瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后按压方法的探讨

目的：探讨瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后有效按压方法。方法：采用自身对照法,对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用两种不同的按压方法,左侧手背为对照组,采用传统的拇指指腹按压法;右侧手背为实验组,采用拇指挠侧面按压法。对两组静脉输液拔针后的出血及淤血的发生率进行比较。结果：对照组出血及皮下淤血的发生率明显高于实验组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用拇挠侧面按压法优于传统拇指指腹按压法,值得推广应用。     

浅谈老年人静脉输液拔针后的观察与护理

目的分析老年人在静脉输液拔针后的皮下淤血情况和原因,研究拔针后的护理方法。方法本次研究选取2014年8月至2014年10月在本院输液的老年患者142例作为研究对象,随机将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组72例,对比分析两组患者静脉输液拔针后的皮下淤血情况以及按压的方法和时间。结果观察组的72名患者共穿刺464次,其中发生皮下淤血3例(0.65%);对照组的72名患者共穿刺426次,其中发生皮下淤血68例(15.96%)。观察组明显优于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年患者静脉输液拔针后要选择科学的按压方式以及控制好按压的时间,提高护理的质量,防止患者出现皮下淤血的问题。     

浅谈防止静脉穿刺拔针后淤血形成经验

为了防止静脉穿刺拔针后淤血形成 ,2 0 0 1年至 2 0 0 2年以来 ,我们通过对 1 3 68例静脉输液和1 93 2例肘静脉采血者进行宣教 ,大幅度降低了拔针时的疼痛 ,减少拔针后的皮下淤血形成 ,减轻病人痛苦的同时还保护了静脉 ,为下次穿刺创造了条件。现作者就如何防止静脉穿刺拔针后淤血形成谈一点临床实践的体会。1　静脉穿刺拔针后淤血形成的原因1 .1　按压时间过短　正常人一般出血时间是 1～3 min,凝血时间为 2～ 8min (玻片法 ) ,血小板计数为 (1 0 0～ 3 0 0 )× 1 0 9/ L。按压针眼的时间与发生皮下淤血有密切联系 ,所以 ,对正常人而言 ,…     

两种不同握拳方式对微细血管穿刺的影响

目的:比较常规握拳法和自然放松法对静脉穿刺成功率的影响。方法:将200例经常输液、血管弹性较差的病人随机分为实验组和对照组各100例,对照组采用常规握拳法,实验组采用自然放松法。结果:对比两组穿刺的成功率,有显著性差异,实验组所采用的自然放松法静脉穿刺成功率明显高于对照组的常规握拳法。结论:自然放松法利用了通常情况下不易采用的微静脉进行静脉输液,且固定后针头不易位移,减轻了患者痛苦。     

经腋静脉置入留置针在新生儿病房的应用研究

目的 探讨经腋静脉置入留置针在新生儿输液中的应用及效果.方法 将205例行输液治疗的新生儿随机分为观察组和对照组.观察组采用经腋静脉置入留置针进行输液,对照组采用传统方法经头皮静脉及四肢浅静脉置入留置针进行输液,比较两组一次穿刺成功率和留置时间以及并发症发生情况.结果 观察组的留置时间明显长于对照组,发生液体外渗、堵管、静脉炎、针体滑出的发生率明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005);两组一次穿刺成功率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 经腋静脉置入留置针具有留置时间长、并发症少、经济实惠、操作简单等优点,同时也减少了患儿反复穿刺的痛苦,保持了输液治疗的连贯性,减轻了护士的工作量,降低了医疗成本,提高了护理质量和家属满意度.     

老年危重患者中心静脉导管冲封管方式的探讨

目的探讨老年危重患者中心静脉导管冲封管的有效方式。方法将126例老年危重患者按照中心静脉置管时间顺序随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组采用间断脉冲式冲管加脉冲式正压封管,即输液过程中间断脉冲式冲管(冲管间断时间为4h),输液结束后脉冲式正压封管,脉冲频率均5个/s;对照组采用普通冲封管法。两组冲封管液体均为生理盐水,比较两组导管内赘生物形成情况、导管堵塞发生率及中心静脉导管留置时间。结果两组导管内赘生物形成情况及导管堵塞发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);而两组导管留置时间比较,实验组较对照组延长,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论间断脉冲式冲管加脉冲式正压封管(脉冲频率均5个/s)能有效减少老年患者中心静脉导管内赘生物的形成,降低导管堵塞发生率,延长中心静脉导管留置时间,保证老年危重患者输液治疗的顺利进行。     

对淤血再灌注肠神经组织损伤机制的探讨

目的:建立大鼠肠淤血再灌注动物模型,探讨淤血再灌注肠神经组织损伤的机制,为临床相关疾病的诊断、治疗提供理论依据.方法:成年Wistar大鼠60只,雌雄不限,随机分为正常组、对照组和实验组,每组20只.实验组采用阻断门静脉1h后开放的方法建立大鼠小肠淤血再灌注模型,对照组只进行同样腹部手术操作但不夹闭门静脉,正常组不手术.6小时后取各组下腔静脉血,测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,然后处死动物,取距回盲部15厘米处肠管1厘米,采用伊红-苏木素(HE)染色观察肠粘膜组织形态学变化;用免疫组织化学方法观察正常组、对照组和实验组小肠壁肠神经组织中微管相关蛋白2(MAP-2)的表达情况.结果:HE染色可见,正常组、对照组为正常肠道管壁结构,实验组肠壁各层有比较明显的淤血、出血,小肠绒毛固有层水肿,黏膜上皮有脱落、坏死;实验组MAP-2的表达明显低于正常组及对照组(P＜0.05);与正常组及对照组相比较,实验组SOD活性明显降低(P＜0.05),MDA的含量则明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:肠淤血再灌注可能导致肠道神经元数量减少,其机制可能与肠淤血再灌注造成的自由基损伤和脂质过氧化有关.     

颈外静脉留置针在肝硬化并上消化道大出血患者中的应用

目的提高肝硬化并上消化道大出血患者抢救中静脉输液的护理质量。方法将64例上消化道大出血患者随机分为观察组和对照组各3z例,采用22G静脉留置针。观察组行颈外静脉穿刺置管,对照组行前臂静脉穿刺置管。观察两组留置针穿刺效果和留置效果。结果观察组一次穿刺成功率及留置针采血成功率显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01）。穿刺时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．01）,留置时间显著长于对照组（P〈0．01）．外渗及并发症总发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05．P〈0．01）。单通道1h液体补充量显著多于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论应用颈外静脉留置针通道能有效提高肝硬化并上消化道大出血患者抢救中静脉输液护理质量。提高抢救成功率。     

经胸右心室穿刺法测量大鼠右心室压力的研究

目的:探索一种技术简单、操作方便、重复性好、容易掌握的大鼠右心室压力测量方法。方法:取健康Sprague Dawley大鼠20只,随机分为实验组(n=10),对照组(n=10)。实验组使用一次性静脉输液针(0.45×13.5 mm)经胸直接穿刺右心室测量右心室压力,对照组使用右心导管,经颈外静脉沿右心房插入右心室测量右心室压力。比较两者操作时间、成功率、右心室压力等指标。结果:实验组从麻醉开始到成功测出右心室压力的时间5.10±1.32 min,对照组为25.21±10.30 min(P0.05)。两种方法所检测到的右心室收缩压、右心室舒张压、右心室平均压无统计学差异(P0.05)。实验组大鼠成功率100%,对照组60%(P0.05)。结论:经胸右心室穿刺法能准确、快速穿刺到右心室并能准确测量右心室压力。     

袋鼠式护理体位在缓解婴幼儿静脉穿刺疼痛中的应用

目的探讨袋鼠式护理体位在缓解婴幼儿静脉穿刺疼痛的干预效果。方法选取我院门诊接受静脉穿刺治疗的婴幼儿100例,采用自身对照法进行研究,单日注射为对照组,双日为实验组。对照组按操作常规进行静脉穿刺,实验组在静脉穿刺前20ming及静脉穿刺后5min实施袋鼠式环抱体位进行常规操作,观察两组婴幼儿疼痛表情出现时间、开始啼哭时间以及持续时间。结果实验组婴幼儿进行静脉穿刺时开始啼哭时间、疼痛表情出现时间均明显晚于对照组(P0.05),啼哭持续时间、疼痛表情持续时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05)。结论袋鼠式护理体位可有效缓解婴幼儿静脉穿刺疼痛,且该法操作简单,无不良反应。     

A simple procedure to perform intravenous injections in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

We describe a simple and feasible procedure for performing intravenous administration of substances in the gerbil. Under light anaesthesia, animals were held in dorsal recumbency and a very small incision of skin, parallel to the femoral vein on the internal side of the thigh, was made. The vein is easily accessible via thin skin incision. An insulin syringe and a 30 G needle were used for the injection. This is an easy and quick method, which, with appropriate anaesthesia, allows rapid recovery.     

Clinical application of the free thin anterolateral thigh flap in 31 consecutive patients

In this retrospective study, 31 reconstructions using thin anterolateral thigh flaps and six cadaveric dissections of the thigh were investigated in consideration of the anatomic variations of the perforator vessels in the adipose layer, the safe area of flap circulation, and the clinical indications.Three variations of the perforator vessel course in the adipose layer were predicted correctly. The safe radius of a thin anterolateral thigh flap with a thickness of 3 to 4 mm was determined to be approximately 9 cm from the point where the perforator met the skin. The use of a thin anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of the neck, axilla, anterior tibial area, dorsum of the foot, circumference on the ankle, forearm, and dorsum of the hand was therefore recommended.     

Inhibition of renin release following left circumflex bradykinin injection in dogs

We examined the renin secretory response to bradykinin (BK) injection into the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) in dogs. Studies were conducted in anesthetized, carotid sinus denervated dogs which had been maintained on a low sodium diet. A 25 ga needle was inserted into the LCx for injection of BK (0.15 micrograms/kg). The rate of renin secretion (RS) was obtained during a 30 min control period, at 5 min after a non-hypotensive hemorrhage (10 ml/kg), at 1, 3 and 5 min after BK injection and at 15 min after the reinfusion of withdrawn blood. Four series of studies were conducted. Series I: BK injection into the LCx, Series II: saline injection into the LCx (sham), Series III: intravenous injection of BK, and Series IV: BK injection into the LCx in dogs with prior renal denervation. RS was suppressed by 80% (P less than 0.05) 5 min after injection of BK into the LCx. Saline injection (sham) into the LCx or intravenous BK administration did not inhibit RS. Furthermore, suppression of RS was not present in dogs with prior renal denervation. These results indicate that BK injection into the LCx causes a prompt reduction in the rate of RS and that this response is reflexively mediated by the renal nerves.     

Comparison of cortical activation patterns by somatosensory stimulation on the palm and dorsum of the hand

Abstract

Objectives: Little is known about differences of cortical activation according to body location. We attempted to compare brain activation patterns by somatosensory stimulation on the palm and dorsum of the hand, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Method: We recruited 15 healthy right-handed volunteers for this study. fMRI was performed during touch stimulation using a rubber brush on an area of the same size on the palm or dorsum of the hand. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn at the primary sensory–motor cortex (SM1), posterior parietal cortex, and secondary somatosensory cortex.

Results: Group analysis of fMRI data indicated that touch stimulation on the palm resulted in production of more activated voxels in the contralateral SM1 and posterior parietal cortex than on the dorsum of the hand. The most activated ROI was found to be the contralateral SM1 by stimulation of the palm or dorsum, and the number of activated voxels (5875) of SM1 by palm stimulation was more than 2 times that (2282) of dorsum stimulation. The peak activated value in the SM1 by palm stimulation (16.43) was also higher than that of the dorsum (5.52).

Conclusion: We found that stimulation of the palm resulted in more cortical activation in the contralateral SM1 than stimulation of the dorsum. Our results suggested that the palm of the hand might have larger somatotopy of somatosensory representation for touch in the cerebral cortex than the dorsum of the hand. Our results would be useful as a rehabilitation strategy when more or less somatosensory stimulation of the hand is necessary.     

Surgical correction of the nose and midface in maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome)

In 48 patients with maxillonasal dysplasia the retruded nasal base was corrected with onlay cancellous bone grafts after subperiosteal dissection using an oral vestibular approach. Support for the nasal dorsum was achieved in 39 patients with an L-shaped bone graft from the iliac crest introduced through the same approach. The advancement of the nose was found stable on lateral cephalograms; i.e., resorption did not occur. However, the grafts showed considerable remodeling. Half the patients found the stiffness of the nose to be disturbing. In nine patients, the cartilaginous septum was used instead as a support for the nasal dorsum and tip. At operation, the entire cartilaginous septum was mobilized after subperichondrial dissection and rotated forward either pedicled at the nasal dorsum or completely released. Cartilage regenerated in the periochondrial pocket left behind the advanced septum. The anterior transfer of the nose was 6 to 10 mm. The use of septal advancement is preferred over bone implants in the correction of maxillonasal dysplasia in patients in whom the bony nasal dorsum is of adequate height because it results in a soft and flexible nose and the risk of traumatic fracture and resorption is eliminated. The technique has been used in adolescents with promising results.     

手术前后注射帕瑞昔布钠对脑膜瘤切除术后的镇痛效果评价

目的:比较手术前后注射帕瑞昔布钠对脑膜瘤切除术后的镇痛效果。方法:收集我院收治的120例行脑膜瘤切除术患者,随机分为术前组、术后组以及对照组,每组40例。术前组在麻醉前15 min静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg所有患者行麻醉诱导(咪达唑仑+异丙酚+罗库溴铵+舒芬太尼)静脉注射,维持麻醉采用异丙酚+瑞芬太尼静脉泵注,行脑膜瘤切除术术毕根据患者具体情况停用异丙酚、瑞芬太尼术后组患者在手术结束前15 min静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,对照组患者在手术结束前15 min静注生理盐水2mL。观察并比较三组患者各时间点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、简易智能状态量表(MMSE)评分、血清皮质醇(cortisol)水平以及患者不良反应发生率。结果:与对照组相比术前组、术后组患者术后1 h的VAS评分水平较低差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与术后组相比术前组患者的术后1 h的VAS评分水平较低差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);术后三组患者的MMSE评分与术前相比均下降(P0.05),与对照组相比术前组患者的术后1 h、术后24h MMSE评分较高差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比术前组、术后组患者术后1 h以及术后24 h的皮质醇水平较低差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与术后组相比术前组患者的皮质醇水平较低差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);三组患者的副作用发生率相比无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:术前注射帕瑞昔布钠的镇痛效果较术后注射更好术后认知功能恢复较快。     

艾司洛尔和右旋美托咪啶对减轻患者插管 和喉镜检查的拟交感反应分析

目的：比较艾司洛尔和右旋美托咪啶减弱神经外科患者插管和喉镜检查的拟交感反应的疗效。方法：选取在我院神经外科拟 接受选择性神经外科手术的90 例患者。患者平均随机分为三组。对照组：静注给予20 mL生理盐水;右旋美托咪啶组：1 ug/kg右 旋美托咪啶使用生理盐水稀释至20 mL静注;艾司洛尔组：1.5 mg/kg 艾司洛尔使用生理盐水稀释至20 mL静注。所有患者均接 受2 min 的麻醉诱导,所有药物均在10 min 内滴注完毕。在给药后、诱导后及气管插管后1、2、3、5、10、15 min 后对患者心率 （HR）、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压进行记录,同时记录患者基线值。结果：与对照组相比,右旋美托咪啶组插管后心率和血压未见 显著性差异;艾司洛尔组插管后1、2、3 min 后血压及插管后5 min 的心率显著上升。结论：对减弱神经外科患者插管和喉镜检查 的拟交感作用,右旋美托咪啶比艾司洛尔更为有效。     

参麦注射液联合阿替普酶治疗急性心肌梗死的临床效果研究

目的:研究参麦注射液联合阿替普酶治疗急性心肌梗死的临床效果。方法:选择2015年1月～2016年12月在我院进行诊治的急性心肌梗死患者98例,随机分为两组,每组各49例。对照组静脉滴注阿替普酶100 mg治疗,于90 min内滴注完毕,先静脉推注15 mg,再于30 min内静脉滴注50 mg阿替普酶,最后于60 min内静脉滴注35 mg,每天1次;观察组联合静脉滴注参麦注射液治疗,每次100 mL,每天1次。比较两组的临床治疗效果,治疗前后左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室后壁厚度等心功能指标及血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(c TnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶以及(SOD)内皮素1(ET-1)水平的变化。随访半年,观察两组的预后情况(再梗死、梗死后心绞痛、血管再通以及冠脉血栓的发生率)。结果:治疗后,观察组的有效率为91.83%(45/49),明显高于对照组[71.43%(35/49)](P0.05);两组的左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室后壁厚度均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),且观察组的改善程度明显优于对照组(P0.05);两组的血清TnI、CK-MB、ET-1水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),血清SOD水平均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),且观察组以上指标的改善情况较对照组更为明显(P0.05);观察组再梗死、梗死后心绞痛以及冠脉血栓的发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05),血管再通的发生明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:与单独使用阿替普酶对比,参麦注射液联合阿替普酶治疗急性心肌梗死临床疗效和安全性较好。     

Histology of the bone marrow antibody response

The histology of the specific and non-specific antibody response in mouse and rat bone marrow was studied after subcutaneous priming and intravenous boosting with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Cells producing specific antibody against HRP were found only occasionally in the bone marrow after subcutaneous priming. After the intravenous boost injection their number gradually increased. These anti-HRP forming cells were found as single cells, randomly dispersed throughout the bone marrow. Such a random distribution was also found for cytoplasmic (non-specific) immunoglobulin containing cells. At no time point after immunization could lymphoid aggregates or trapping of immune complexes be observed in the bone marrow of either species. On the basis of these observations it is concluded that the bone marrow forms a suitable microenvironment for immigrating antibody-forming cells but does not contribute actively to the induction of the immune response.