密度的细菌交流系统。在探究细菌群体感应系统的调控机制中，对QS信号分子的鉴别和检测是不可或缺的环节，其对生命科学、药学等领域涉及细菌等微生物的相互作用、高效检测和作用机制解析等具有重要的参考意义。本文在总结不同类型细菌QS信号分子来源和结构的基础上，对QS信号分子的光电检测方法和技术进行了综述，重点对光电传感检测的敏感介质、传感界面、传感机制及测试效果进行探讨，同时关注了将微流控芯片分析技术应用于细菌QS信号分子原位监测的相关研究进展。     

高通量测序技术在细菌耐药中的应用

细菌耐药已成为威胁全球人类公共健康的重要因素之一,快速、准确明确细菌耐药的特性、机制及传播特征对疾病治疗及控制耐药菌的传播具有重要意义。高通量测序技术可以同时平行检测多个基因序列的状态,已广泛应用于细菌耐药检测。目前高通量测序技术在细菌耐药领域的应用主要有:全基因组测序技术、目标区域测序技术和宏基因组测序技术。所采用的测序平台主要为Illumina、Ion Torrent、BGI等二代测序和Pacific Biosciences、Oxford Nonopore 等三代测序平台。通过细菌耐药基因预测细菌耐药表型的准确性在很大程度上依赖于成熟的专业耐药基因数据库,各种通用型、特异型及隐马尔可夫模型耐药基因数据库的建立和完善,为高通量测序技术在细菌耐药领域的应用提供了坚实的基础。本文简要介绍了高通量测序技术、数据分析方法及相应测序平台在细菌耐药领域中的应用进展,并同时介绍了细菌耐药数据库的现状。     

多功能悬浮点阵技术快速检测肠道致病菌的初步应用研究

目的建立以多功能悬浮点阵技术为基础的临床常见肠道致病菌的快速检测方法。方法以细菌16S rDNA基因保守区序列设计1对通用引物,采用不对称PCR扩增7种临床常见肠道致病菌标准菌株,多功能悬浮点阵技术对不同菌株的PCR产物进行检测以验证相应菌种探针的特异性,最后对48份粪便标本进行肠道致病菌高通量快速检测。结果 7种临床常见肠道致病标准菌株的不对称PCR得到了大量单链产物,其产物用多功能悬浮点阵技术的检测特异性为100%,48份粪便标本不对称PCR产物可与相应探针发生特异性结合,且在多功能悬浮点阵技术的相应检测信号大于阴性对照3倍以上,5种细菌的多功能悬浮点阵技术检测结果与培养鉴定结果符合率100%,48份标本PCR产物均与志贺菌属探针发生杂交反应(阳性率100%)。结论 16S rDNA可以作为细菌快速鉴定的靶序列,不对称PCR产物可以显著提高与悬浮芯片杂交检测的灵敏度,多功能悬浮点阵技术在鉴定细菌方面具有简单快速、高通量、高检出率等特点,可以作为细菌快速鉴定的一种新方法,但无法鉴别志贺菌属和大肠埃希菌属。     

一个用于黄单胞菌核开关筛选鉴定的GUS报告载体的构建

核开关(riboswitch)是存在于信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)分子的5′非翻译区(5′-untranslated region, 5′UTR)的一段具有调控功能的RNA片段,它通过与特定的代谢物分子直接结合来调控所在mRNA自身的表达。核开关广泛存在于细菌中,在调控细菌的基础代谢以及致病等生理过程中发挥非常重要的作用。尽管目前在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等模式细菌中已经鉴定了许多核开关,然而,至今在重要的植物病原细菌黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)细菌中只鉴定了1个核开关。为了实现在全基因组水平上对黄单胞菌的核开关进行高通量筛选鉴定,本研究设计和构建了1个β-葡萄糖苷酸酶(β-glucuronidase, GUS)报告载体pL3-SD⁺gusA。该载体既适用于在黄单胞菌属细菌中对候选的核开关进行验证,也可以通过构建基因组DNA表达文库而实现对黄单胞菌核开关的高通量筛选鉴定。     

食源性致病菌高通量检测方法及应用

食源性致病菌的体外培养一直是病原体诊断的金标准,但按照目前的培养技术仅有1％的细菌可以培养.目前用于病原微生物鉴定的高通量检测技术主要有:多重PCR技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术、核酸等温扩增技术、焦磷酸测序技术和芯片技术等,本文介绍了这些高通量检测技术及其在食品病原微生物检测方面的应用情况.     

植物病原细菌检测和细菌病害诊断方法

植物病害诊断是通过病菌鉴定和致病性测定等步骤实现的。在过去的10年里用于细菌鉴定的基因组技术的快速发展极大地简化和促进了病菌的检测和鉴定,但是DNA分子检测方法不能完全取代传统的培养检验和表型检验方法。文中介绍了未显示病害症状的植物或植物产品中已知细菌的免疫检测和基因组DNA检测方法,以及细菌病害诊断鉴定的新方法。     

食源性致病菌多重分子生物学检测技术研究进展

快速、可靠的食源性致病菌高通量检测方法对于确保食品安全具有重要意义,近年基于DNA水平的多重分子生物学检测技术迅速发展,针对各种不同的食源性致病菌建立了多种多重分子检测技术,包括多重PCR、多重实时荧光PCR以及基因芯片等。对这些多重分子检测技术的最新研究进展作一综述,并且建议在今后该技术的研究中,仍需要在食品中多种致病菌同时选择性增菌培养、亚致死损伤修复以及检测内标的构建等方面取得突破,从而能够更好地实现食源性致病菌的高通量检测。     

A Universal Method for the Identification of Bacteria Based on General PCR Primers

The Universal Method (UM) described here will allow the detection of any bacterial rDNA leading to the identification of that bacterium. The method should allow prompt and accurate identification of bacteria. The principle of the method is simple; when a pure PCR product of the 16S gene is obtained, sequenced, and aligned against bacterial DNA data base, then the bacterium can be identified. Confirmation of identity may follow. In this work, several general 16S primers were designed, mixed and applied successfully against 101 different bacterial isolates. One mixture, the Golden mixture7 (G7) detected all tested isolates (67/67). Other golden mixtures; G11, G10, G12, and G5 were useful as well. The overall sensitivity of the UM was 100% since all 101 isolates were detected yielding intended PCR amplicons. A selected PCR band from each of 40 isolates was sequenced and the bacterium identified to species or genus level using BLAST. The results of the UM were consistent with bacterial identities as validated with other identification methods; cultural, API 20E, API 20NE, or genera and species specific PCR primers. Bacteria identified in the study, covered 34 species distributed among 24 genera. The UM should allow the identification of species, genus, novel species or genera, variations within species, and detection of bacterial DNA in otherwise sterile samples such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, manufactured products, medical supplies, cosmetics, and other samples. Applicability of the method to identifying members of bacterial communities is discussed. The approach itself can be applied to other taxa such as protists and nematodes.     

Use of 16S rRNA Gene for Identification of a Broad Range of Clinically Relevant Bacterial Pathogens

According to World Health Organization statistics of 2011, infectious diseases remain in the top five causes of mortality worldwide. However, despite sophisticated research tools for microbial detection, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostics for identification of infection in humans have not been extensively adopted. Time-consuming culture-based methods remain to the forefront of clinical microbial detection. The 16S rRNA gene, a molecular marker for identification of bacterial species, is ubiquitous to members of this domain and, thanks to ever-expanding databases of sequence information, a useful tool for bacterial identification. In this study, we assembled an extensive repository of clinical isolates (n = 617), representing 30 medically important pathogenic species and originally identified using traditional culture-based or non-16S molecular methods. This strain repository was used to systematically evaluate the ability of 16S rRNA for species level identification. To enable the most accurate species level classification based on the paucity of sequence data accumulated in public databases, we built a Naïve Bayes classifier representing a diverse set of high-quality sequences from medically important bacterial organisms. We show that for species identification, a model-based approach is superior to an alignment based method. Overall, between 16S gene based and clinical identities, our study shows a genus-level concordance rate of 96% and a species-level concordance rate of 87.5%. We point to multiple cases of probable clinical misidentification with traditional culture based identification across a wide range of gram-negative rods and gram-positive cocci as well as common gram-negative cocci.     

细菌鉴定方法

细菌的分类鉴定与细菌的研究和应用有着同等重要的地位。准确地鉴定细菌类别,根据其菌种种类不同,分别针对肠杆菌、阳性球菌、非发酵菌等菌种设计不同药敏板条的抗生素组合,可以指导临床应用用药。目前,细菌分类鉴定方法主要包括表型鉴定法和分子遗传学鉴定法两大类,针对这两大类鉴定方法,汇总其生理生化分类特征,简述各方法采用的关键技术,针对各技术讨论其优缺点。同时详细研究了表型鉴定法下数值分类法中自动化鉴定涉及的算法,结合目前细菌鉴定方法,对细菌分类鉴定的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

基于单细菌共焦拉曼光谱的细菌快速检测

【背景】目前利用共焦拉曼光谱技术进行成像和成分鉴别方面的研究较多,但如何快速检测与鉴别多种细菌方面的研究较少。【目的】基于共焦拉曼光谱技术,建立一种在单细菌水平上实现病原微生物快速分类鉴定的方法。【方法】以大肠杆菌为研究对象,利用共焦拉曼光谱技术在单细菌水平上进行了激发波长的优化试验,并研究了大肠杆菌存放时间对单细菌拉曼光谱信息的影响。同时,对白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌进行了共焦拉曼光谱测试,并对5种细菌进行单细菌拉曼光谱的归属分析,设计共焦拉曼光谱技术结合支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型学习算法,进行了5种细菌的快速分类鉴别。【结果】对于单细菌拉曼光谱探测,532、633和785 nm这3种常见的拉曼探测波长中,532 nm具有更好的激发效率和光谱信噪比。结合SVM模型对5种细菌的识别分类,SVM模型的灵敏度和特异性达到了96.00%以上,整体准确率为98.25%。不同存放时间下大肠杆菌拉曼光谱的重复性和稳定性都很好,且SVM模型匹配率均在90.00%以上。【结论】单细菌拉曼光谱结合SVM模型可对5种细菌进行快...     

拉曼光谱检测微生物的研究方法和进展北大核心

快速准确地识别和鉴定微生物对于环境科、食品质量以及医学诊断等领域研究至关重要。拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy)已经被证明是一种能够实现微生物快速诊断的新技术,在提供微生物指纹图谱信息的同时,能够快速、非标记、无创、敏感地在固体和液体环境中实现微生物单细胞水平的检测。本文简单介绍了拉曼光谱的基本概念和原理,重点综述了拉曼光谱微生物检测应用中的样品处理方法及光谱数据处理方法。除此之外,本文概括了拉曼光谱在细菌、病毒和真菌中的应用,其中单独概括了拉曼在细菌快速鉴定和抗生素药敏检测中的应用。最后,本文阐述了拉曼光谱在微生物检测中的挑战和展望。     

Evaluation of VITEK matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of anaerobes

Rapid and adequate identification of anaerobic bacterial species still presents a challenge for most diagnostic laboratories, hindering the selection of appropriate therapy. In this study, the identification capacity of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, VITEK 2 (BioMérieux, Lyon, France) compact analysis and VITEK MS‐mediated identification for anaerobic bacterial species was compared. Eighty‐five anaerobic bacterial isolates from 11 provinces in China belonging to 14 genera were identified by these three methods. Differences in identification between these three methods were compared. Consistent identification results were obtained for 54 (54/85, 63.5%) isolates by all three methods, the most discordant results being concentrated in Clostridium XI (n = 8) and Bacteroides fragilis (n = 9) clusters. Using the VITEK MS system, 74 (74/90, 82.2%) isolates were identified as single species consistent with 16S rRNA sequence analysis, which was significantly better than the results obtained with VITEK 2 Compact (P < 0.01). Misidentifications by the Vitek 2 Compact and Vitek MS systems were mainly observed in the Clostridium XI (n = 8)and B. fragilis clusters (n = 9). VITEK MS identified anaerobic bacteria even after they had been exposed to oxygen for a week. Identification by the Vitek MS system was more consistent with 16S rRNA sequence analysis than identification by Vitek 2 Compact. Continuous expansion of the VITEK MS database with rare described anaerobic species is warranted to improve both the efficiency and accuracy of VITEK MS identification in routine diagnostic microbiology.     

GyrB sequence analysis and MALDI-TOF MS as identification tools for plant pathogenic Clavibacter

The bacterial genus Clavibacter has only one species, Clavibacter michiganensis, containing five subspecies. All five are plant pathogens, among which three are recognized as quarantine pests (mentioned on the EPPO A2 list). Prevention of their introduction and epidemic outbreaks requires a reliable and accurate identification. Currently, identification of these bacteria is time consuming and often problematic, mainly because of cross-reactions with other plant-associated bacteria in immunological tests and false-negative results in PCR detection methods. Furthermore, distinguishing closely related subspecies is not straightforward. This study aimed at evaluating the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and a fragment of the gyrB sequence for the reliable and fast identification of the Clavibacter subspecies. Amplification and sequencing of gyrB using a single primer set had sufficient resolution and specificity to identify each subspecies based on both sequence similarities in cluster analyses and specific signatures within the sequences. All five subspecies also generated distinct and reproducible MALDI-TOF MS profiles, with unique and specific ion peaks for each subspecies, which could be used as biomarkers for identification. Results from both methods were in agreement and were able to distinguish the five Clavibacter subspecies from each other and from representatives of closely related Rathayibacter, Leifsonia or Curtobacterium species. Our study suggests that proteomic analysis using MALDI-TOF MS and gyrB sequence are powerful diagnostic tools for the accurate identification of Clavibacter plant pathogens.     

Multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) for the identification of bacterial pathogens in the field

In this work, we demonstrate a new classification machine based on multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) that is capable of a robust identification of potential bacterial biological warfare agents (BWA). By employing Raman spectroscopy, this method proves to be reliable in application, easy to use and while retaining spectral quality, it is much faster than the often used support vector machines (SVM) and other supervised multivariate statistical classification machines. The multivariate adaptive embedding multi‐species classification ability was developed in order to serve as a real‐time detection method for biological threat detection and pathogen identification. A mean classification accuracy of 99.25±0.45% could be achieved with a representative set of biological warfare agents and simulant bacteria as a first approach for a user‐friendly and fieldable classification application for first responders and researchers.     

Accurate identification of taxon-specific molecular markers in plants based on DNA signature sequence

Accurate identification of plants remains a significant challenge for taxonomists and is the basis for plant diversity conservation. Although DNA barcoding methods are commonly used for plant identification, these are limited by the low amplification success and low discriminative power of selected genomic regions. In this study, we developed a k-mer–based approach, the DNA signature sequence (DSS), to accurately identify plant taxon-specific markers, especially at the species level. DSS is a constant-length nucleotide sequence capable of identifying a taxon and distinguishing it from other taxa. In this study, we performed the first large-scale study of DSS markers in plants. DSS candidates of 3899 angiosperm plant species were calculated based on a chloroplast data set with 4356 assemblies. Using Sanger sequencing of PCR amplicons and high-throughput sequencing, DSSs were validated in four and 165 species, respectively. Based on this, the universality of the DSSs was over 79.38%. Several indicators influencing DSS marker identification and detection have also been evaluated, and common criteria for DSS application in plant identification have been proposed.     

Molecular genetics and the management and conservation of marine organisms

Biochemical and molecular species identification techniques have a broad range of applications in the management and conservation of marine organisms. While species boundaries are not always clearly defined, phylogeneticists utilise autapomorphic characters to distinguish phylogenetic species. Genetic markers discriminate between marine taxa when traditional morphological distinctions are unclear. The applications of these techniques can be divided into four general categories. Firstly, compliance enforcement, which often depends on genetic identification techniques to enable officials to identify the species to which regulations pertain. Secondly, quality control applications, to allow for the testing of marine products to guard against fraudulent substitution with less valuable species, which is particularly pertinent since processing often obliterates identifiable features. Thirdly, a variety of applications to ecological and life-history studies and conservation management are reported. Here, the genetic identification techniques of species from cryptic life-cycle stages or of morphologically indistinct species are an indispensable tool for marine scientists, conservators and managers. Lastly, the application of genetic techniques for sourcing population origin is briefly discussed. The biochemical and molecular techniques applied to species identification all exploit phenotypic or genotypic polymorphisms that are sampled using either tertiary level protein based methods or primary level DNA based methods. In this review, examples of the applications along with the total protein, allozyme, serological, PCR and other DNA based methodologies are briefly described and some generalities with regard to their use are presented.