国外松衰退原因的研究

对安徽省国外松大面积衰退和枯死原因的调查研究表明,造成这种衰退和枯死的现象是多方面因素共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病.该衰退病的发生原因1)诱发因素温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均匀、土壤粘重板结或容重过大、地势低洼积水、土壤瘠薄、林分密度过大;2)激化因素干旱严重重复发生、割脂过早过度、霜冻、食叶害虫等害虫危害;松针褐斑病等病害侵害;3)促进因素松枯梢病菌、根腐病菌、立木腐朽病菌、天牛、小蠹虫等病虫害危害.共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病.该衰退病的发生原因1)诱发因素温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均     

国外松衰退病原因的研究

对安徽省国外松大面积衰退和枯死原因的调查研究表明,造成这种衰退和枯死的现象是多方面因素共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病,该衰退病的发生原因：1）诱发因素：温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均镁、土壤粘重板结或容重过大、地势低汪积水、土壤瘠薄、林分密度过大;2）激化因素：干旱严重重复发生、割脂过早过度、霜冻、食叶害虫等害虫危害;松针褐斑病等病害侵害;3）促进因素：松枯梢病菌、根腐病菌、立木腐配病菌、天牛、小蠹虫等害虫危害。     

国外松衰退病与环境和林分因素关系的研究

对安徽国外要公衰退病与其环境和林分因素关系的调查研究和数量化分析表明,在气候、土壤、林分、其它病虫害等4类因素18个变量因子中,有10个因子对病情有较大的贡献,成为该病发生的主要致病因素,它们是树龄、林分密度、割脂、降雨量、温度、粘性土、石砾土、土层瘠薄、积水、病虫危害,其中病情与土层浓度、降雨量呈负相关;与其它因素均呈正相关,以此建立病情线形回归预测模型,根据这一模型,可以预测任一给定条件下的林分国外松衰退病可能发生的水平,此外,依据各致病因素在病害发生发展过程中的作用大小和时间顺序,出国外松衰退病的螺旋图,为该类病原复杂的病害形象描述和定量分析作出了探讨。     

壶菌病与两栖动物的种群衰退

两栖类种群全球性衰退是21世纪最紧迫的环境问题之一。越来越多的证据表明壶菌(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)与澳大利亚、美洲北部、中部、南部及欧洲的两栖类种群衰退有关。由壶菌引起的壶菌病是变态后的无尾类所患的一种显性传染病,其令人质疑的快速传播及广泛爆发对世界范围内的两栖类种群构成重大威胁。本文对这种致病壶菌的病理学、生态学、生物地理学及其治疗方面的进展进行了综述。     

天津枝角类的生态

一、引言枝角类含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪及维生素,是鱼类良好的食饵,某些种类及数量还能反映水域一些状况。1956—1958年和1973—1977年笔者在天津市区及近郊不同类型的水域对枝角类的种类、数量进行了调查,以便探讨枝角类在半咸淡水及污染水域的分布、种类组成及数量变动。     

樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征

针对辽宁省章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林出现的衰退枯死现象,系统地研究了樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征,结果表明,衰退的樟子松人工固沙林外貌景观呈灰绿色,针叶纤细,开花结实率低,平均单株球果数量为10．4～16．5个,成熟种子千粒重为6．96～7.39g,种子空粒、涩粒较多．生长季内2年生针叶营养元素季节变化规律相似,但N、P含量下降,K含量明显增高,表明养分循环失调;衰退林分2年生针叶叶绿素含量较高,健康林分1年生较高且增幅较大．松枯梢病的侵害是樟子松人工固沙林衰退的最明显标志．林分衰退后,树高和胸径生长量下降明显,林分胸径分布结构“左移”(径级小的株数增多),衰弱(亡)木数量增加了15.9％～27．2％;根量分别减少了22．9％～28．9％。其中吸收根减少量最大。     

樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征

针对辽宁省章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林出现的衰退枯死现象,系统地研究了樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征.结果表明,衰退的樟子松人工固沙林外貌景观呈灰绿色,针叶纤细,开花结实率低,平均单株球果数量为10.4～16.5个,成熟种子千粒重为6.96～7.39g,种子空粒、涩粒较多.生长季内2年生针叶营养元素季节变化规律相似,但N、P含量下降,K含量明显增高,表明养分循环失调;衰退林分2年生针叶叶绿素含量较高,健康林分1年生较高且增幅较大.松枯梢病的侵害是樟子松人工固沙林衰退的最明显标志.林分衰退后,树高和胸径生长量下降明显,林分胸径分布结构“左移”(径级小的株数增多),衰弱(亡)木数量增加了15.9%～27.2%;根量分别减少了22.9%～28.9%,其中吸收根减少量最大.     

沙漠化对科尔沁沙质草地生态系统碳氮储量的影响

通过野外调查,研究了沙漠化对科尔沁沙质草地生态系统碳、氮储量的影响.结果表明:沙漠化对草地碳、氮含量和储量具有显著影响,随着草地沙漠化的进程,草地碳、氮含量和储量明显下降.与非沙漠化草地相比,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化草地0～100cm深土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别下降了56.06%和48.72%、78.43%和74.36%、88.95%和84.62%、91.64%和84.62%,植物组分中的碳、氮含量分别下降了8.61%和6.43%、0.05%和25.71%、2.58%和27.14%、8.61%和27.86%;轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化草地地上植物组分中的碳、氮储量分别下降了25.08%和27.62%、30.90%和46.55%、73.84%和80.62%、90.89%和87.31%,0～100cm深地下植物组分中碳和全氮储量分别下降了50.95%和43.38%、75.19%和71.04%、86.76%和81.48%、91.17%和83.17%.2000年科尔沁沙地沙漠化草地总面积为30152.7km2,因沙漠化损失的碳、氮总储量高达107.53和9.97Mt.草地碳、氮含量的下降主要源于风蚀过程中土壤细颗粒的损失.土壤的粗化和贫瘠化最终导致了植物和凋落物中碳、氮储量的明显下降.     

福建泉州古龙眼树衰退原因及复壮试验

本文对泉州市释雅山公园古龙眼树进行生长状况调查,分析其衰退原因,制定综合措施进行抢救性复壮,并分析复壮措施对古龙眼树树势及各项生化指标的影响,从而较好地恢复树势。     

柑桔衰退病毒的提纯

从甜橙病株的嫩梢皮组织提纯柑桔衰退病毒(Citrus Tristeza Virus,CTV),冰冻组织按每克鲜组织加入5ml0.1mol/L Tris缓冲液pH8.4(内含0.15％Triton x—100)进行匀浆。经几次差速离心和两次PEG(分子量6,000)沉淀后,将获得的病毒粗提液铺在不连续蔗糖密度梯度液上,HITACHI RPS_(40)T转头30,000r/m离心3小时,收集位于300mg/ml和400mg/ml梯度层之间的分离带,洗脱、浓缩后获得CTV提纯物。提纯的CTV粒子大小为1.000—1,500x12urn,与美国的CTV抗血清起阳性反应。     

龟鳖动物疾病的研究进展

随着养殖规模的扩大,龟鳖动物的疾病日益增多,许多养殖场遭受了巨大的经济损失。为此,一些学者对龟鳖动物的疾病进行了大量研究。本文总结了龟鳖动物疾病的致病因素、诊断及防治等应用方面的研究,指出了龟鳖动物疾病研究中存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议。     

主成分分析法在疾病防治中的应用

利用数据的相关性推算出主元素因子,进而通过多元统计分析获得产生疾病原因的主要因素,可为疾病的防治提供充分的依据．     

The effect of grazing on bumblebees in the high rangelands of the eastern Tibetan Plateau of Sichuan

Many Tibetans who were formerly nomadic yak herders are settling near towns. However, yak remain a traditional symbol of wealth, which can lead to increased local stocking densities and severe over-grazing. We used belt-transect counts to study the area around Hongyuan in Sichuan. We find that intensive summer grazing significantly reduces the vegetation height and is associated with significant reductions in bumblebee-food-plant abundance and bumblebee diversity. For the significantly reduced bumblebee species, we identify the most frequently used and preferred bumblebee-food plants. For the food plants, we identify changes in absolute flower availability and changes in bumblebee visits. In particular, reductions in the bumblebees Bombus supremus, B. filchnerae, B. humilis and B. impetuosus are associated with reductions in flowers of the food plants Hedysarum and Saussurea.     

草酸钙肾结石成因的研究现状

肾结石是一种全球性疾病,同时也是泌尿外科最常见的疾病之一。近年来,肾结石在我国的发病率有逐渐上升趋势,大约5%-15%的人群一生中会罹患肾结石,其中约80%为草酸钙肾结石。多数草酸钙肾结石患者没有发现伴有其他系统疾病的存在,称为特发性草酸钙肾结石;一些患者存在原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进或其他钙代谢异常性疾病;一些患者主要表现为高草酸尿症等。虽然近年来体外冲击波碎石和内腔镜技术的发展使本病的治疗取得了很大的进展,然而,肾结石的复发率仍居高不下,10年复发率可达50%,20年的复发率可达75%。因此,如何有效地预防结石发生和降低复发率,成为当前研究的重点内容。这对于制定恰当的、个性化的预防方案有重要价值。     

宠物与外来动物病

宠物伴随人类文明已有数千年的历史。当今宠物日益受到大众青睐,给人们带来精神上享受,但宠物是外来动物疾病一个潜在载体,对人们身体健康和畜牧生产造成影响。本文概括了我国宠物外来动物疾病的现状及潜在的威胁,简要分析了几种外来动物疾病的特点,对防止宠物引入外来动物疾病给出了意见和建议。     

The germination process in vernal pools: sensitivity to environmental conditions and effects on community structure

Variation in timing and amount of rainfall in California has been noted to cause strong year-to-year differences in the composition of vernal pool communities. We explored the effects of possible variation of the “rainy season” in a seedbank germination study conducted with three factors: monthly timing of first soil moistening, length of moist period before inundation, and length of inundation. Monthly timing was the most important factor in determining the number of plants and number of species that germinated in the pots. Many species, mostly generalist wetland and pool-endemic species, showed sharp decreases in number in later trials. Five species did not germinate in the final trial, and two of these were abundant only in the first trial. Inundation was required for the germination of two species. Treatments with a combination of inundated and moist conditions resulted in higher numbers of species and numbers of plants compared to treatments with only moistness or only inundation. Our results indicate that vernal pool species have mechanisms that keep them from emerging under unfavorable conditions. The sensitivity of vernal pool species to out-of-season germination suggests that they could be negatively affected by climatic change, with generalist species like non-native Lythrum hyssopifolium having a potential advantage. Received: 15 July 1996 / Accepted: 14 July 1997     

Alpine dandelions originated in the native and introduced range differ in their responses to environmental constraints

Few studies have compared the response of native and invasive populations under stressful conditions. Furthermore, there is little consensus as to whether a plastic response is related to invasiveness in stressful environments. Exotic species have recently been reported in the high Andes of central Chile, where individuals have to cope with drought and poor soils, in addition to extreme temperatures. We explored if the exotic species Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) has plastic responses to soil moisture and nutrient availability, and whether two sets of alpine populations derived from native and introduced populations can converge to similar plastic responses to environmental constraints. Using a common garden approach, we compared plants grown from seeds collected in alpine populations of its native range (Alps, France) and in alpine populations of its introduced range (Andes, Chile) under a drought experiment, a potassium gradient, and a nitrogen gradient. Plasticity was only found as a response to drought. Moreover, different responses were found between both origins. Andean individuals are drought-resistant, while individuals from the Alps were drought-sensitive. According to the nutrient experiments, Andean dandelions behave as a nitrogen demanding-potassium avoiding species, whereas individuals from the Alps did not show any particular dependency or repulsion tendency to either of these two nutrients. Results suggest that differences in life history traits of both derived sets of populations may have an important role in determining the response of dandelions under the evaluated conditions. However, the relative importance of genetic adaptation in these responses is still unclear. Although T. officinale is a cosmopolite weed, this is the first study that compares individuals coming from its native and invaded range under stressful conditions.