抗消毒剂型微生物培养基研究*

二氧化氯、过氧乙酸、次氯酸钠及过氧化氢等消毒剂高浓度可以杀灭微生物,低浓度可以抑制微生物生长。在微生物检测中,要消除消毒剂的干扰,培养基的抗消毒剂指数必须控制在１２．０—２４.５之间。消毒剂解抑剂Ⅰ的抗消毒剂指数为 １２．０,对细菌和真菌生长无明显抑制作用,加入经改良和优化的普通培养基后,制得５种抗消毒剂型培养基,在灭菌前后和一年的保存期内,其抗消毒剂指数基本保持不变。当采用大样倾注平板法和液体大样法检测残留消毒剂的样品时,使用抗消毒剂型培养基检出细菌和真菌能力大大高于普通培养基。     

抗干扰微生物培养基的抗干扰性能研究*

食品饮料中残留防腐剂、消毒剂和臭氧会对其中的细菌和真菌的检出造成严重干扰,当采用大样倾注平板法和液体大样法测定细菌和真菌总数及采用国标大肠菌群测定法测定大肠菌群MPN值时,使用抗防腐剂型、抗消毒剂型及抗臭氧型微生物培养基分别检测含有防腐剂山梨酸钾及苯甲酸钠、消毒剂二氧化氧和臭氧的样品,其检出细菌、真菌和大肠菌群的能力大大高于普通微生物培养基,与采用普通微生物培养基检测不合防腐剂、消毒剂及臭氧的样品中的细菌、真菌和大肠菌群的检出能力基本一致。     

抗干扰微生物培养基的抗干扰性能研究

食品饮料中残留防腐剂、消毒剂和臭氧会对其中的细菌和真菌的检出造成严重干扰,当采用大样倾注平板法和液体大样法测定细菌和真菌总数及采用国标大肠菌群测定法测定大肠菌群MPN值时,使用抗防腐剂型、抗消毒剂型及抗臭氧型微生物培养基分别检测含有防腐剂山梨酸钾及苯甲酸钠、消毒剂二氧化氧和臭氧的样品,其检出细菌、真菌和大肠菌群的能力大大高于普通微生物培养基,与采用普通微生物培养基检测不合防腐剂、消毒剂及臭氧的样品中的细菌、真菌和大肠菌群的检出能力基本一致。     

抗防腐剂型微生物培养基研究

食品饮料中含有山梨酸、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸及苯甲酸钠等防腐剂会对其中的细菌和真菌的检出造成严重干扰,把测定体系的抗防腐剂指数控制在８１．１～９４．５之间,可较好地消除防腐剂对微生物生长的抑制。防腐剂解抑剂Ⅲ的抗防腐剂指数为９２．３４,对细菌和真菌的生长无抑制作用,加入经改良和优化的普通培养基后,制得５种抗防腐剂型培养基,在灭菌前后和一年保存期内,它们的抗防腐剂指数基本保持不变。与普通培养基比较,当采用大样倾注平板法和液体大样法检测含有防腐剂的样品时,抗防腐剂型培养基可极大地提高样品中的细菌和真菌的检出率。     

抗防腐剂型微生物培养基研究*

食品饮料中含有山梨酸、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸及苯甲酸钠等防腐剂会对其中的细菌和真菌的检出造成严重干扰,把测定体系的抗防腐剂指数控制在８１．１～９４．５之间,可较好地消除防腐剂对微生物生长的抑制。防腐剂解抑剂Ⅲ的抗防腐剂指数为９２．３４,对细菌和真菌的生长无抑制作用,加入经改良和优化的普通培养基后,制得５种抗防腐剂型培养基,在灭菌前后和一年保存期内,它们的抗防腐剂指数基本保持不变。与普通培养基比较,当采用大样倾注平板法和液体大样法检测含有防腐剂的样品时,抗防腐剂型培养基可极大地提高样品中的细菌和真菌的检出率。     

抗干扰微生物检测技术研究

在检测细菌、真菌和大肠菌群时,抗防腐剂型微生物培养基可消除样品中浓度为 ２．０ｇ／Ｌ（Ｋｇ）的山梨酸、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸及苯甲酸钠的干扰;抗消毒剂型微生物培养基可分别消除１５０ｍｇ／ Ｌ二氧化氯、４００ｍｐ／ Ｌ过氧乙酸、７００ｍｇ／ Ｌ次氯酸钠及１８０ｍｐ／ Ｌ过氧化氢的干扰;抗臭氧型微生物培养基可以消除１０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的臭氧和余氯的干扰。大样倾注平板法可以取５ｍＬ的样品,适用所有样品的检测;液体大样法可以取１００ｍＬ的样品,适用于所有样品的检测及增菌,特别适用于无色液体样品;最小近似数法可以检出次大样中     

抗臭氧型微生物培养基研究*

通常采用臭氧对水体进行灭菌,在臭氧与矿泉水混合后,当其浓度分别为０．１８３、０．３１１及０．５８４ｍｇ／Ｌ时,起始阶段臭氧分解速度较小,１．５￣５．５ｈ内其分解速度加快,至９．５ｈ后,在水中的臭氧浓度已降至０．０４０￣０．０６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,但要彻底分解则需２４ｈ以上。从抗消毒剂型微生物培养基基础上发展起来的抗臭氧型微生物培养基,在普通倾注平板法、大样倾注平板法、液体大样法和最小近似数法中,当检测含有     

CAS平板覆盖法检测氢氧化细菌铁载体

【目的】用CAS平板覆盖法检测氢氧化细菌铁载体,解决通用CAS琼脂平板法中十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对真菌和某些细菌的生长抑制问题。【方法】将改良的CAS检测培养基覆盖在长满菌落的无铁培养基上,生长抑制问题因微生物未与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵直接接触而解决。【结果】3株氢氧化细菌SDW-5、SDW-9和AaP-13均能产生单菌落,加入CAS检测培养基1 h后,菌落周围产生明显的铁载体晕圈。【结论】本方法成功解决了生长抑制问题,可以作为检测微生物铁载体的通用方法。     

培养真菌的试剂松膏和松膏培养基

松树针叶浸提物具有抑制细菌、放线菌等微生物的生长以及促进真菌生长的作用,作者在原工作基础上进一步研制出培养真菌的试剂松膏。按一定比例将松膏加入到培养基中,就可以抑制细菌等非目的微生物,并促进真菌的生长。因此,松膏是为配制选择性真菌培养基和真菌的一般培养用培养基而提供的试剂。     

快速尿菌计数培养盒的研究

该快速尿菌计数培养盒进行了４种选择性培养基功能试验,共试验２３种９７株细菌,Ｇ－菌１７种７２株,Ｇ＋菌４种１９株,真菌６株。结果表明４种培养基功能特异,即Ⅰ＃为菌落计数,Ⅱ＃只限Ｇ－菌生长,Ⅲ＃只限Ｇ＋菌生长,Ⅳ＃只限真菌生长。该法与微量加样器法进行对比检测１８４份尿菌标本,符合率９６．７％,与日本培养盒平行对比试验１２份,结果一致     

常用消毒剂对布鲁氏菌疫苗株的灭菌效果评估

【背景】布鲁氏菌是一种重要的人畜共患胞内寄生菌,是引起动物和人发生布鲁氏菌病(布病)的病原体。高效消毒剂杀灭环境中的布鲁氏菌是防控布病的关键措施。【目的】评价市面上常用消毒剂对布鲁氏菌的灭菌效果及差异。【方法】选用市面上9种不同类型的常用消毒剂,以高、中、低3种不同使用浓度分别研究其对牛种、羊种和猪种布鲁氏菌的杀灭效果。同时根据消毒剂的有效浓度通过最小抑菌浓度实验确定各消毒剂的最小抑菌浓度。【结果】除苯酚外,其余8种消毒剂,包括聚维酮碘、癸甲溴铵、苯扎溴铵、戊二醛、复合季铵盐、乙醇和2种商品化消毒剂等在推荐使用浓度下5 min内均能完全杀灭布鲁氏菌,碘酸制剂在0.1%低使用浓度下细菌存活率为0.000039%-0.000095%。苯酚按0.5%的推荐剂量,作用5 min后细菌存活率为0.000144%-0.000183%,20 min后,细菌存活率为0.000138%-0.000193%;按1%的使用剂量作用5 min后,猪种布鲁氏菌存活率为0.000125%,作用20min后的存活率下降至0.000038%。最小抑菌浓度研究结果表明,季铵盐类消毒剂其最小抑菌浓度大致在0.01563%-0.03125%之间,其余消毒剂的最小抑菌浓度结果与消毒剂最低推荐使用浓度基本一致。研究同时发现,不同种属布鲁氏菌对同一消毒剂的敏感性也存在一定差异。【结论】研究结果为生产实践中科学选择布鲁氏菌消毒剂提供了借鉴。     

微生物消毒剂抗性机理

在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域.在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用.但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险.微生物的消毒剂抗性...     

综述与专论：微生物消毒剂抗性机理

在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域。在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用。但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险。微生物的消毒剂抗性基因还会通过繁殖传代增殖或在不同种属间水平转移而加剧其污染和传播风险,严重威胁到公共卫生安全。目前,抗生素抗性基因(ARG)的广泛出现引起了全球对公共卫生的关注,但对消毒剂的抗性认识非常有限。本文综述了近年来微生物对消毒剂抗性的研究,着重就微生物通过形成生物膜、降低细胞膜通透性、过量表达外排泵、产生消除或减弱消毒剂的特异性酶、改变作用靶点等方式产生抗性的机理进行综述。另外针对微生物消毒剂抗性的获得和传播,对染色体和质粒介导的抗性基因、环境中微生物消毒剂抗性与抗生素抗性的关联进行了论述。消毒剂抗性基因能通过质粒、噬菌体等可移动遗传元件,以转化、转导或接合的方式转移传播,对科学消毒提出新要求。     

细菌对消毒剂抗性机理研究进展

消毒剂通过抑制膜的主动运输、抑制微生物的代谢、扰乱微生物的DNA复制、使微生物细胞裂解而导致胞内成分渗漏以及使胞内物质凝结等方面发挥灭菌作用.消毒剂在杀灭细菌和控制细菌污染方面具有重要作用,但细菌对消毒剂也会产生抗性.细菌对消毒剂的抗性机制主要通过形成生物被膜,阻挡或外排机制减少消毒剂分子进入细胞,使消毒剂分子失活,以及其他表型性耐药等4个途径来实现,其中通过形成生物被膜阻止消毒剂分子进入细菌细胞或在进入细胞前使消毒剂失去效用,在细菌对消毒剂的抗性机制中具有重要作用.以实际污染的主要菌株为对象,研究它们对常用消毒剂的抗性机制,对控制细菌污染具有极大的应用价值和现实意义.     

Impact of prescribed cleaning and disinfectant use on microbial contamination in the home

Aims: To identify and quantify the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, hepatitis A and norovirus in households and to assess the effect of chlorine and quaternary ammonium–based disinfectants following a prescribed use. Methods and Results: Eleven sites distributed in kitchen, bathroom, pet and children′s areas of two groups of 30 homes each: (i) a nonprescribed disinfectant user group and (ii) a disinfectant protocol user group. During the 6‐week study, samples were collected once a week except for week one when sample collection occurred immediately before and after disinfectant application to evaluate the disinfectant protocol. The concentration and occurrence of bacteria were less in the households with prescribed use of disinfectants. The greatest reductions were for E. coli (99%) and Staph. aureus (99·9999%), respectively. Only two samples were positive for HAV, while norovirus was absent. Disinfection protocols resulted in a significant (P < 0·05) microbial reduction in all areas of the homes tested compared to homes not using a prescribed protocol. Conclusions: The study suggests that disinfectant product application under specific protocol is necessary to achieve greater microbial reductions. Significance and Impact of the Study: Prescribed protocols constitute an important tool to reduce the occurrence of potential disease‐causing micro‐organisms in households.     

Progress report on CEN/TC 216/Working Group 3: Disinfectant test methods for food hygiene, institutional, industrial and domestic applications

The scope of Working Group 3 (WG3) is very wide both in terms of the areas it covers and the range of disinfectant applications. The major role of disinfectants within this field, however, is the control of the microbial contamination of surfaces that could be used to produce products to be eaten or used by people (cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs etc.). For these applications, disinfectants need to be tested to quantify the effects of microbial type and growth conditions, interfering substances, pH, temperature, contact time and concentration. To address these needs, WG3 has produced a Phase 2 Step 1 Bactericidal (prEN 1276) and Fungicidal (prEN 1650) test, which are at the stage of public comment, and are intended to cover the majority of disinfection applications in its remit. More specialist tests are in preparation to cover virucidal and sporicidal applications and will be available by 1997. These are suspension tests and should be applied when the targeted microbial contamination is already in suspension or is brought into suspension by the disinfectant action. In addition, a surface test is being developed on the basis of the protocol published by the Ad-hoc Surface Test Group. This test will be used to assess disinfection efficacy against organisms attached to surfaces, e.g. those remaining on food processing surfaces after a cleaning action. It is hoped that these approaches will provide test methods that will give confidence, to both disinfectant manufacturers and users, of the performance of disinfectant products when used for their intended purpose.     

Bactericidal properties of a new water disinfectant.

The N-chloramine compound 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I) has been compared with calcium hypochlorite as to its efficacy as a bactericide for the treatment of water. The study included concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, and water quality as controlled variables. The species of bacteria tested were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella boydii. In general, for highly pure, demand-free water, calcium hypochlorite was the more rapid disinfectant at a given total chlorine concentration, although for water containing a controlled amount of organic load, agent I was the better disinfectant. The differences in efficacy of each of the two disinfectants can be attributed primarily to their different stabilities in water at various controlled conditions.     

Sanitation in self-service automatic washers.

The potential for microbial transfer in self-service laundry washing machines was investigated by obtaining swab samples from the interior surfaces of commercial machines and wash water samples before and after disinfectant treatment. Three disinfectants (chlorine, a quaternary ammonium product, and a phenolic disinfectant) were used. Four self-service laundry facilities were sampled, with 10 replications of the procedure for each treatment at each location. Although washers were set on a warmwater setting, the wash water temperatures ranged from 24 to 51 degrees C. The quaternary ammonium product seemed most effective, averaging a 97% microbial kill; chlorine was the second most effective, with a 58% kill, and the phenolic disinfectant was least effective, with only a 25% kill. The efficacies of the chlorine and phenolic disinfectants were reduced at low water temperatures commonly experienced in self-service laundries. Interfamily cross-contamination in self-service facilities is a potential public health problem, which is aggravated by environmental conditions, such as water temperature and the practices of the previous users of the equipment. Procedural changes in laundering are recommended, including the use of a disinfectant to maintain adequate levels of sanitation.     

Fluorescent assay based on resazurin for detection of activity of disinfectants against bacterial biofilm

A new, quick method, using the resazurin dye test as a bacterial respiration indicator, has been developed to assay the antibacterial activity of various substances used as disinfectants against bacterial biofilm growth on clinical devices. Resazurin was used to measure the presence of active biofilm bacteria, after adding disinfectant, in relation to a standard curve generated from inocula in suspension of the same organism used to grow the biofilm. The biofilm was quantified indirectly by measuring the fluorescent, water-soluble resorufin product produced when resazurin is reduced by reactions associated with respiration. Four products used as disinfectants and the biofilm growth of five bacterial species on carriers made of materials commonly found in clinical devices were studied. Under test conditions, chlorhexidine, NaOCl, ethanol, and Perasafe at concentrations of 0.2, 0.01, 350, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively, all produced 5-log reductions in biofilm cell numbers on the three different carriers. The redox-driven test depends on bacterial catabolism, for which reason resazurin reduction produces an analytic signal of the bacterial activity in whole cells, and therefore could be used for determining disinfectant efficacy in an assay based on the metabolic activity of microorganisms grown as biofilm or in suspension.