Steric course of the tyrosine ammonia-lyase reaction

The tyrosine ammonia-lyase reaction proceeds with loss of the pro-3S and retention of the pro-3R hydrogen from the tyrosine side chain and thus involves anti-periplanar elimination of the elements of ammonia.     

Biosynthesis in isolatedAcetabularia chloroplasts II. Plastid pigments

Summary The plastid pigments — chlorophylls and carotenoids — of the alga,Acetabularia, have been chromatographically separated and identified. These pigments were found to become radio-active during incubations of an isolated chloroplast fraction with¹⁴CO₂. Specific activity calculations indicate that appreciable amounts of synthesis were occurringin vitro. The phytol and porphyrin moieties of chlorophyll a were both radioactive; thus the pigments were being formed completely from recent photosynthetic products. A comparison of the incorporation of¹⁴CO₂ into plastid pigmentsin vivo andin vitro suggests that the isolated chloroplasts form the pigments at their normalin vivo rates.     

水溶性维生素在植物体内的合成

由于植物基因组的快速发展,研究者借助酵母和细菌等微生物的相关信息,使大多数水溶性维生素在植物体内的生物合成途径得以在分子水平上阐明.本文就近年来植物水溶性维生素的生物合成途径、合成场所等研究进展进行了概述,并就植物和微生物水溶性维生素合成途径的关系进行了比较.     

Biosynthesis of -linolenic acid by disrupted spinach chloroplasts

A disrupted spinach chloroplast preparation readily synthesized $\text{[}{}^{14}\text{C]α-linolenate}$ from [2-¹⁴C]acetate under anaerobic conditions. It can be shown by degradation data that [¹⁴C]oleate is not a precursor of [¹⁴C]linolenate and that $\text{cis}$ 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid is the probable immediate precursor of the [¹⁴C]linolenate.     

Biosynthesis of vitamin B12

Radioactivity from [1-¹⁴C]riboflavin was incorporated into the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety of Vitamin B₁₂ in the aerobes Bacillus megaterium, Nocardia rugosa and Streptomyces sp. as well as in the aerotolerant anaerobe Propionibacterium freudenreichii, but not in the anaerobe Eubacterium limosum.As recently published for E. limosum, also in the anaerobe Clostridium barkeri radioactivity from [1-¹⁴C]glycine and [2-¹⁴C]glycine was found in the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety, but not in the corrin moiety. The addition of l-[methyl-¹⁴C]methionine to C. barkeri led to the labeling of the corrin moiety and the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety, showing that the seven extra methyl groups in the corrin ring as well as the two methyl groups of the base part originate from this precursor.In Clostridium thermoaceticum, forming the vitamin B₁₂ analog 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide, [1-¹⁴C]glycine and [2-¹⁴C]glycine were also incorporated into the 5-methoxybenzimidazole moiety, but not into the corrin ring.In E. limosum l-[U-¹⁴C]glutamate led to the labeling of the corrin ring of vitamin B₁₂, but not of its base moiety.There results together with data from the literature indicate that a common biosynthetic pathway might exist for the corrinoid biosynthesis in aerobic microorganisms, and in those aerotolerant anaerobes like the Propionibacteria, which form the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety of vitamin B₁₂ only under aerobic conditions. They also show that this pathway differs from the pathway found in anaerobic bacteria.     

Electrochemistry of ubiquinones: Menaquinones and plastoquinones in aprotic solvents

First and second half-wave reduction potentials of a series of 1,4-benzo- and 1,4-naphtho-quinones related to the naturally occurring ubiquinones, plastoquinones and menaquinones are correlated with substituent effects. Notably, E of 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is positive of the values for the 2,5- and 2,6-dimethoxy isomers, and of the value for methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone. This phenomenon is attributed to steric inhibition of resonance when two methoxy groups occupy adjacent positions, and the significance of this orientation in the ubiquinone series is highlighted.     

Discovery of plastoquinones: a personal perspective

The discovery and the rediscovery of plastoquinone (PQ) are described together with the definition of its structure as a 2,3-dimethyl 5 solanosyl benzoquinone. The discovery, by M. Kofler, was a result of a search for Vitamin K. Its rediscovery was made by me, when I was at The Enzyme Institute of the University of Wisconsin, analyzing animals and plants for the newly discovered coenzyme Q. In green plants, I found another lipophilic quinone in addition to coenzyme Q. Some misleading evidence suggested as if the new quinone had coenzyme Q activity in mitochondria, but improved methods gave negative results. When I found that the quinone was concentrated in chloroplasts, I considered a role for it in photosynthesis analogous to the role of coenzyme Q in mitochondria. After moving to the Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, I used a plain light bulb and some spinach chloroplasts to show that PQ could be involved in photosynthetic redox reactions. This effect was supported by Norman Bishop’s restoration of chloroplast electron transport after solvent extraction, with PQ and photoreduction studies by E. R. Redfern and J. Friend in R. A. Morton’s laboratory in Liverpool, UK. We also found an additional analog of PQ in addition to a second analog found in Wisconsin. We called the new analogs PQB and PQC. Although we found some restoration effects with PQC, the discovery by W. T. Griffiths in Morton’s laboratory, that PQB and PQC consisted of six forms of PQ each, made it more likely that the new analogs were breakdown products. Morton’s group established the structure of the PQCs as a series of PQs, with a hydroxyl group on the prenyl side chain, and the PQB series as having fatty acids esterified to the hydroxyl groups of PQC. Possible functions of the analogs are also discussed in this article.