肿瘤治疗中免疫检查点抑制剂相关的感染并发症

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI)作为肿瘤免疫治疗的重要方法之一受到了广泛关注。针对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4、程序性死亡受体1和程序性死亡配体1的ICI,其临床应用为黑色素瘤和其他肿瘤的治疗带来了希望。目前没有证据表明ICI会直接增加感染的风险,但因免疫功能上调所致免疫相关不良事件的患者进行免疫抑制治疗时机会性感染的风险可能会增加。另外在无免疫相关不良事件发生或未使用免疫抑制剂治疗的患者中也会出现潜伏感染的激活,因此ICI相关感染应该受到重视。本文针对ICI用于肿瘤治疗时出现感染性疾病的现象、可能机制及相关的预防和治疗策略进行了综述。     

肿瘤精准免疫治疗与基因检测

近年来,研究人员对免疫系统在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和认识有了很大进展,基于对免疫系统与肿瘤相互作用的深刻认识,新的免疫疗法不断发展,已经在部分癌症类型上取得突破性疗效,然而目前的肿瘤免疫疗法还不够精准。在后基因组时代,肿瘤基因组检测和分析技术有潜力从复杂的肿瘤突变图谱中寻找肿瘤免疫治疗的特异性靶标——肿瘤新生抗原。探讨了基因检测如何指导和实现在免疫检查点抑制剂疗法、个体化肿瘤疫苗、过继性细胞治疗上的精准免疫治疗。     

CTLA-4和PD-1信号通路在实体瘤治疗中的研究进展

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4,CTLA-4)和程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)免疫检查点在T细胞免疫反应中起负性调节作用。通过对这些靶点的抑制,可增强对免疫系统的激活,为黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌等提供新的免疫治疗途径。CTLA-4和PD-1信号通路在免疫反应及抗肿瘤中机制有所不同,针对这两条信号通路的免疫检查点抑制剂也具有不同的效应。现将综述CTLA-4和PD-1信号通路的作用机制及相应靶点阻断剂在实体肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用及研究进展。     

用于肿瘤治疗的免疫检查点抑制剂相关预测生物标志物的研究进展

恶性肿瘤是严重威胁人类健康和社会发展的疾病。传统的肿瘤治疗方法如手术、放疗、化疗和靶向治疗等不能完全满足临床治疗的需求,新兴的免疫治疗成为了肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)作为一种肿瘤免疫治疗方法,已获批用于治疗多种肿瘤,如肺癌、肝癌、胃癌和结直肠癌等。然而,ICIs在临床使用过程中,只有少数患者会出现持久反应,一些患者还会出现耐药和不良反应。因此,预测生物标志物的鉴定和开发对提高ICIs的治疗效果至关重要。肿瘤ICIs预测生物标志物主要包括肿瘤生物标志物、肿瘤微环境生物标志物、循环相关生物标志物、宿主环境生物标志物以及组合生物标志物等,对患者筛查、个体化治疗和预后评估具有重要意义。本文就肿瘤ICIs治疗预测生物标志物的前沿进展作一综述。     

免疫检查点疗法：战胜癌症的革命性突破 ——写在2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁布之际

美国免疫学家詹姆斯·艾利森(James P．Allison)与日本免疫学家本庶佑(Tasuku Honjo)因在免疫检查点治疗方面的贡献而获得了2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖．这一发现为免疫治疗开启了一扇新的大门．本文回顾了免疫检查点CTLA-4和PD-1的研究历史,免疫检查点药物的研发和应用进展以及免疫检查点疗法在国内的发展现况,提出了免疫检查疗法目前存在的局限性和解决方法．随着近年来我国在免疫治疗领域巨大的资金投入、一流基础研究平台的建设和优秀人才的回国使得我国在这一领域硕果累累,相信在不久的将来我国的免疫检查点抑制剂将会走出国门,为全人类的癌症事业做出贡献．     

精准医疗与肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断

以免疫检查点阻断疗法为代表的肿瘤免疫治疗在肿瘤临床治疗中取得了突破性进展,然而肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断仍存在诸多困难。在当前精准医疗大发展的背景下,创新性的技术和方法不断应用到肿瘤免疫治疗的伴随诊断中,对于提高肿瘤免疫治疗的效率具有重要意义。现有研究发现肿瘤微环境PD-L1的表达检测、肿瘤突变和肿瘤变异新抗原分析、肿瘤微环境免疫相关基因表达谱分析等方法与肿瘤免疫治疗效果具有显著相关性,然而其临床应用仍具有一定局限性,导致精准的肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断仍面临诸多挑战。主要介绍了免疫检查点阻断治疗相关伴随诊断领域研究进展,提出肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断需要开放式思维,积极引入新技术新方法,拓展多元化分子标识,从而推动肿瘤免疫治疗实现个体化精准应用。     

肠道菌群与肿瘤的免疫治疗

肠道菌群是居住于人体肠道内的正常微生物群体。肠道菌群通常与宿主成共生关系,并与宿主的消化、代谢、免疫调节等生理活动息息相关。靶向作用于免疫检查点的免疫检查点抑制剂,作为肿瘤免疫治疗中的新星,有着逆转肿瘤免疫微环境的作用,为肿瘤治疗提供了新的希望。然而研究发现,有部分人群对免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗无响应,而导致其无响应的最主要的原因是肠道菌群的异常。因此,本文对肠道菌群与肿瘤免疫治疗特别是与免疫检查点抑制剂的研究现状进行综述。     

LAG-3的免疫学功能及其抗体药物的研究进展

淋巴细胞活化因子-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)又名CD223,为一类免疫检查点受体蛋白,主要表达于活化的免疫细胞中。LAG-3分子在生理条件下可维持机体免疫稳态,在肿瘤微环境中可介导肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,因此,可将LAG-3作为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点进行研究。LAG-3阻断性抗体可有效缓解其他免疫检查点抑制剂导致的患者耐受,且在药物联用方面具有较好的临床疗效。目前,国内外有多款抗体药物处于研发阶段,部分已进入临床后期阶段。该文从结构、表达、功能等多个方面对LAG-3分子进行综述,并阐述其相关抗体药物的临床研究进展以及市场情况。     

肾透明细胞癌中免疫检查点相关的免疫逃逸机制的研究进展

摘要：近年来,免疫治疗在晚期肾透明细胞癌的治疗中异军突起,使人们对于肾癌治疗有了全新的认识。肿瘤免疫治疗药物是通过抑制免疫检查点从而抑制肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸,使免疫细胞可以杀伤肿瘤细胞来发挥治疗作用。因此,了解肾透明细胞癌中免疫检查点相关免疫逃逸机制对于制定有效的治疗策略以及开发新的免疫治疗药物至关重要。本文对目前肾透明细胞癌中主要的免疫检查点（PD-1/PD-L1、CTLA-4、B7-H4、LAG-3、TIM-3和HLA-G）相关的免疫逃逸机制进行综述。     

免疫检查点阻断疗法:肿瘤治疗的新篇章

肿瘤免疫疗法是目前肿瘤治疗的研究热点,因其疗效显著而备受瞩目。免疫检查点阻断疗法是众多免疫疗法的有效策略之一,其中以PD-1/PD-L1和CTLA-4为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂在黑色素瘤等实体肿瘤治疗中取得了令人振奋的结果。本文对免疫检查点阻断疗法的进展及该领域中亟需解决的问题做一分析和展望。     

Clinical Perspectives to Overcome Acquired Resistance to Anti–Programmed Death-1 and Anti–Programmed Death Ligand-1 Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the paradigm of treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have gained wide attention for their application, which has been shown to result in prolonged survival. Nevertheless, only a limited subset of patients show partial or complete response to PD-1 therapy, and patients who show a response eventually develop resistance to immunotherapy. This article aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy from the perspective of tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. In addition, we address the potential therapeutic targets and ongoing clinical trials, focusing mainly on NSCLC.     

Proceedings of the 2016 China Cancer Immunotherapy Workshop

A1 Proceedings of 2016 China Cancer Immunotherapy Workshop, Beijing, China Bin Xue, Jiaqi Xu, Wenru Song, Zhimin Yang, Ke Liu, Zihai Li A2 Set the stage: fundamental immunology in forty minutes Zihai Li A3 What have we learnt from the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of advanced human cancer? Lieping Chen A4 Immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer Edward B. Garon A5 Mechanisms of response and resistance to checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma Siwen Hu-Lieskovan A6 Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in lymphoid malignancies Wei Ding A7 Translational research to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies Chong-Xian Pan A8 Immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal malignancies Weijing Sun A9 What’s next beyond PD-1/PDL1? Yong-Jun Liu A10 Cancer vaccines: new insights into the oldest immunotherapy strategy Lei Zheng A11 Bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy Delong Liu A12 Updates on CAR-T immunotherapy Michel Sadelain A13 Adoptive T cell therapy: personalizing cancer treatment Cassian Yee A14 Immune targets and neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy Rongfu Wang A15 Phase I/IIa trial of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells against CD133 in patients with advanced and metastatic solid tumors Meixia Chen, Yao Wang, Zhiqiang Wu, Hanren Dai, Can Luo, Yang Liu, Chuan Tong, Yelei Guo, Qingming Yang, Weidong Han A16 Cancer immunotherapy biomarkers: progress and issues Lisa H. Butterfield A17 Shaping of immunotherapy response by cancer genomes Timothy A. Chan A18 Unique development consideration for cancer immunotherapy Wenru Song A19 Immunotherapy combination Ruirong Yuan A20 Immunotherapy combination with radiotherapy Bo Lu A21 Cancer immunotherapy: past, present and future Ke Liu A22 Breakthrough therapy designation drug development and approval Max Ning A23 Current European regulation of innovative oncology medicines: opportunities for immunotherapy Harald Enzmann, Heinz Zwierzina     

Fragment-based screening of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)

The PD-1 immune checkpoint pathway is a highly validated target for cancer immunotherapy. Despite the potential advantages of small molecule inhibitors over antibodies, the discovery of small molecule checkpoint inhibitors has lagged behind. To discover small molecule inhibitors of the PD-1 pathway, we have utilized a fragment-based approach. Small molecules were identified that bind to PD-L1 and crystal structures of these compounds bound to PD-L1 were obtained.     

靶向肿瘤微环境的CAR-T治疗研究*

癌症仍然是现阶段威胁人类健康的一大难题,随着医学的发展,癌症治疗方法除传统方法:手术、放疗、化疗,还可以采用免疫疗法。目前,癌症免疫疗法受到广泛关注,但在应用方面具有许多局限性,如 PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂,在应用的过程中会出现获得性耐药现象,因此细胞免疫疗法(chimeric antigen receptor T cell, CAR-T) 应运而生,成为弥补免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)和单克隆抗体药物缺陷的新兴治疗方式,简要介绍了 CAR-T 免疫疗法的产生、应用及对 TME 相关靶点的研究进展,为后续研究提供一定的思路。     

N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in PD-1/PD-L1: Novel implications for immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has been shown to achieve significant antitumor effects in a variety of malignancies. Out of all the immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy has achieved great success. However, only some cancer patients benefit from this treatment strategy owing to drug resistance. Therefore, identifying the underlying modulators of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to completely comprehend the mechanisms of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is crucially important. Recent research has validated that m6A modification plays a critical role in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, thus regulating the immune response and immunotherapy strategies. In this review, we summarized the latest research on the regulation of m6A modification in PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in cancer proliferation, invasion, and prognosis based on different kinds of cancers and discussed the possible mechanisms. We also reviewed m6A-associated lncRNAs in the regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. More importantly, we outlined the influence of m6A modulation on anti-PD-1 therapy and m6A-related molecules that could predict the curative effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Further studies exploring the definitive regulation of m6A on the PD1/PD-1 pathway and immunotherapy are needed, which may address some of the current limitations in immunotherapy.     

Recent development in clinical applications of PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy

Antibodies against programmed death (PD) pathway are revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy. Currently five antibodies against PD-1/PD-L1 have been approved. The clinical use of these antibodies is rapidly expanding. Incorporation of PD antibodies into chemotherapy regimens is in active clinical investigations. The combination of pembrolizumab with carboplatin and pemetrexed has been approved for the first line therapy of metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies with small molecule inhibitors such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and IDO inhibitors are in active clinical trials. This review summarized recent development in clinical trials of PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy.     

不同检测策略在预测非小细胞肺癌的PD1/PD-L1抑制剂临床疗效中的应用

近10年来,程序性死亡因子1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)的抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的临床治疗中取得了重大突破,有望改变晚期NSCLC的治疗方式。然而,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在对NSCLC的治疗中需要借助有效的生物标志物以寻找受益人群(约20%～40%)。目前,临床上主要的判断标准是PD-L1的表达水平。本文综述了近年来在NSCLC中,与预测PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的PD-L1表达相关的检测方法,包括免疫组化、基于DNA/RNA水平检测、可溶性PD-L1的检测、正电子发射断层显像(positron emission tomography,PET)技术、多重免疫组化技术、流式细胞术和液体活检技术等,着重探讨了不同检测策略在评价PD-L1表达上的最新进展及应用前景,从而推动其在NSCLC免疫治疗中的临床应用。     

Cytokines as potential combination agents with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment

Immunotherapy has caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of several malignancies, particularly the blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its specific receptor/ligand PD-L1 that have revolutionized the treatment of a variety of malignancies, but significant durable responses only occur in a small percentage of patients, and other patients failed to respond to the treatment. Even those who initially respond can ultimately relapse despite maintenance treatment, there is considerable potential for synergistic combinations of immunotherapy and chemotherapy agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors into conventional cancer treatments. The clinical experience in the use of cytokines in the clinical setting indicated the efficiency of cytokine therapy in cancer immunotherapy. Combinational approaches to enhancing PD-L1/PD-1 pathways blockade efficacy with several cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, IL-21, IL-12, IL-10, and interferon-α (IFN-α) may result in additional benefits. In this review, the current state of knowledge about PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, the date in the literature to ascertain the combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies with cytokines is discussed. Finally, it is noteworthy that novel therapeutic approaches based on the efficient combination of recombinant cytokines with the PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy can enhance antitumor immune responses against various malignancies.     

PD-1/PD-L1-dependent immune response in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still considered as the third most frequent cancer in the world. Microsatellite instability (MSI), inflammation, and microRNAs have been demonstrated as the main contributing factors in CRC. Subtype 1 CRC is defined by NK cells infiltration, induction of Th1 lymphocyte and cytotoxic T cell responses as well as upregulation of immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Based on the diverse features of CRC, such as the stage and localization of the tumor, several treatment approaches are available. However, the efficiency of these treatments may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. It has been proven that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can increase the effectiveness of CRC treatments. Nowadays, several mAbs including nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for the treatment of CRC. Immune checkpoint receptors including PD-1 can be inhibited by these antibodies. Combination therapy gives an opportunity for advanced treatment for CRC patients. In this review, an update has been provided on the molecular mechanisms involved in MSI colorectal cancer immune microenvironment by focusing on PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and treatment of patients with advanced immunotherapy, which were examined in the different clinical trial phases. Considering induced expression of PD-L1 by conventional chemotherapeutics, we have summarized the role of PD-L1 in CRC, the chemotherapy effects on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and novel combined approaches to enhance immunotherapy of CRC by focusing on PD-L1.     

Effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer: Brightness and challenge

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs), especially inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have significantly affected the outcomes of patients with lung cancer. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved as PD-1 blocking antibodies, whereas atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are approved as PD-L1 blocking antibodies by the United States Food and Drug Administration. However, which patient may benefit the most and how to identify patients at risk of primary or acquired resistance has not been completely defined. Meanwhile, close attention has been paid to the ongoing international and domestic clinical trials in Chinese patients with lung cancer. This review aimed to provide deep insight into the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with lung cancer, including the current settings for varied disease status, the predictive biomarkers, the resistance to ICIs,and the ongoing clinical trials in Chinese patients.