盐胁迫对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗生长和离子分布的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长，影响植物组织的离子分布，不同的盐分组成对植物的抑制伤害存在差异，为了研究上海市临港新城滨海盐渍土的生态恢复和重建，模拟该地区的盐分组成，进行了高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）幼苗的盐胁迫试验。高羊茅种子在非盐胁迫条件下萌发，出苗5d后，进行了不同浓度NaCl：0、50、100、150、200、300、400mmol／L处理，15d后测定生长情况、组织含水量和Na^＋、K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子含量。研究结果表明：盐分对高羊茅幼苗的抑制作用随NaCl浓度增加而加剧，低盐胁迫环境下，幼苗地上部分和根系的鲜重、干重和含水量都与对照没有显著性差异，但是高盐环境严重影响了高羊茅幼苗的生长，而且对地上部分的抑制作用大于根部；盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布，Na^＋浓度持续增加，Ca^2＋和K^＋浓度下降，Mg^2＋含量的影响不大；各组织中K／Na、Ca／Na和Mg／Na随盐胁迫增加而下降。     

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗生长和阳离子吸收、运输与分配特性

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)耐盐性强,是我国北方生态脆弱地区造林绿化的一个先锋树种。为探讨沙枣的盐适应机制,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100和200 mmol/L)胁迫30d对其水培幼苗生物量累积以及不同组织(根、茎、叶)K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+吸收、运输与分配的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫不同程度地促进了沙枣苗根系生长;100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对幼苗生物量累积无明显影响,而200 mmol/L则显著抑制了生物量累积;盐胁迫幼苗根、茎、叶中Na+含量以及K+-Na+选择性运输系数(S K,Na)和Ca2+-Na+选择性运输系数(S Ca,Na)显著或大幅度增加,而K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量以及K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+比值则显著或大幅度下降;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫沙枣根Na+含量和根Na+净累积量分别为22.15 mg/g干重和1.87 mg/株(是对照的16.20倍和20.06倍),根成为Na+净累积量增加幅度最大的组织和Na+含量最高的组织;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫沙枣茎、叶中的Na+含量以及冠组织Na+净累积量分别高达5.15、7.71 mg/g干重和3.29 mg/株(是对照的7.22倍、9.58倍和5.45倍),但幼苗仍能正常生长。综合分析认为,沙枣的盐适应机制是根系拒盐和冠组织耐盐,主要通过根系的补偿生长效应、根系对Na+的聚积与限制作用以及冠组织对Na+的忍耐来实现的,同时也与根、茎和叶对K+、Ca2+选择性运输能力显著增强有关。     

等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗生长和离子分布的效应

 研究了等渗透势（-0.44、-0.88 MPa）NaCl和PEG 6000处理对六叶龄芦荟(Aloe vera)幼苗叶片生长速率、干物质积累、电解质渗漏和离子吸收、分配的效应。结果表明: -0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理10 d均明显抑制芦荟幼苗叶片伸长生长,植株干物质积累速率显著降低, 叶片含水量降低,叶片细胞电解质渗漏率上升。NaCl对芦荟幼苗生长的抑制作用显著大于PEG处理的。不同器官离子含量、根系和叶片横切面X-射线微区分析结果表明, NaCl胁迫导致芦荟体内Na+、Cl－含量显著上升,根中增幅明显高于叶片,其中Cl－尤为显著。NaCl胁迫严重抑制芦荟对K+ 和Ca2+ 的吸收及其向叶片的运输,根、叶K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+ 比率显著下降,而PEG胁迫对离子平衡的干扰较轻,是芦荟对水分胁迫的适应能力高于盐胁迫的主要原因之一。但芦荟对 -0.44～-0.88 MPa NaCl胁迫仍有一定的适应能力,主要原因是：1) 根系对离子的选择性吸收和运输较强,并随着盐胁迫强度增加其选择性增强; 2) 芦荟叶片中的盐分在贮水组织中显著积累,明显高于其它组织细胞。同时,芦荟是CAM（景天酸代谢）途径植物,蒸腾极小,盐分随蒸腾流进入地上部的机会小。     

NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗不同器官离子含量的影响

在实验室水培条件下,研究了NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗不同器官中Na+、K+,Ca2+,Mg 2+和Cl-含量的变化.结果表明:玉米各个部分Na+和Cl-含量、Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值均随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加而迅速提高,Na+,K+和Cl-含量的变化幅度为根系>成熟叶叶鞘>生长叶>成熟叶叶片,玉米幼苗根系最易受外界离子浓度的影响,叶片受外界环境影响较小;各器官中Ca2+、Mg2+对盐胁迫的响应不一致,NaCl胁迫使根系中Ca2+、Mg2+含量下降,成熟叶叶鞘中Mg2+含量变化规律性不明显,而NaCl胁迫下,成熟叶叶片中Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加;玉米幼苗具有拒Na+机制,具有一定的耐盐性,它的耐盐性是通过根和成熟叶叶鞘来实现的,Na+主要贮存在根系和成熟叶叶鞘中,而向成熟叶叶片和生长叶中运输较少;成熟叶叶鞘同时还具有拒Cl-能力.     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量和分布的影响

以芦笋盐敏感品种‘NJ978’为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对Na Cl胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和分布的影响。结果表明:在Na Cl胁迫下,幼苗株高、鲜重、干重均显著降低,接种AMF可以有效缓解盐胁迫对芦笋幼苗生长的抑制;Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+含量显著高于对照,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量则显著减少;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了76.9%、23.1%和22.5%,而Na+含量则减少了27.4%;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了58.4%、50.4%和76.0%,而Na+含量则减少了42.3%。与Na Cl处理相比,接种AMF可以降低盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+,提高根系选择吸收性ASK,Na、ASCa,Na、ASMg,Na和根系向地上部的选择运输性TSK,Na、TSCa,Na、TSMg,Na。由此表明,盐胁迫下接种AMF可以通过调节芦笋体内的离子平衡,从而缓解盐胁迫对植株的伤害。     

外源一氧化氮对铅胁迫下高羊茅生长和无机离子含量的影响

研究了外源一氧化氮对Pb2+1000mg/L胁迫下高羊茅生长及无机离子含量变化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,单用Pb2+胁迫使高羊茅鲜重、干重、含水量、根系活力和无机离子如NO-3、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量均下降,而其根的丙二醛含量和质膜透性、Pb2+含量均上升;与单用Pb2+胁迫相比,用SNP(Sodium Nitroprusside,NO供体)0.01～1mmol/L处理Pb2+胁迫下高羊茅,其鲜重、干重、含水量、根系活力、无机离子如NO3-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,而根的丙二醛含量和质膜透性、Pb2+含量呈相反的变化趋势。综合结果表明,外源NO对Pb2+胁迫下高羊茅生长影响具有剂量效应,适宜浓度能缓解铅毒害,提高耐铅性。     

盐分胁迫对啤酒大麦幼苗生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化的影响

盐分胁迫不仅影响植物的生长,而且会影响植物根际微域环境。根际pH的改变对土壤养分的有效性和微生物群落组成的变化有重要影响。为了探究啤酒大麦幼苗对不同类型盐分胁迫的生理生态响应机制和根际pH变化影响的生理机制,采用水培法,通过不同类型盐分(对照、混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl)胁迫处理啤酒大麦幼苗,对其生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化进行了研究。结果表明,1)在3种不同类型盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重、含水量均有所降低,而根冠比增加,尤其在NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重较对照显著降低了17.88%,而根干重和根冠比则分别增加了19.12%和43.86%。不同类型盐分胁迫抑制了啤酒大麦幼苗根长的生长,尤其在混合Na盐胁迫下根长降低明显(P0.05),但促进了根表面积和根体积的增加,尤其在混合Cl盐胁迫下,根表面积和根体积分别增加了41.76%和84.38%。2)不同类型盐分胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部离子平衡发生改变,在混合Na盐和NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗主要吸收Na~+,地上部K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+显著降低;混合Cl盐和NaCl胁迫下则过量吸收Cl~-,抑制了H_2PO_4~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸收。3)在混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗对阴离子的吸收总量高于对阳离子的吸收总量,离子平衡计算结果表明根际呈碱化现象,与原位显色结果一致,且在混合Cl盐胁迫下根际碱化程度最大。     

等渗NaCL和KCL胁迫对高梁幼苗生长和气体交换的影响

本文比较研究了等渗NaCl和KCl胁迫下,高粱幼苗生长及叶片离子含量、质膜相对透性和有关气体交换参数的变化。结果表明,在低浓度NaCl和KCl胁迫7天时,高粱生长、含水量和质膜相对透性与对照相比没有明显变化,而净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度已明显下降,叶肉细胞间隙CO2浓度明显增加。NaCl胁迫下叶片Na+含量成倍增加,而K+和Ca2+含量无明显变化。KCl胁迫时叶片K+含量明显增加,Ca2+含量明显下降,而Na+含量没有明显变化。随着NaCl或KCl浓度的增加,幼苗生长和叶片含水量明显下降,质膜透性和细胞间隙CO2浓度明显增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度进一步下降。 NaCl胁迫下叶片Na+含量进一步增加,K+和Ca2+进一步下降,而KCl胁迫下叶片K+含量进一步 增加,Na+和Ca2+含量进一步下降。KCl对高粱生长抑制、质膜透性、Ca2+含量下降及光合气体交换参数的影响均明显大于等渗的NaCl。     

NaCl胁迫对白刺试管苗渗透调节物质及离子含量的影响

以西伯利亚白刺试管苗为材料,通过组织培养法研究了其在0、25、50、100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl 胁迫40 d后的生长指标、有机渗透调节物质含量和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子含量的变化,以探讨其耐盐性.结果表明:(1)白刺试管苗地上部干重和根干重在50 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下显著高于对照,而在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下均显著低于对照.(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度增加,白刺试管苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和细胞质膜透性均呈持续上升趋势,叶片叶绿素含量和丙二醛含量分别呈先升后降、先降后升的趋势,并在50 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理时分别达到最高值和最低值.(3)随着NaCl处理浓度增加,白刺试管苗Na+含量和根系K+含量呈增加趋势且各处理均显著高于对照,幼苗Ca2+含量和地上部K+含量却呈减少趋势,而Mg2+含量较稳定;同时其Na+/K+ 、Na+/Ca2+和Na+/Mg2+随NaCl处理浓度增加而升高.研究发现,在低盐浓度(≤50 mmol·L-1NaCl)胁迫下,白刺试管苗能积累Na+离子和有机渗透调节物质,在根系中维持较高水平的K+和Ca2+含量以及较低水平的Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比,以降低白刺细胞渗透势来适应盐渍环境,从而保持其较高的生长水平.     

盐胁迫对药用蒲公英生长特性及有效成分积累与离子吸收分配效应的影响

以药用蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)为试材,研究不同浓度盐胁迫对其生长特性、有效成分积累和离子吸收分配的影响。结果表明,低盐胁迫(0.1% NaCl)对药用蒲公英生长和菊苣酸含量无显著影响,叶中Na+含量与对照无显著差异,K+含量及K+/Na+显著升高;高盐胁迫(≥0.2% NaCl)下其生长受到显著抑制,菊苣酸含量显著降低,类囊体膜结构随着盐胁迫加剧趋于紊乱,光合能力减弱,叶片Na+含量显著上升,而K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量下降,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+显著降低。离子运输选择性系数(SCa,Na、SMg,Na、SK,Na)随着盐胁迫加剧呈先升后降趋势。相关性分析表明,盐胁迫下蒲公英叶片Na+含量与叶片生理指标呈极显著负相关。因此,叶片Na+富集是药用蒲公英遭受盐害导致生长受抑制的主要原因之一。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.