广西白头叶猴栖息地特征

白头叶猴是我国独有的灵长类物种,其栖息地十分狭小而分散。典型的热带喀斯特峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地地貌组合,特殊的石灰岩季雨林或次生植被和多种石灰土构成的石山景观,与周边的土山景观有明显区别。环境的异质性和不连续性,使之成为边界明显但又互相隔离的同质性斑块,为穴居和过群居生活的白头叶猴提供了至关重要的生存空间。白头叶猴这一适应于热带气候,善攀爬、植食性和穴居习性的物种,选择低峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地作为适宜的栖息地,是在长期进化过程中生态适应的结果。目前,白头叶猴仅分布于几处互相隔离的地块。近几十年来,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,使其栖息地急速缩小和更加分散。只有正确处理人地关系、人与野生动物的关系,禁止石山地区的过度开发,维持这一自然综合体的完整性和保持景观异质性,白头叶猴才有生存的可能和发展的机会。     

白头叶猴栖息环境与栖息地选择的研究

通过样方法和焦点动物法分别对白头叶猴栖息环境进行了观察,并对栖息环境的植物多样性进行了统计分析。结果表明,白头叶猴栖息地可分为山脚、山腰、山顶和山弄平地4部分,各部分优势种植物不同,白头叶猴栖息地的Shannon Venner多样性指数为6.152,均匀度为0.8439,白头叶猴对石山山脚、山腰、山顶和山弄平地的利用率分布为66.45 5.65%,21.15±5.49%,12.78±6.8%。在山脚主要是休息和觅食,在山腰主要是移动,在山顶主要是冬季晒太阳。因此,保护白头叶猴的栖息地对保护白头叶猴有特别重要的意义。     

白头叶猴栖息地的气候生态环境特征

根据崇左市白头叶猴栖息地（江州区气象站和扶绥县气象站）主要气象要素的观测资料进行调查统计分析,结果表明白头叶猴栖息地的年平均日照时数为1634．3～1714．9h;年平均气温为22．0～22．3℃;年平均最高气温为26．9-27．5℃,年平均最低气温为18．6℃,年极端最高气温为41．2℃,年极端最低气温为-1．9℃,日平均气温≥10℃的年平均活动积温为8033．8-8152．2℃;年平均降雨量为1201．6～1222．2mm;年平均蒸发量为1645．8-1675．3mm;年平均相对湿度为78％-79％;年平均风速为1．1～1．9m／s。     

广西弄岗黑叶猴栖息地选择与利用

2005年9月至2006年8月对广西弄岗国家自然保护区内一群黑叶猴进行行为观察,采用瞬时扫描法观察并收集猴群的栖息地利用数据,分析黑叶猴对喀斯特石山栖息地的选择与利用规律。结果表明,黑叶猴对不同山体部位的利用有显著性差异(χ~2=43.063,df=4,P0.001)。黑叶猴对崖壁的利用频率最高(占总记录的36.67%±9.44%),其次是山坡(32.30%±9.57%),对山脚(14.15%±5.01%)、山顶(11.24%±8.42%)和平地(5.63%±2.92%)的利用较少。分析发现,黑叶猴对山体部位的利用没有显著的季节性差异(山顶:Z=-0.160,P=0.837;崖壁:Z=-0.320,P=0.749;山坡:Z=-0.480,P=0.631;山脚:Z=-1.601,P=0.109;平地:Z=0,P=1)。黑叶猴将崖壁作为主要的休息场所,山坡和山脚为主要的移动和觅食场所。黑叶猴对栖息地的利用受食物可获得性的影响。当食物中花的可获得性降低时,猴群增加对山脚的利用;当嫩叶可获得性降低时,猴群增加在崖壁移动的频率;当果实的可获得性升高时,猴群增加在平地觅食的频率。食物组成与黑叶猴栖息地利用也有关系。总体来看,黑叶猴对山顶的利用频率与花的觅食比例呈显著正相关;对山脚的利用频率与果实+种子的觅食比例呈显著正相关。猴群在山顶休息的频率随花和成熟叶的觅食比例的上升而上升;在山脚休息的频率随果实+种子的觅食比例的上升而上升。猴群在山坡觅食的频率随果实+种子的觅食比例的下降而上升;在山脚觅食的频率随嫩叶的觅食比例的下降而上升。另外,平均最低温度与猴群在平地觅食的频率呈负相关关系。分析表明食物的分布和数量对黑叶猴栖息地利用有重要影响,黑叶猴对栖息地的选择是在觅食利益与风险之间进行权衡的结果。     

广西扶绥白头叶猴的欺骗信号

1997年9月至1998年9月,我们在广西扶绥珍贵动物保护区对白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)进行保护生物学研究。在本研究中,我们试图评价生境质量的下降对白头叶猴生存造成的负面影响。我们用系统的方法采集行为数据,用典型的野外记录技术(ad libitum)记录稀少行为事件。观察结果表明,生活在高质量生境中的猴群极力地保卫其家域;相反地,生活在低质量生境中的猴群不尽力保卫其家域。群体中的繁殖雄性在雄性替代过程中一旦被逐出群外,就会变成孤猴,并失去家域。这时,由于生境质量低劣,孤猴将面临食物短缺。我们的观察显示,这些猴子通过欺骗信号保持群间距离,使其得以呆在有食物资源的生境中。依据Zahavi的理论,在通讯行为中,信号接受者总是在检查信号发出者,防止其发出欺骗信号。因此,可以预测欺骗信号无法得以演化。然而,我们的观察结果不支持这种预测。     

白头叶猴对夜宿石洞的选择

白头叶猴（ＰｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓＬｅｕｃｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）栖息在广西南部的岩溶地形,夜里栖息在石洞里。白头叶猴选择夜宿石洞考虑的因素主要是安全和利于寻找食物等;出洞和入洞行为均在猴王的指挥下完成。     

挑战喀斯特石山生存极限的白头叶猴

说起喀斯特石山,人们的脑海里很快会联想到美丽的桂林山水。的确,桂林山水就是喀斯特石山美的代表,几个典型的景点全面地展示了喀斯特石山环境的特点,比如坐落于广西师范大学校园的独秀峰、位于漓江江畔的象鼻山,又如漓江岸边挺立的巨幅画面,悬崖峭壁上隐隐约约显现出骏马的身姿,引来了无数观光客竞猜骏马的数量。人们充分和尽情地享受喀斯特石山的险峻美和艺术想像美,但就在另一片喀斯特石山,一种灵长类动物——白头叶猴却正为这样险峻的生存环境苦苦奋斗。     

基于MaxEnt模式的白头叶猴栖息地评价——以广西崇左白头叶猴保护区为例

针对物种分布格局与其环境变量关系的研究,对于生态廊道规划与环境恢复研究具有重要意义.本文以白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)为研究对象,针对广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区51个白头叶猴分布点和11个环境变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型(maximum entropy modeling)...     

白头叶猴的家园:广西崇左白头叶猴自然保护区

广西崇左白头叶猴自治区级自然保护区由1980年成立的崇左县珍贵动物保护站和扶绥县珍贵动物保护站(2002年经自治区人民政府确认为林业部门管理的自治区级自然保护区)于2005年合并而成,并开始申报晋升国家级自然保护区。2007年,成立保护区管理局。     

Are Limestone Hills a Refuge or Essential Habitat for White-Headed Langurs in Fusui,China?

We studied the ecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Fusui Precious Animal Reserve, Guangxi, China, in 1997/1998 and conducted surveys of them in 1996–1997 and 2003. We collected data on vegetation fragments and the activities of white-headed langurs at different levels on limestone hills. The langurs selected less fragmented habitats with less human disturbance. They spent ca. 60% of the day at lower levels of the hills during maintenance activities, including feeding. When humans were absent, the langurs even came to the ground. The hills themselves were used as a refuge from human disturbance but were not otherwise essential habitat. Results of this study have implications for improving conservation management for the langurs.     

Food Items Consumed by White-headed Langurs in Fusui, China

We studied the socioecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) from September 1997 to September 1998 in Fusui Precious Animal Reserve, SW Guangxi, China. We collected data on climate, phenology of food plant species, and foods consumed by langurs living in habitats with different levels of human disturbance. Feeding records showed that the most food is from less common plant species. Young leaves were the staple food item in all langur groups, and consumption correlates with availability. Consumption of mature leaves is not significantly correlated with their availability, but the langurs fed on them, and other food items such as fruits and seeds, when the availability of young leaves was low. Langurs in different areas had broadly similar diets, but they varied most in the proportion of supplementary items such as fruit. Groups in more disturbed habitat did not increase the overall proportion of mature leaves in their diet, but instead maintained their intake of young leaves from a greater diversity of species, and incorporated more immature fruit. Conservationists should direct efforts toward protection of rare plant species providing preferred food items, particularly supplementary foods at times when, and in areas where, preferred food items are less available.     

Food Choice of White-Headed Langurs in Fusui,China

We studied the feeding ecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) from September 1997 to September 1998 in Fusui Rare and Precious Animal Reserve, SW Guangxi, China. We collected data in the central part of a group of limestone hills where the main population pool of langurs was located. The langurs fed on 50 plant species (belonging to 42 genera from 28 families) out of 164 species in the habitat (belonging to 112 genera from 48 families). Most of the food plant species were not common in the habitat. There are 16 important food species, including 6 key species. White-headed langurs were extremely folivorous, feeding mainly on young leaves (75% of total feeding records) of a broad range of less common plant species, which were in less disturbed areas. Thus, langur groups in high quality habitat had greater access to preferred foods, and the future of langurs in the Reserve may depend on immediate cessation of tree felling.     

High Mitochondrial DNA Diversity with Little Structure Within and Among Leaf Monkey Populations (Trachypithecus cristatus and Trachypithecus auratus)

We used analyses of mitochondrial DNA restriction site polymorphisms to estimate population genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships among 42 individuals from two Asian leaf monkey species (Trachypithecus auratus and T. cristatus) and to compare them to the geographically proximate species, Presbytis comata. We amplified a 2300-base pair fragment spanning the mitochondrial NADH 3 and NADH 4 genes, including their tRNA flanking subunits, glycine and leucine, and digested it with a battery of 22 restriction endonucleases, yielding 21 unique multienzyme haplotypes and 60 variable restriction sites. Presbytis comata is clearly divergent from both Trachypithecus species. Within the Javan T. auratus, our analysis does not support the distinction of two subspecies currently recognized on the basis of morphological features (Weitzel and Groves, 1985). T. auratus and T. cristatus are not internally monophyletic with respect to each other in our phylogenetic analysis. These results indicate either a recent speciation event with the retention of ancestral polymorphisms or that the two taxa are not separate species. Therefore with respect to conserving genetic diversity within the leaf monkey, we would have to consider T. auratus and T. cristatus as essentially one large polymorphic, conservation unit. However, within that conservation unit, T. auratus of Java represent a separate management unit from T. auratus/T. cristatus of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.     

Sleeping Cave Selection,Activity Pattern and Time Budget of White-Headed Langurs

We describe the activity patterns and time budgets of white-headed langurs that were confined to about 4 km² of Longlin habitat in Fusui County, Guangxi Province, China. Between February and December 1996, we observed 6 langur groups monthly via group focal sampling and continuously recording the behavior of a focal group. Our results indicate that the langur groups selected stone caves on cliffs as sleeping sites. The daily activity pattern outside caves had 8 stages: (1) leaving the cave in the early morning; (2) moving and resting; (3) morning feeding; (4) moving a long distance; (5) resting at noon; (6) afternoon feeding; (7) moving back to the cave, and (8) entering the cave. Over the year, langurs spent a daily average of about 11.5 h outside caves and about 12.5 h inside caves. Moving accounted for 7% (spring), 7% (summer-autumn) and 13% (winter) of the time budget, and langurs spent 9% (summer-autumn) and 14% (spring) to 20% (winter) of their time feeding. Resting accounted for 79% of the time budget in spring, 84% in summer-autumn, and 57% in winter. Sunbathing only occurred in winter and accounted for about 10% of the time budget. One-way ANOVA and multiple range tests demonstrated that time budgets differed significantly among seasons. Langurs spent significantly more time feeding and moving in winter than in spring and summer-autumn, but significantly less time resting in winter than in spring and summer-autumn.     

基于野外观测检验动物廊道选址模型的准确性——以白头叶猴为例

廊道构建是减少栖息地破碎化负面影响的重要策略之一。目前,已经有许多模型用于动物廊道的选址,而\"选址模型是否能准确预测动物迁移的实际发生位置\"一直是保护生物学最为关注的问题。最小成本路径模型（LCP）和条件最小成本廊道模型（CMTC）是两种较为常用的廊道选址模型。以白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）为目标物种,分别运用LCP和CMTC模拟生成白头叶猴迁移廊道,将模拟结果与野外观测廊道进行对比,检验两种方法的准确性。结果表明：与野外观测实际廊道相比,LCP模型模拟结果的完全准确率为46.7%,部分准确率为20%,完全不准确率为33.3%;CMTC模型模拟结果的完全准确率为26.7%,其余73.3%为部分准确,无完全不准确的结果;总体上看,CMTC廊道的准确率较LCP高,因而CMTC模型模拟白头叶猴实际迁移廊道位置的准确性优于LCP模型。输入\"源\"要素类型、阻力面栅格尺度设定、栖息地土地利用类型变化以及动物迁移行为复杂性4个因素是影响该模拟结果准确性的主要原因。     

Sleeping Site Use by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachypithecus francoisi</Emphasis> at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China

We collected data on sleeping site use of the François’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) between August 2003 and July 2004 at Nonggang Nature Reserve, China. We tested hypotheses regarding possible ultimate causes of sleeping site selection in light of our results. Langurs selected the ledges and caves on cliffs as sleeping sites. Of 23 identified sleeping sites, 7 were more frequently used than the others (≥9 times each, accounting for 64% of total observed nights). Langurs used most sleeping sites repeatedly, and reused some of them on consecutive nights; 4 consecutive nights were the longest run. We suggest that langurs choose sleeping sites to make approach and attack difficult by predators, and to increase familiarity so as to improve chances for escape. Langurs’ cryptic behaviors before entering sleeping sites and the rapid movement toward sleeping sites (4 min on average) with an increased level of vigilance may help to decrease the possibility of detection by predators. Access to food appears to have a profound influence on sleeping site selection in François’ langurs, as demonstrated by the langurs’ tendency to select sleeping sites close to their current main feeding sites. The position of sleeping site relative to the last feeding site of the day and the first feeding site of the subsequent morning indicated a strategy closer to that of a multiple central place forager than of a central place forager. Our results do not support the influences of other factors, e.g., avoidance of parasites, seeking comfort, and range or resource defense, on sleeping site selection.     

Habitat use of juvenile white sturgeon in the Kootenai River, Idaho and British Columbia

Ultrasonic telemetry was used to assess habitat features utilized by 36 endangered juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, in the lower 120 km of the Kootenai River of Idaho, USA and British Columbia, Canada during the summer and early fall of 1999 and 2000. All 36 fish were initially captured in pools using gillnets and released there, but most of the subsequent telemetry contacts were in glides, indicating these fish moved freely between the two macro-habitats. The low electivity indices indicated little preference between glides and pools. Most contacts were in glides, in the outside bend of the river channel (50), and in or near a visually defined thalweg. Contacts were most often associated with sand substrates and no cover. Physical habitat characteristics (nose [bottom] water velocity, depth, substrate, and cover) were recorded at 168 contact locations. The combination of significantly greater velocities and depths at contact sites vs. non-contact sites (p < 0.01) indicated these fish actively found and used areas of higher velocity and greater depth within the Kootenai River. There was little cover found for fish in the river other than large sand dunes and depth. The combination of depth and nose velocity data supported the idea that large sand dunes are providing refugia in the form of velocity breaks.