黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成

黑长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ）是长臂猿科中较为原始的类群,对其野外行为生态习性近年来已有所报道,但意见不一。本文根据近两年的野外观察,认为黑长臂猿的群体大小为４．３±１．０只,（范围３—６,ｎ＝７）,群体组成为１成年雄性,１—２成年雌性,１—３后代个体,群体之大小除与其本身的特点有关外,还与其赖以生存的生境条件好坏有关。     

Construction, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of a fosmid library of the white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys)

Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the cloning and sequence characterization of evolutionary chromosomal breakpoints will provide vital insights into the molecular force that has driven such a radical karyotype reshuffle in gibbons. We constructed and characterized a high-quality fosmid library of the white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) containing 192,000 non- redundant clones with an average insert size of 38 kb and 2.5-fold genome coverage. By end sequencing of 100 randomly selected fosmid clones, we generated 196 sequence tags for the library. These end-sequenced fosmid clones were then mapped onto the chromosomes of the white-cheeked gibbon by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and no spurious chimeric clone was detected. BLAST search against the human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the number of chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribution of the fosmid library. The chromosomal distribution of the mapped clones is also consistent with the BLAST search result against human and white-cheeked gibbon genomes. The fosmid library and the mapped clones will serve as a valuable resource for further studying gibbons' chromosomal rearrangements and the underlying molecular mechanism as well as for comparative genomic study in the lesser apes.     

Construction, Characterization, and Chromosomal Mapping of a Fosmid Library of the White-Cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys)

Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the cloning and sequence characterization of evolutionary chromosomal breakpoints will provide vital insights into the molecular force that has driven such a radical karyotype reshuffle in gibbons. We constructed and characterized a high-quality fosmid li- brary of the white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) containing 192,000 non- redundant clones with an average insert size of 38 kb and 2.5-fold genome coverage. By end sequencing of 100 randomly selected fosmid clones, we generated 196 se- quence tags for the library. These end-sequenced fosmid clones were then mapped onto the chromosomes of the white-cheeked gibbon by fluorescence in situ hy- bridization, and no spurious chimeric clone was detected. BLAST search against the human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the number of chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribu- tion of the fosmid library. The chromosomal distribution of the mapped clones is also consistent with the BLAST search result against human and white-cheeked gibbon genomes. The fosmid library and the mapped clones will serve as a valu- able resource for further studying gibbons‘ chromosomal rearrangements and the underlying molecular mechanism as well as for comparative genomic study in the lesser apes.     

Etude du répertoire vocal du Gibbon a favoris blancs (Hylobates concolor leucogenys): Analyse structurale des vocalisations

The basic vocal repertoire of the Crested Gibbon (Hylobates concolor leucogenys) can be defined from qualitative and quantitative analysis of the vocalizations. From sonagraphic analysis of calls of 9 juveniles, one adult ♂, one sub-adult ♂ and one sub-adult ♀ arranged in three semi-free living groups, one can describe six vocal types on a morphological basis. The sound repertoire of juveniles is composed of graded signals which seem to become more discrete and fewer as the individual matures. These features are compared with other Cercopithecides and Pongides on the basis of eco-ethological and ontogenetic implications.     

Taxonomic note: Bunopithecus: A genus-level taxon for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock)

The recent discovery that the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock [Harlan, 1834]) has a karyotype distinct from all other hylobatids provides a new and strong motive for revising gibbon taxonomy and establishing hoolocks in a separate, higher taxon. Revising Groves's taxonomy of 1972, we propose that hoolock, along with the fossil species sericus, occupy a subgenus, Bunopithecus. With the newly added taxon, the genus Hylobates would thus contain four subgenera: Bunopithecus, Hylobates, Nomascus, and Symphalangus.     

Hypertrichosis in a gibbon (Hylobates muelleri)

A case of facial hypertrichosis in a museum specimen of a Bornean gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) is described. Apparently, hypertrichosis has not previously been reported to occur in nonhuman primates. Similar pathological conditions are known to occur in humans, but it is unknown whether any of the numerous forms of human hypertrichosis is equivalent to this case in gibbons.     

Population dynamics of hoolock gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in Assam,India

Data are presented on group size, composition, and reproduction of several hoolock gibbon groups studied in different areas of Assam, India, between 1986 and 1988. Presence of fewer young than reported in earlier studies signals a grim future for these gibbons unless strict conservation measures are undertaken.     

白颊长臂猿染色体的研究

本文对我国云南南部的白须长臂猿（Ｈ．ｌｅｕｃｏｇｅｎｙｓ）染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带、晚复制带及Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ进行了较为详细的研究。它的２ｎ＝５２,核型公式为４４（Ｍ或ＳＭ）＋６（Ａ）,ＸＹ（Ｍ,Ａ）。Ｃ带表明一些染色体着丝点Ｃ带弱化;有的染色体出现插入的和端位的Ｃ带;Ｘ染色体两臂有端位Ｃ带,Ｙ染色体是Ｃ带阳性和晚复制的。Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ的数目,雌体有４个,雄体有５个,Ｙ染色体上具ＮＯＲ。本文对白颊长臂猿与其它长臂猿间的亲缘关系、核型进化的可能途径进行了讨论。     

Effects of meteorology, astronomical variables, location and human disturbance on the singing apes: Hylobates albibarbis

Gibbons are characterized by their species-specific calls. The frequency of singing is known to be affected by rainfall, with singing occurring less in the wet season. I investigate the hypothesis that gibbon singing is also affected by the natural light-dark cycle, and by the changing light intensity and air quality resulting from the smoke haze which blankets the Indonesian island of Borneo on a yearly basis. I compare three singing variables-onset of singing, average duration of singing bout and number of female great calls produced during the dry season of 2006 when there was no smoke haze (June-August) and when there was smoke haze present (September-November). I present evidence which indicates that the changes in singing behavior are affected by changes in rainfall and smoke intensity but not by other meteorological factors (i.e. wind and light intensity) or changing astronomical cues (light intensity, month, time of sunrise, time of moonrise, nocturnal illumination index, day length and night length). The possible long-term effects of this on gibbon behavior and territoriality are discussed. The need to carry out more research on the long-term effects of the smoke haze on wildlife behavior and possible solutions to the problem are discussed.     

Coexistence of monogamy and polygyny in black-crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor)

All gibbons are monogamous and territorial with the exception ofHylobates concolor. This paper reports the coexistence of monogamy and polygyny in black-crested gibbons. Based on the fact of two adult females and two offspring of the same age category in one group and other reasons, we suppose that the two adult females have bred in a single group, i.e. a polygynous one. The other main reasons are: (1) a large home range makes it possible for more individuals to live in one group; (2) mutual tolerance among two females; and (3) selection pressure favouring polygyny.     

Individuality in the songs of wild agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) of Peninsular Malaysia

Recordings were made and analyzed of the female dominated duet songs by eight adult pairs of wild agile gibbons from two sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A statistical analysis of their songs revealed that individuality occurred throughout the females' songs from both sites. Individuality in gibbon songs may allow singing individuals to more efficiently and effectively locate and identify neighboring nonmate conspecifics.     

云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区景东辖区黑长臂猿种群数量和分布

为掌握哀牢山国家级自然保护区景东县辖区黑长臂猿种群数量和分布状况,2005年9～11月采用访问调查法及鸣声定位法对该区域进行了调查。调查结果显示:该区域内20世纪50～80年代,在19个地区曾有黑长臂猿分布,但现在黑长臂猿分布范围已大为减少,目前仅在9个地区发现有9群黑长臂猿。50年代至今至少有13只黑长臂猿被猎杀。狩猎和栖息地破坏是造成该区域黑长臂猿种群数量减少及分布范围缩小的主要原因。     

Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province,people's republic of China

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor), which inhabit the subtropical forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, have until now never been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological field study. This report presents the findings of a three-month field study of wild black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. The sites visited consisted of temperate, subtropical, broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Elaeocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, and Theaceae. Black-crested gibbons were documented from four sites visited and were found to be polygynous, with an average group size of seven to eight animals. The family groups were observed to comprise one adult male, from one to four adult females, and numerous offspring of various ages. Both sexes of this species emit interactive songs, and various features of this loud vocal behavior were analyzed and are discussed here. Since all other gibbon species were found to inhabit only tropical rain forests and live in strictly monogamous family groups, some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.     

Infant care in a family of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) with twin offspring at Berlin Zoo

Infant-carrying in a family group of siamangs with twin offspring was observed during a 2-week period. The twins were about 11 months old at the time of the study. One or both twins were usually carried by their father, but hardly ever by their mother. A considerable amount of infant-carrying was also contributed by the twins' juvenile brother. Helping behavior (defined as the care of offspring by individuals who are not their parents) is not normally known to occur in siamangs or other hylobatids. We suggest that the presence of multiple offspring may have facilitated the occurrence of infant-carrying exhibited by a nonparental family member. This finding may point to one of the mechanisms influencing the occurrence of helping behavior in general.     

Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) inhabit the subtropical forests of Southern China and Northern Vietnam, and have never previously been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological study. This report presents the findings of a three-month census and survey of black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan province, China. The censusing methods used here were similar to those techniques used during other census studies of gibbons. The sites visited were subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Fagaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Elaeocarpaceae. A total of 23-25 groups of black-crested gibbons were documented from 4 sites visited, and a group density estimate from all sites averaged 0.82 groups/km2. These gibbons were found to be polygynous with an average family group size of 7-8 animals, comprising 1 adult male, 1-4 adult females and numerous offspring of various ages. Some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.