水温对虹鳟血液学指标影响的初步研究

采用显微记数法和使用日立7170A全自动生化分析仪及贝克曼CX-3电解质分析仪,检测水温14℃、19℃和23℃时虹鳟血液红细胞数量和血清有机成分与无机微量元素的含量或活性。结果表明：水温14—23℃范围内,虹鳟红细胞数量随水温上升急剧减少;血清中谷丙转氨酶活性随水温上升而升高,谷草转氨酶活性随水温上升先升高后降低;血清中总蛋白、球蛋白含量随水温上升而增加,白蛋白、血糖和总胆固醇含量随水温上升先增加后减少,甘油三酯含量随水温上升而减少;血清中铜元素含量变化比率大,钾、磷、钙、镁、钠、氯、铁元素含量变化不显著。分析了虹鳟在温水环境中生化因子变化规律,为冷水性鱼类虹鳟温水驯化和基因工程技术提供可借鉴的技术资料。     

虹鳟幼鱼对不同淀粉的利用

试验旨在考察不同淀粉种类对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏糖代谢酶、肝脏组织学和摄食后血糖含量的影响。选用木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉、豌豆淀粉和玉米淀粉为淀粉源,设置相同的淀粉水平(15%),配制4组等氮等脂饲料,饲喂初始体重(7.7±0.1) g的虹鳟56d。结果表明,木薯淀粉组增重率最高(1049.3%),饲料系数最低(0.83)。各组脏体比、肝体比、全鱼和肝脏常规组成无显著差异(P>0.05);豌豆淀粉组肝糖原含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。各组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶无显著差异(P>0.05)。木薯淀粉组和小麦淀粉组肝脏己糖激酶活性显著高于豌豆淀粉组和玉米淀粉组(P<0.05),玉米淀粉组肝脏磷酸果糖激酶活性显著低于木薯淀粉组和小麦淀粉组(P<0.05)。摄食后,各组的血糖含量均在7h达到最高,木薯淀粉组在摄食后1—7h内的血糖含量显著高于其余3组(P<0.05)。各组的肝脏组织形态无显著差异。综上,木薯淀粉较其他3种淀粉更适宜作为虹鳟饲料的淀粉源。     

低氧对动物组织糖原含量和血糖水平的影响

比较不同年龄组大鼠和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的心肌、骨骼肌和脑皮层组织的糖原含量,以及血糖浓度在模拟高原低氧的变化,发现急性高原低氧暴露24小时,老年组大鼠心肌、骨骼肌糖原含量在海拨8000米高度时有不同程度升高。血糖水平在8000米高度也有明显上升。成年组大鼠心肌、骨骼肌和脑皮层组织糖原含量随海拔升高而增加。慢性低氧暴露25天,大鼠脑组织糖原含量在海拔7000米时略有升高,心肌和骨骼肌糖原含量在海拔7000米时明显升高。低氧暴露7天和48小时,大鼠血糖浓度无明显变化。 高原鼠兔在急性低氧暴露期间,成年组脑糖原含量在海拔5000米和8000米高度时均有明显下降,心肌糖原在8000米高度时明显升高。骨骼肌糖原含量随海拔升高而略有降低。幼年组高原鼠兔脑糖原含量随海拔升高而下降,心肌和骨骼肌糖原在海拔升高时有增加倾向。成年和幼年组鼠兔血糖水平则随海拔上升而升高。     

雌二醇对虹鳟免疫功能的影响*

腺的成熟,大麻哈鱼属鱼类的抗病能力降低,其中的许多种在排卵(精)后死亡.虹鳟在繁殖季节后虽然不至于死亡,但极容易受许多病原菌的感染而发生病患.我们以前的研究提示,疾病的易感性可能与性激素的水平相关,但那些研究主要集中于雄激素对虹鳟免疫功能的影响.雌二醇是重要的雌激素之一,本研究运用酶联吸附免疫法、酶联吸附斑点法以及微量活性氧测定法,主要探讨了雌二醇在体内或体外对抗体的水平、产生抗体的细胞的数目和巨噬细胞产生活性氧的水平的影响.实验结果表明:(1)口服雌二醇能够提高未成熟虹鳟血浆中的雌二醇水平,这种提高能显著地降低血浆中的免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的浓度;(2)在离体的条件下雌二醇也能按剂量依赖方式降低来自成熟红鳟血液、头肾和脾脏的淋巴细胞中产生抗体的细胞数量以及抑制头肾的巨噬细胞产生各种活性氧.这些结果提示随着性腺成熟,免疫功能的降低可能与血液中雌二醇水平的升高有关,免疫功能的降低可能是导致生殖季节雌性虹鳟易受许多病原菌感染的原因之一.     

水温对中华鲟血清活性氧含量及抗氧化防御系统的影响

本文通过对12℃、21℃、26℃、31℃水温环境中的中华鲟的血清活性氧(ROS)含量、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的测定,表明水温对中华鲟体内自由基水平及其抗氧化防御体系有着显著的影响.在鲟鱼存活的水温范围内,中华鲟依靠自身的抗氧化防御系统,可以抵御活性氧含量的变化可能产生的损害,但这种抵御作用因水温的不同而表现出不同的特点.结果表明,随着水温的升高,血清ROS和MDA含量显著升高,ROS和MDA均与水温有显著的正相关性;GSH含量随水温先升高后降低,21℃时含量最高;26℃和31℃中的SOD活力要显著高于其他温度组;GSH和SOD与水温(T)具有显著的相关性:SOD=-7.7972 17 228 T-0.2821 T2(r=0.8923,p<0.01),GSH=-146.58 32.3951 T-0.7427 T2(r=0.8661,p<0.01).在试验期间,各温度组的中华鲟的血清CAT活性并没有发生显著变化.血清MDA含量和血清ROS含量之间具有显著的正相关关系,高温(26℃和31℃)状态下ROS产生增加而造成脂质过氧化反应增加,其增加程度要显著高于其他温度组,产生一定程度的氧化应激;而低温和适温环境虽然存在ROS随水温升高而升高的规律,但血清SOD活性和血清ROS含量之间存在显著的正相关关系.试验结果表明,在一定的温度范围内,中华鲟体内的抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶系统维持着体内自由基的\"自稳态\",使机体的脂质过氧化反应处于较低的状态.     

溶解氧对虹鳟呼吸机能及红细胞特性的影响

目的：初步研究溶解氧对虹鳟呼吸机能及红细胞特性的影响。方法：设四组溶氧水平,测定呼吸频率、血液中PO2、PCO2和pH值,并以RBC、Hb、脆性、膜粘滞性及丙二醛含量等指标观察溶氧对红细胞的影响。结果：溶解氧升高使鱼呼吸频率降低,血液PO2升高（P〈0.05）;高溶氧导致红细胞数、丙二醛含量降低。红细胞膜粘滞系数在试验第10d时,高氧组明显高于其它组,但30d时各溶氧组差异不显著。结论：在一定范围内溶解氧升高可以改善机体组织氧含量,提高呼吸功能,红细胞对溶氧变化有其生理适应性。     

中秋河水库水温计算及其对灌溉水温的影响分析

中秋河水库的建设导致河流水温特性发生改变,长期滞留在库内的水与大气之间的热量交换引起水温变化,导致水库整体的温度结构将发生变化。本文通过对中秋河水库建成后水温的垂向分布和灌溉取水水温的分析,对水库水温对下游农田灌溉的影响进行了分析评价。     

亚致死浓度的铜对虹鳟生理指标的影响

外部环境决定着有机体的功能状态;当有机体与外部环境之间相互关系遭到破坏时,无论机体的生理系统,还是其调节机能都会发生变化。生理指标反映出物体内环境对外部作用作出的反应,以此可确定外部作用的强度,阐明作用机制,确定机体的适应能力,并预测其影响（Хайн...     

下潜养殖系统中不同规格气泡对虹鳟补气效果的影响

为探究不同规格气泡对下潜养殖虹鳟生长、行为、能量收支、抗氧化能力和体形态的影响,试验设置5个不同处理组:对照组(不增加网罩和补气设备)、无气泡组(水中增加网罩隔离)和3种气泡组(水中增加网罩隔离,并在网罩下方添加3种规格的气石,气泡直径分别为1.02、0.33和0.11 cm)。经过28d的养殖实验,结果显示大、中气泡组虹鳟的末体重和特定生长率显著高于小、无气泡组,鱼鳔体积和鱼鳔产生的浮力均显著大于小、无气泡组,这表明大、中气泡有效地补充了虹鳟鱼鳔内的气体,恢复了其生长性能。气泡组虹鳟的SOD和CAT活力显著低于对照组,且MDA和LPO显著降低,表明下潜胁迫对其机体抗氧化系统造成一定的损伤;但大、中气泡组虹鳟抗氧化指标的IBR_v2较小、无气泡组更接近对照组,表明其在一定程度能缓解下潜养殖的负面效应。气泡组虹鳟身体的“流线型”高于对照组,且鳍和尾部的相对面积增大,这可能是虹鳟应对浮力缺失的改善措施。综上,由于较大气泡更容易被虹鳟吞食,且更易于在食道中聚集,经鳔管压缩进入鱼鳔,因此,大、中气泡具有更强的补气效果来缓解下潜养殖鲑鱼负浮力的胁迫。     

Tetrazolium Oxidase Polymorphism in Rainbow Trout

Tetrazolium oxidase from the blood and liver of rainbow trout was found to be genetically polymorphic. The inheritance pattern of the liver enzyme was compatible only with a one locus-two allele hypothesis. The enzymes in the blood while having an electrophoretically identical polymorphism could differ genotypically from that of the liver in a given fish. The significance of these findings to the understanding of the evolution of the salmonid genome is discussed.     

Adult Triploids in a Rainbow Trout Family

Six triploid individuals were found in a full-sib family of 11 adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a domesticated hatchery stock. The triploid individuals were normal in size and external appearance, had underdeveloped gonads, and showed no evidence of 3n/2n chimerism or mosaicism. XXY triploids were males, suggesting that the Y chromosome is male determining in trout. Because they may avoid production losses associated with sexual maturation in normal fish, triploid trout and salmon could potentially be useful in fish culture.     

Determining Vaccination Frequency in Farmed Rainbow Trout Using Vibrio anguillarum O1 Specific Serum Antibody Measurements

Background

Despite vaccination with a commercial vaccine with a documented protective effect against Vibrio anguillarum O1 disease outbreaks caused by this bacterium have been registered among rainbow trout at Danish fish farms. The present study examined specific serum antibody levels as a valid marker for assessing vaccination status in a fish population. For this purpose a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and used to evaluate sera from farmed rainbow trout vaccinated against V. anguillarum O1.

Study Design

Immune sera from rainbow trout immunised with an experimental vaccine based on inactivated V. anguillarum O1 bacterin in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant were used for ELISA optimisation. Subsequently, sera from farmed rainbow trout vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against V. anguillarum were analysed with the ELISA. The measured serum antibody levels were compared with the vaccine status of the fish (vaccinated/unvaccinated) as evaluated through visual examination.

Results

Repeated immunisation with the experimental vaccine lead to increasing levels of specific serum antibodies in the vaccinated rainbow trout. The farmed rainbow trout responded with high antibody levels to a single injection with the commercial vaccine. However, the diversity in responses was more pronounced in the farmed fish. Primary visual examinations for vaccine status in rainbow trout from the commercial farm revealed a large pool of unvaccinated specimens (vaccination failure rate = 20%) among the otherwise vaccinated fish. Through serum analyses using the ELISA in a blinded set-up it was possible to separate samples collected from the farmed rainbow trout into vaccinated and unvaccinated fish.

Conclusions

Much attention has been devoted to development of new and more effective vaccines. Here we present a case from a Danish rainbow trout farm indicating that attention should also be directed to the vaccination procedure in order to secure high vaccination frequencies necessary for optimal protection with a reported effective vaccine.     

Genetics of Growth Reaction Norms in Farmed Rainbow Trout

Rainbow trout is farmed globally under diverse uncontrollable environments. Fish with low macroenvironmental sensitivity (ES) of growth is important to thrive and grow under these uncontrollable environments. The ES may evolve as a correlated response to selection for growth in one environment when the genetic correlation between ES and growth is nonzero. The aims of this study were to quantify additive genetic variance for ES of body weight (BW), defined as the slope of reaction norm across breeding environment (BE) and production environment (PE), and to estimate the genetic correlation (r _{g(int, sl)}) between BW and ES. To estimate heritable variance of ES, the coheritability of ES was derived using selection index theory. The BW records from 43,040 rainbow trout performing either in freshwater or seawater were analysed using a reaction norm model. High additive genetic variance for ES (9584) was observed, inferring that genetic changes in ES can be expected. The coheritability for ES was either -0.06 (intercept at PE) or -0.08 (intercept at BE), suggesting that BW observation in either PE or BE results in low accuracy of selection for ES. Yet, the r _{g(int, sl)} was negative (-0.41 to -0.33) indicating that selection for BW in one environment is expected to result in more sensitive fish. To avoid an increase of ES while selecting for BW, it is possible to have equal genetic gain in BW in both environments so that ES is maintained stable.     

Effect of Diet Change on Rheoreaction in Young Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Journal of Ichthyology - The motivational component of rheoreaction has been determined in 4-month-old juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss on different diets. It is shown that the diet...     

Change of Rheoreaction and Concentration of Thyroid Hormones in Blood of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during Starvation

Journal of Ichthyology - Rheoreaction and concentration of thyroid hormones in blood of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is studied during starvation (12 days). It is found that...     

Computational Study of Evolutionary Selection Pressure on Rainbow Trout Estrogen Receptors

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine the binding affinities between the hormone 17-estradiol (E2) and different estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Previous phylogenetic analysis indicates that a whole genome duplication prior to the divergence of ray-finned fish led to two distinct ER isoforms, ER and ER, and the recent whole genome duplication in the ancestral salmonid created two ER isoforms, ER and ER. The objective of our computational studies is to provide insight into the underlying evolutionary pressures on these isoforms. For the ER subtype our results show that E2 binds preferentially to ER over ER. Tests of lineage specific N/S ratios indicate that the ligand binding domain of the ER gene is evolving under relaxed selection relative to all other ER genes. Comparison with the highly conserved DNA binding domain suggests that ER may be undergoing neofunctionalization possibly by binding to another ligand. By contrast, both ER and ER bind similarly to E2 and the best fitting model of selection indicates that the ligand binding domain of all ER genes are evolving under the same level of purifying selection, comparable to ER.     

Influence of Cobalt and Zinc Exposure on mRNA Expression Profiles of Metallothionein and Cytocrome P450 in Rainbow Trout

The present research aims to evaluate the effects of cobalt and zinc exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on metallothioneins and cytocrome P450. Mature rainbow trouts were exposed to 10?mg/L CoCl(2).6H(2)O and 1?mg/L ZnSO(4).7H(2)O. After 6, 12, 24, and 48?h of treatment, expressions of muscle MT-A, MT-B, and CYP P4501A1 mRNAs were measured by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. During the exposure experiments, no mortalities occurred. We observed that expression levels of all genes increased with exposure time. Since the organism has not learned how to completely dispose of heavy metals and tends to bioaccumulate them, our results indicate that cobalt and zinc exposure may result in accumulation of the non-eliminated metals which may lead to fish death.