卫星跟踪技术在候鸟迁徙研究中的应用

自20世纪80年代末期应用基于Argos系统的卫星跟踪技术开展候鸟迁徙研究以来,鸟类学家取得了许多利用传统鸟类迁徙研究方法所无法取得的成果。但在中国,卫星跟踪技术在鸟类迁徙中的应用尚属空白。作者利用参与中国首次应用卫星跟踪技术跟踪候鸟迁徙研究之机,对该技术用于候鸟迁徙研究的技术平台、主要内容和未来研究进行了综述和展望。利用卫星跟踪技术开展的主要研究内容有:揭示迁徙路线和重要停歇地点;寻找新繁殖地和越冬地;利用卫星数据对栖息地及其利用进行评价;探讨鸟类的迁徙策略。期望该技术能够成为中国濒危鸟类保护的有效方法,并尽快得到应用。     

卫星跟踪下的黑鹳迁徙

中亚黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)是怎样飞越喜马拉雅山的?这一直是人们关注的话题。2002～2003年由捷克科学院和捷克广播电台共同策划了利用卫星跟踪黑鹳的计划,中国的研究小组配合进行地面监测。2002年7月初,专家们开始在西伯利亚与阿尔泰山之间的叶尼塞河、鄂毕河、额尔齐斯河寻找目标,经过近20天的艰苦努力,终于给三只黑鹳成鸟分别挎上“背包”(约100g重的PTT卫星无线电发射器和短距离无线电发射器)。经血液DNA检测确认它们为二雄一雌,分别被命名为“皮特”(♂)、“罗马”(♂)和“凯特林娜”(♀)。     

卫星跟踪中蒙之间秃鹫春季迁徙路线 及活动区

秃鹫(Aegypius monachus)被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)列为近危物种。每年冬季或者早春在渤海湾都会救护到因体质较弱而无法飞行的秃鹫,为了对秃鹫及其迁徙路线进行更有效的保护,于2016年春季对两只救护放飞秃鹫(ID1051和ID2016),利用卫星跟踪技术研究其迁徙路线和活动区,旨在为秃鹫的救护和保护提供基础资料。结果表明,ID1051和ID2016都迁徙到蒙古国的布尔干省和后杭爱省交界处,行程分别为2 200 km和2 400 km。ID2016在度夏初期、中期和后期的活动区面积(50%Fixed Kernel),分别为31 261.01km^2、1 492.96 km2和11 027.70 km^2。秃鹫在迁徙过程中主要时间在静息,其次是飞行和寻觅行为。在0至7时和19至24时,即晨昏和夜间秃鹫都处于静止状态。从8时开始,秃鹫开始活动,并在12和13时达到活动高峰,随后活动逐渐趋缓,直至18时趋于静止状态。本文提供了秃鹫的春季迁徙路线以及重要中途停歇地,为秃鹫的救护和保护提供了基础资料。     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器(PTTs),跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1900m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

中国首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤研究初报

黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,分别被IUCN和CITES列为易危和附录Ⅰ物种,是世界上15种鹤类中唯一生活于高原的鹤类。黑颈鹤夏季在我国境内的青藏高原繁殖,冬季除在不丹北部有少量个体外,绝大部分种群在青藏高原东南部和云贵高原越冬。作为主要分布于我国的珍稀鸟类,我国学者对该物种的地理分布、     

基于卫星跟踪大天鹅春季迁徙时间及其影响因素

候鸟春季迁徙时间与其能否顺利完成迁徙过程,以及对繁殖地的成功选择和繁殖成效密切相关,通过对大天鹅越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间选择原因及其影响因素进行分析,有助于深入理解候鸟春季迁徙时间策略和栖息地保护状况。2015年2月和12月,在河南三门峡湿地捕捉了60只越冬大天鹅并佩戴卫星跟踪器,获取了详细的大天鹅在越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间等信息,并进一步分析了春季迁徙时间与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,大天鹅主要在夜间22：00-0：00和0：00-1：59迁离越冬地。大天鹅迁离越冬地的日期与温度呈显著性正相关,迁离时多选择顺风且风速较小的天气。大天鹅迁离越冬地后主要是在夜间飞行,而迁离停歇地后主要是在日间飞行。越冬地的温度越高,越有利于植物的生长,大天鹅可以快速地积累能量,提前开始春季迁徙。野外调查表明,内蒙古黄河中上游作为迁徙的重要停歇地,春季两岸捕鱼、农耕和放牧等为活动较多,因此大天鹅多选择在夜间觅食补充能量,在日间迁离。最后,针对黄河流域大天鹅栖息地的保护现状,提出了禁止经济开发项目、建立保护区和开展宣传教育等保护建议。     

迁徙鸟类对中途停歇地的利用及迁徙对策

中途停歇地是迁徙鸟类在繁殖地和非繁殖地之间的联系枢纽,对于迁徙鸟类完成其完整的生活史过程具有重要作用。从鸟类的迁徙对策、中途停歇地的选择、鸟类在中途停歇地的停留时间、体重变化和种群特征以及中途停歇地的环境状况等方面,回顾了中途停歇生态学在近年来的研究进展,并提出了在迁徙对策理论的实验研究,小型鸟类在中途停歇地的停歇时间及体重变化的准确确定等目前有待解决的问题。     

卫星跟踪河北猎隼的秋季迁徙路线

猎隼(Falco cherrug)是国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN物种红色名录濒危物种。为探究猎隼的迁徙规律,2018年9月26日在河北省保定市成功为1只猎隼佩戴了卫星追踪器,对其迁徙活动进行了跟踪。此猎隼个体的秋季迁徙路线涉及河北省、内蒙古自治区、山西省、陕西省、甘肃省、青海省6个省区,自东向西迁徙,越冬地为甘肃省白银市平川区。迁飞过程分为三个阶段,即放飞阶段、游荡期和迁飞期,三个阶段的飞行距离分别为297.62 km、1 129.69 km和2 040.9 km。此猎隼个体每天的飞行时段为(7:33±2:01)时到(18:12±1:09)时,即在白天飞行。平均日飞行时间为(10.44±1.76)h,一天中平均飞行速度有三个高峰,分别为9:00、14:00和18:00时。迁飞过程中的平均飞行速度为(45.77±20.88)km/h,平均日飞行距离(188.65±113.90)km。此猎隼个体在越冬地晚间没有固定的休息点,休息地的海拔在1 500～2 000 m的位点较多,90%的活动区域面积为85.5 km2。2019年3月7日发现此猎隼个体被电死并悬挂在一根电线杆上,漏电电线杆...     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器（PTTs）,跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713 km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1 900 m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

1996年秋帽儿山迁徙鸟类环志研究

１９９６年秋５０天连续环志鸟类２８种７７８只,红胁蓝尾鸲、黄喉、灰头３种占总量８０％。５天左右一个迁徙高峰,最高峰在迁徙期后半。今秋山丁子、黄檗树不结实,斑鸫和北朱雀甚少。原地当季重捕率１５４％。捕到去秋或今春环志鸟９只,全是黄喉。旅鸟停歇最长记录１７天。日落后半小时至１小时加一次网,能减少网上死鸟。     

GEMI: a non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites

Knowledge about the state, spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the vegetation cover is of great scientific and economic value. Satellite platforms provide a most convenient tool to observe the biosphere globally and repetitively, but the quantitative interpretation of the observations may be difficult. Reflectance measurements in the visible and near-infrared regions have been analyzed with simple but powerful indices designed to enhance the contrast between the vegetation and other surface types, however, these indices are rather sensitive to atmospheric effects. The correction of satellite data for atmospheric effects is possible but requires large data sets on the composition of the atmosphere. Instead, we propose a new vegetation index which has been designed specifically to reduce the relative effects of these undesirable atmospheric perturbations, while maintaining the information about the vegetation cover.     

Long-distance migration and homing after displacement in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas): a satellite tracking study

Four green turtle females were tracked by satellite during their post-reproductive migration in the South China Sea. Three of them reached their feeding grounds 923–1551 km distant. During nesting activity, a female was displaced twice, and her return trips to the nesting beach from 11 and 284 km were tracked by a direction-recording data-logger and by satellite, respectively. Part of the journeys occurred coastwise, indicating that leading geographical features had been utilised. The straightness of the turtles' tracks in open seas, both over shallow and deep waters, and their ability to pinpoint distant targets and home after displacement off their usual routes, provides circumstantial evidence for a true navigation mechanism.Abbreviation PTT platform transmitter terminal     

惠东幼年绿海龟的洄游规律及觅食地选择

绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)为全球性濒危物种、我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物.栖息地保护是野生绿海龟保护的一种极为重要和有效的保护策略,但我国幼年绿海龟的生活习性及其栖息地分布尚不明确,故开展相关洄游行为及栖息地分布研究意义重大.2011至2015年间,将6只来自广东惠东海龟国家级自然保护区人工培育2～14a的幼年...     

Travelling to breed

Traditionally, investigation of the dynamics of avian migration has been heavily biased towards the autumn return trip to the wintering quarters. Since the migratory prelude to breeding has direct fitness consequences, the European Science Foundation recently redressed the balance and sponsored a workshop on spring travels. We here survey the findings elucidating the complications arising during migration directed towards the breeding quarters. The evidence that early nesting confers advantage is overwhelming, hence demands of reproduction pose a constraint on both time and energy resources during spring. Both during migration and upon arrival there must therefore be strong selection in favour of saving time. Experimental results (e.g. using supplementary feeding) show that the date of laying is generally proximately constrained by the inability of the female to find sufficient nutrients. A key question thus concerns the implementation of the ‘capital’ strategy for breeding, the female accumulating nutrient stores along the way to bridge periods of shortage upon arrival on the breeding grounds. Eight studies on waterfowl (geese and eiders) and shorebirds (turnstones and knots) nesting in the arctic combine tracking of individuals (satellite telemetry) with direct observation (marked birds) and reconstruction of the origin of nutrients laid down in the eggs or in the form of body stores of the female parent (stable isotope signatures of tissues compared to potential food sources). The consensus emerges that in most cases a mixed strategy prevails, with nutrients garnered locally supplementing ‘imported’ body stores. The species concerned face a shortage of feeding time during incubation and suffer an energy deficit. Successful breeding thus depends on adequate fat depots that form part of the ‘capital’ the parents bring with them. Some headway has been made in predicting the extent of dependence on body stores for breeding in relation to body mass and length of migration from rates of fat deposition during stopover and fat consumption during flight for waterfowl. This work poses a challenge to refine field studies accordingly. The pressure to save time en route highlights the need to effectively exploit rich food resources. Several case studies underline the crucial significance of a very limited set of stopover sites, each with a narrow time window of optimal harvest. The influence of man at such sites often verges on the disastrous, and ongoing climate change may unhinge the finely tuned timing long-distance migrants depend on. There is a real need to extend this work to provide the scientific basis to underpin adequate conservation actions.     

Intraannual and interannual changes in the surface area of a closed lake complex in southwestern Siberia using NOAA images

The Lake Chany complex, located in southwestern Siberia, consists of large shallow lakes with an average depth of about 2.2m. The area of the lake fluctuates with the water level, which is closely related to the amount of inflow and evaporation, as the lake complex is endorheic. Using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite images of the ice-free periods from 1999 to 2004, we evaluated the seasonal changes in the lake area and surrounding vegetation of the Lake Chany complex. The maximum lake area was observed in early May and decreased until late July. The lake area in August was about 60% of the maximum. Subsequently, the area tended to increase until early October. Compared to ground-truth data, the areas undergoing seasonal fluctuations in the NOAA images corresponded to vast stands of vegetation (Phragmites australis) that were several kilometers wide. These areas seem to be influenced by the inflow of snow-melt water and reed growth. Although interannual differences in the seasonal change in lake area were not great for the whole lake complex, the isolated Yudinskii Pool showed large interannual differences during summer and autumn, suggesting that monitoring this area using NOAA images will be useful for estimating the interannual fluctuations in the southwestern Siberian environment.