Microsatellite mapping of the bovine roan locus: A major determinant of White Heifer Disease

In the Belgian Blue Cattle breed, coat color variation is mainly under the influence of a single autosomal locus, the roan locus, characterized by a pair of codominant alleles: r ⁺ (black) and R (white). Heterozygous r ⁺ R animals have intermingled black and white hairs, yielding the ``blue' phenotype typical of the breed. Major interest for the roan locus stems from its pleiotropic effect on fertility, owing to the critical role of the R allele in the determinism of White Heifer Disease. We describe the linkage mapping of the roan locus to bovine Chromosome (Chr) 5, in the interval between microsatellite markers BPI and AGLA293, with an associated lodscore of 11.2. Moreover, we map a candidate gene, the Steel locus coding for the mast cell growth factor, to bovine Chr 5. Received: 30 May 1995 / Accepted: 6 September 1995     

Racial Differences in the Tracking of Childhood BMI to Adulthood

Objective: The possibility that there are racial differences in the patterns of BMI (kilograms per meter squared) change throughout life has not been examined. For example, the high prevalence of obesity among black women could result from a higher prevalence of obesity among black girls or because normal‐weight black girls experience larger BMI increases in adolescence or adulthood than do their white counterparts. Therefore, we examined the tracking of childhood BMI into adulthood in a biracial (36% black) sample. Research Methods and Procedures: Five‐ to 14‐year‐old children (2392) were followed for (mean) 17 years. Childhood overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 95th percentile, and adult obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Results: The tracking of childhood BMI differed between whites and blacks. Among overweight children, 65% of white girls vs. 84% of black girls became obese adults, and predictive values among boys were 71% (whites) vs. 82% (blacks). These racial differences reflected contrasting patterns in the rate of BMI change. Although the initial BMI of black children was not higher than that of white children, BMI increases with age were larger among black girls and overweight black boys than among their white counterparts. In contrast, relatively thin (BMI < 50th percentile) white boys were more likely to become overweight adults than were their black counterparts. Discussion: These findings emphasize the black/white differences in BMI changes with age. Because of the adult health consequences of childhood‐onset obesity, early prevention should be given additional emphasis.     

Weight loss of black, white, and Hispanic men and women in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Objective: To provide the specific weight loss outcomes for African‐American, Hispanic, and white men and women in the lifestyle and metformin treatment arms of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) by race‐gender group to facilitate researchers translating similar interventions to minority populations, as well as provide realistic weight loss expectations for clinicians. Methods and Procedures: Secondary analyses of weight loss of 2,921 overweight participants (22% black; 17% Hispanic; 61% white; and 68% women) with impaired glucose tolerance randomized in the DPP to intensive lifestyle modification, metformin or placebo. Data over a 30‐month period are examined for comparability across treatment arms by race and gender. Results: Within lifestyle treatment, all race‐gender groups lost comparable amounts of weight with the exception of black women who exhibited significantly smaller weight losses (P < 0.01). For example, at 12 months, weight losses for white men (?8.4%), white women (?8.1%), Hispanic men (?7.8%), Hispanic women (?7.1%), and black men (?7.1%) were similar and significantly higher than black women (?4.5%). In contrast, within metformin treatment, all race‐gender groups including black women lost similar amounts of weight. Race‐gender specific mean weight loss data are provided by treatment arm for each follow‐up period. Discussion: Diminished weight losses were apparent among black women in comparison with other race‐gender groups in a lifestyle intervention but not metformin, underscoring the critical nature of examining sociocultural and environmental contributors to successful lifestyle intervention for black women.     

Racial and ethnic differences in secular trends for childhood BMI, weight, and height

Objectives: The prevalence of childhood overweight in the United States has markedly increased over the last 30 years. We examined differences in the secular trends for BMI, weight, and height among white, black, and Mexican‐American children. Research Methods and Procedures: Analyses were based on nationally representative data collected from 2 to 17 year olds in four examinations (1971–1974 through 1999–2002). Results: Overall, black children experienced much larger secular increases in BMI, weight, and height than did white children. For example, over the 30‐year period, the prevalence of overweight increased ～3‐fold (4% to 13%) among 6‐ to 11‐year‐old white children but 5‐fold (4% to 20%) among black children. In most sex‐age groups, Mexican‐American children experienced increases in BMI and overweight that were between those experienced by blacks and whites. Race/ethnicity differences were less marked among 2 to 5 year olds, and in this age group, white children experienced the largest increase in overweight (from 4% to 9%). In 1999–2002, the prevalence of extreme BMI levels (≥99th percentile) reached 6% to 7% among black girls and Mexican‐American boys. Discussion: Because of the strong tracking of childhood BMI levels into adulthood, it is likely that the secular increases in childhood overweight will greatly increase the burden of adult disease. The further development of obesity interventions in different racial/ethnic groups should be emphasized.     

The effects of Laccaria proxima and fibrous pulp waste on the growth of nine container-grown conifer seedling species

 Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), white spruce (Picea glauca), black spruce (Picea mariana), red spruce (Picea rubens), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), mugo pine (Pinus mugo), red pine (Pinus resinosa), Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), were inoculated to test the effective host range of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria proxima and the possibility of utilizing pulp waste as a potting medium for containerized seedling production. Laccaria proxima tended to improve the container growth of Japanese black pine and white spruce, and significantly improved that of jack pine, mugo pine, black spruce, red spruce and Douglasfir. The growth of red pine and Japanese larch were only slightly improved with L. proxima. Pulp waste (33% by volume) had negative effects on tree seedling growth, except for Douglasfir (no significant effect). The interactions of Laccaria proxima and pulp waste varied; the hosts were significantly positive (P<0.01) in the case of jack pine and black spruce, but there was no significant effect for the rest. Negative effects were found with Japanese black pine. Use of pulp waste in seedling production of jack pine, black spruce, mugo pine, red spruce and Douglasfir inoculated with L. proxima and of Japanese black pine both with and without L. proxima is feasible, but further research is necessary to determine the optimal percentage of pulp waste that can be utilized in seedling production of tree species and the field performance of these seedlings. Accepted: 30 August 1995     

Ethnic Differences in the Responsiveness of Adipocyte Lipolytic Activity to Insulin

Objective: The goal of this study was to quantify differences in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in black and white subjects to explain ethnic clinicopathological differences in type 2 diabetes. Research Methods and Procedures: The in vitro lipolytic activity of adipocytes isolated from obese black and white women was measured in the presence of insulin and isoproterenol. Insulin resistance was assessed in vivo using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. Results: Fasting plasma levels of insulin and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) in black and white women were 67 ± 5 pM vs. 152 ± 20 pM (p < 0.01) and 863 ± 93 μM vs. 412 ± 34 μM (p < 0.01), respectively. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies showed that obese black subjects were more insulin‐resistant than their white counterparts (glucose infusion rates: 1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 mg/kg per min; p < 0.05). Isolated adipocytes from white women were more responsive to insulin than those from black women with 0.7 nM insulin causing a 55 ± 4% inhibition of isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis compared with 27 ± 10% in black women (p < 0.05). Discussion: The low responsiveness of adipocyte lipolytic activity to insulin in black women in the presence of a relative insulinopenia may account for the high plasma NEFA levels seen in these women, which may, in turn, account for their higher in vivo insulin resistance. High NEFA levels may also contribute to the low insulin secretory activity observed in the obese black females. These data suggest that the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes within the black obese community is strongly influenced by their adipocyte metabolism.     

A new species of trout from the northern drainages of Euphrates River,Turkey (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Salmo fahrettini, a new species, is distributed in the northern tributaries of the Euphrates River. It differs from other Salmo species in adjacent waters by a combination of the following characters: a greyish body; one black spot behind the eye and on the cheek; three to six black spots on the opercle; numerous black spots on the back (missing on the predorsal area), flank and middle part of body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; red spots in the median part of the body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; short and narrow maxilla; increase in the number of black and red spots with an increase in size; adipose fin medium size, no or rarely one red spot at its posterior edge; 109–116 lateral line scales; 27–30 scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 20–23 scale rows between the lateral line and anal-fin origin; maxilla length 8.8–10.0% standard length in males, 8.8–9.6 in females.     

Racial Differences in Metabolic Predictors of Obesity among Postmenopausal Women

NICKLAS, BARBARA S., DORA M. BERMAN, DAWN C. DAVIS, C. LYNNE DOBROVOLNY, AND KAREN E. DENNIS. Racial differences in metabolic predictors of obesity among postmenopausal women. Ober Res. Objective: This study determined whether there are racial differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR), fat oxidation, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO,max) in obese [body mass index (BMI = 34±2 kg/m²)], postmenopausal (58±2 years) women. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty black and 20 white women were matched for fat mass and lean mass (LM), as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RMR and fat oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry in the early morning after a 12-hour fast using the ventilated hood technique. VO₂max was measured on a treadmill during a progressive exercise test to voluntary exhaustion. Results: RMR, adjusted for differences in LM, was 5% higher in white than black women (1566±27 and 1490±26 kcal/day, respectively; p<0. 05); and fat oxidation rate was 17% higher in white than black women (87±4 and 72±3 g/day, respectively; p<0. 01). VO₂max (L/minute) was 150 mL per minute (8%) higher (p<0. 05) in white than black women. VO₂max correlated with LM in black (r = 0. 44, p = 0. 05) and white (r=0. 53, p<0. 05) women, but the intercept of the regression line was higher in white than black women (p<0. 05), with no significant difference in slopes. In a multiple regression model including race, body weight, LM, and age, LM was the only independent predictor of RMR (r² = 0. 46, p<0. 0001), whereas race was the only independent predictor of fat oxidation (r² = 0. 18,p<0. 05). The best predictors of VO,max were LM (r² = 0. 22, p<0. 05) and race (cumulative r² = 0. 30, p<0. 05). Discussion: These results show there are racial differences in metabolic predictors of obesity. Determination of whether these ethnic differences lead to, or are an effect of, obesity status or other lifestyle factors requires further study.     

The Role of Adolescent Behaviors in the Female–Male Disparity in Obesity Incidence in US Black and White Young Adults

In the United States, black women are at much greater risk for obesity than black men. We explored whether adolescent behaviors (family dinners, hours of television, playing sports with mother, playing sports with father, bouts of physical activity) were associated with gender disparity in 6‐year obesity incidence in young adulthood. We used data from the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine adolescent behaviors in nonimmigrant black (n = 1,503) and white (n = 4,452) youths in 1994–95 (aged 11–19 years) and 1995–96 (aged 12–20). We assessed gender disparity in obesity incidence (female incidence minus male incidence) during young adulthood (2001–02; aged 18–26). Standardized gender disparities were calculated using race‐ and gender‐stratified, covariate‐adjusted logistic regression models in which males and females were set to the same distributions of adolescent behaviors. In adolescence, black females reported less leisure‐time physical activity and lower likelihood of playing sports with either parent compared with black males. Setting adolescent behaviors equal for black males and females did not reduce the estimated gender disparity in obesity incidence (nonstandardized: 9.8 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5, 15.1); fully standardized: 10.2 percentage points (5.2, 15.2)). There was little gender disparity in whites before or after adjustments. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine to what extent behavioral differences during adolescence might account for gender disparity in obesity incidence in black young adults. Male‐female differences in these adolescent behaviors did not appear to underlie the gender gap in young adult obesity.     

Species-specific nuclear and chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphisms to distinguish Picea glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens

 Picea rubens (red spruce) and P. mariana (black spruce) are closely related species which are difficult to differentiate morphologically. They are sympatric with P. glauca (white spruce) in the northern portion of their ranges. In order to identify potential interspecific polymorphisms, the chloroplast trnK intron and rpl33-psaJ-trnP region were sequenced, and the nuclear-encoded ITS region of the rDNA repeat was partially sequenced. Thirteen chloroplast and 12 nuclear candidate interspecific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. The species-specificity of several SNPs was determined by surveying DNAs amplified from trees representing range-wide provenance tests; these included 46 red spruce from 11 provenances, 84 black spruce from 30 provenances and 90 white spruce from 22 provenances. Two SNPs (1 chloroplast and 1 nuclear), which distinguish black spruce from red and white spruce, were consistent among 96–100% of the trees surveyed. Five SNPs (4 chloroplast and 1 nuclear), which distinguish white spruce from red and black spruce, were consistent among 100% of surveyed trees. These species-specific SNPs were used to identify anonymous spruce samples in a blind test, and their utility for small amounts of tissue, as little as single needles, was demonstrated. Scoring these SNPs is much less labor intensive than previous molecular methods for taxa differentiation (restriction fragment length polymorphisms or random amplified polymorphic DNAs), therefore they can be applied to large population studies. Received: 16 December 1998 / Accepted: 5 January 1999     

贵州斑大叶蝉属三新种(同翅目：大叶蝉科)

沪述斑大叶蝉属Anatkina Yorng3新种,即蓝斑大叶蝉A.livimacula sp.nov.;红翅政大叶蝉A.rubipennis sp.nov.;双条斑大叶蝉A.bistriata sp.nov.,模式标本保存在贵州大学农学院。     

拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢上黑白相间毛饰物的功能

狼蛛科雄蛛附肢上多样化的饰装往往与求偶行为相偶联,这些特殊的饰装通常被认为是雌性选择的结果。拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,属狼蛛科豹蛛属,雄蛛触肢胫节密被白毛,跗舟密被黑毛,具有典型的性二型现象;同时,只有成熟的雄蛛才展现触肢黑白相间的毛饰物。推测拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢这种黑白相间的毛饰物可能在物种识别中具重要作用。在室内我们拟通过涂抹操作对拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢黑白相间毛饰物的功能进行分析。实验分为4组,分别是对照组(A组,雄蛛不做任何处理)、雄蛛触肢白色胫节全部涂成黑色(B组)、雄蛛触肢黑色跗舟全部涂成白色(C组)和雄蛛触肢的黑色跗舟被涂成黑色(D组),然后采用雌雄配对进行求偶交配行为测定。实验结果表明,B组雄蛛的交配成功率显著低于A、C和D组的雄蛛,而后3组雄蛛的交配成功率无显著差异。相反,B组雄蛛被雌蛛相食百分率显著高于其它3组。可见拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢上黑白相间毛饰物,尤其是其胫节上的白色饰物在雌蛛种间识别中起重要作用。     

Peptide‐YY Levels after a Fat Load in Black and White Women

Objective: To determine whether basal plasma peptide‐YY (PYY) levels in overweight, middle‐aged black women are different from those of white women of similar BMI and age and ascertain whether there is a difference between the two groups in plasma PYY levels in response to a liquid high fat load. Research Methods and Procedures: Using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit, the concentration of PYY was measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after ingesting a fatty liquid meal (86.5% of the calories from fat) in 12 black and 12 white women who were matched for age and BMI. Results: PYY levels (picograms per milliliter) at baseline and at every other time‐point of the test meal were significantly lower in the black than in the white group. In addition, the change in PYY concentration from baseline was lower in the black than in the white group only at 8 hours after the meal. Discussion: The lower baseline level and the blunted PYY response of the black women to the fat load indicated that this signal for appetite suppression was reduced, which, in turn, might contribute to the enhanced obesity of the black women.     

Some Notes on the Causes of Bird Road Casualties

Guide des Oiseaux d'Europe, by R. Peterson, G. Mountfort and P. Hollom, translated by P. Géroudet. Delachaux &; Niestlé, 1967.

A Field Guide to the Mammals of Britain and Europe, by F. H. Van den Brink. Collins, 1967. 30/-. 221 pages, 32 plates, numerous text-figs. and maps.

Hours and the Birds, by R. D. Symons. Toronto University Press. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. £5 19s. 224 pages, 17 coloured plates, text-figs.

Galapagos: Islands of Birds, by Bryan Nelson. Longmans, 1968.50/-. 338 pages, 57 photos, 56 text-figs.

A la Découverte de la Nature, by O. Paccaud. Delachaux &; Niestlé, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 1967. 442 pages, numerous illustrations.

On Predation and Life, by Paul L. Errington. Iowa State University Press, 1967. 277 pages, numerous black and white illustrations.

The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe, by Julian Huxley. Jonathan Cape, London, 1968. 7/6 (paperback), 18/- (hardback). 98 pages, text-figures.

Birds of South Vietnam, by Philip Wildash. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., Rutland, Vermont, 1968 (Agents in U.K.: Prentice-Hall International, London). 70/-. 234 pages, 25 colour plates, 21 black and white drawings.

The Psychology of Birds: An interpretation of Bird Behaviour, by Harold E. Burtt. Collier-MacMillan Ltd., London, 1968. 55/-. 242 pages, 11 line drawings.     

Parity and Body Weight in the United States: Differences by Race and Size of Place of Residence

Objective: In women, parity has been studied in relation to body weights. This study examined whether and how relationships between parity and body weight differ by race and size of place of residence, adjusting for sociodemographic factors (age, income, education, working status, and marital status) and health behaviors (alcohol consumption, birth control pills, diet, physical activity, and smoking). Research Methods and Procedures: A U.S. national sample of 3398 white and black women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to study the relationships using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The parity—weight relationships varied by race and size of place of residence. After adjusting for the covariates, significant relationships between parity and body weight were found only in black women in metropolitan areas and white women in non‐metropolitan areas. Compared with women with no children, white women with two children living in non‐metropolitan areas tended to have lower BMIs, whereas black women in metropolitan areas with one or two children showed higher BMIs. Discussion: Overall, the parity—weight relationships in these groups of women were not strong or linear. The parity—weight relationships of black women in non‐metropolitan areas warrant further examination.     

The effect of surface colour on the formation of marine micro and macrofouling communities

The effect of substratum colour on the formation of micro- and macro fouling communities was investigated. Acrylic tiles, painted either black or white were covered with transparent sheets in order to ensure similar surface properties. All substrata were exposed to biofouling at 1?m depth for 40?d in the Marina Bandar al Rowdha (Muscat, Sea of Oman). Studies were conducted in 2010 over a time course of 5, 10 and 20?d, and in 2012 samples were collected at 7, 14 and 21?d. The densities of bacteria on the black and white substrata were similar with the exception of day 10, when the black substrata had a higher abundance than white ones. Pyrosequencing via 454 of 16S rRNA genes of bacteria from white and black substrata revealed that Alphaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant groups. SIMPER analysis demonstrated that bacterial phylotypes (uncultured Gammaproteobacteria, Actibacter, Gaetbulicola, Thalassobius and Silicibacter) and the diatoms (Navicula directa, Navicula sp. and Nitzschia sp.) contributed to the dissimilarities between communities developed on white and black substrata. At day 20, the highest amount of chlorophyll a was recorded in biofilms developed on black substrata. SIMPER analysis showed that Folliculina sp., Ulva sp. and Balanus amphitrite were the major macro fouling species that contributed to the dissimilarities between the communities formed on white and black substrata. Higher densities of these species were observed on black tiles. The results emphasise the effect of substratum colour on the formation of micro and macro fouling communities; substratum colour should to be taken into account in future studies.     

Toward an Understanding of Health Services Use in Women with Binge Eating Disorder

Objectives : This study examined health services use in community samples of 102 white and 60 black women with binge eating disorder (BED), 164 white and 85 black healthy comparison women, and 86 white and 21 black women with a noneating Axis I psychiatric disorder. Research Methods and Procedures : Participants were matched on age, ethnicity, and education and were asked about their use of emergency room visits, outpatient physician visits for medical care, outpatient psychotherapy visits, and days spent in the hospital over the previous 12 months. Total health services use was computed. Results : There were no between‐group differences in outpatient physician visits or inpatient hospital days. Relative to healthy comparison women, women with BED and women with other Axis I disorders had increased total health services use, psychotherapy visits, and emergency department visits. Relative to women with noneating Axis I disorders, women with BED had less use of psychotherapy visits. Although obese white women were more likely to report emergency department visits than obese black women were, nonobese white women were less likely to report emergency department visits than nonobese black women were. Discussion : That health services use by women with BED compared more with that of women with other Axis I disorders than with that of healthy women suggested that BED has clinical significance and is not benign in terms of its impact on the health care system. It appeared, however, that despite the availability of effective treatments, few women with BED received psychotherapy.     

The Body Mass Index-Mortality Relationship in White and African American Women

Objective : To examine the association of body mass index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in white and African American women. Research methods and procedures : Women who were members of the American Cancer Society Prevention Study I were examined in 1959 to 1960 and then followed 12 years for vital status. Data for this analysis were from 8,142 black and 100,000 white women. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from reported height and weight. Associations were examined using Cox proportional hazards modeling with some analyses stratified by smoking (current or never) and educational status (less than complete high school or high school graduate). Results : There was a significant interaction between ethnicity and BMI for both all-cause (p<0.05) and CVD mortality (p<<0.001). BMI (as a continuous variable) was associated with all-dause mortality in white women in all four groups defined by smoking and education. In black women with less than a high school education, there were no significant associations between BMI mortality. For high school-educated black women, there was a significant association between BMI and all-cause mortality. Among never smoking women with at least a high school education, models using the lowest BMI as the reference indicated a 40% higher risk of all-cause mortality at a BMI of 35.9 in black women vs. 27.3 in white women. Discussion : The impact of BMI on mortality was modified by educational level in black women; however, BMI was a less potent risk factor in black women than in white women in the same category of educational status.     

Impact of Objective and Subjective Social Status on Obesity in a Biracial Cohort of Adolescents

Objective: To characterize the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), two levels of subjective social status (SSS), and adolescent obesity. Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional study of 1491 black and white adolescents attending public school in a suburban school district in Greater Cincinnati, Ohio. BMI ≥95th percentile derived from measured height and weight defined overweight. Students rated SSS on separate 10‐point scales for society and school. A parent provided information on parent education and household income for SES. Results: Although there were no sex differences in SES, black students were more likely to come from families with less well‐educated parents and lower incomes (p < 0.001). Black girls had the lowest societal SSS (p = 0.003), lowest school SSS (p = 0.046), and highest BMI (p < 0.001). Prevalence of overweight was highest among black girls (26.0%) and boys (26.2%), intermediate for white boys (17.2%), and least for white girls (11.6%). Logistic regression modeling revealed that parent education, household income, and school SSS were each associated with overweight. In a fully adjusted model, school SSS retained its association to overweight (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.26) independent of SES. The association of school SSS was strongest among white girls, intermediate for white and black boys, and absent for black girls. Discussion: Perceptions of social stratification are independently associated with overweight. There were important racial and sex differences in the social status‐overweight association. SSS in the more immediate, local reference group, the school, had the strongest association to overweight.     

Characterization of microsatellite loci in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum): their use for cross-species amplification and differentiation between the two species

As the population sizes of the black and white rhinoceroses continues to decline, more efforts are needed in multiple areas to help with the conservation efforts. One area being explored is the use of genetic diversity information to aid conservation decisions. In this study, we designed 21 microsatellite primers for white and black rhinoceroses, 16 and 17 of which amplified bands in the white and black rhinoceros, respectively. Out of these primers all 16 were polymorphic in the white rhinoceros and 12 of the 17 were polymorphic in the black rhinoceros. The mean number of alleles was 3.31 and 2.12, the expected heterozygosities were 0.420 and 0.372, and the observed heterozygosities were 0.436 and 0.322 for the white and black rhinoceroses, respectively. Seven of the primers produced different allele sizes and variations that distinguished between black and white rhinoceroses. Further genetic analyses with larger wild population sample sizes and markers are recommended to obtain a better understanding of the genetic structure of the black and white rhinoceros populations in order to be useful in the conservation efforts of these critically endangered species. A. Kilbourn—In memoriam.