高原缺氧与肠黏膜屏障损伤研究

高原环境具有气压低、氧分压低、辐射强、寒冷、风大、湿度低、灾害天气多等特点,这种急剧变化的气候环境是导致肠黏膜损伤的关键因素。肠黏膜屏障作为机体发挥防御功能的防线之一,可以保护机体不受内源性微生物及其毒素的伤害。研究高原缺氧下肠黏膜损伤的机制,将有助于高原胃肠道疾病的诊治。多数研究结果表明,高原缺氧环境下肠黏膜的损伤可能与交感神经兴奋、遗传、氧自由基生成、自噬、微生态失衡等因素有关,以下就此进行概述。     

急进高原缺氧环境下TLR4、HIF-1α对肠黏膜屏障的影响

机体急进高原时,随着海拔增高氧分压不断降低,出现低氧反应,导致机体各个器官出现严重的损伤和一系列病理生理改变。肠道是连接人体与外部环境之间最大的通道,也是最大的免疫器官,可以阻挡外界有害物质对人体的侵袭。在急进高原缺氧环境下肠道损伤尤为明显,可引起肠黏膜屏障功能不同程度的损伤,导致机体出现明显的胃肠道不适症状,如腹泻、恶心、呕吐、厌食等,严重者可引起全身炎症反应综合征,甚至多器官功能衰竭及死亡。急进高原缺氧环境下肠黏膜屏障损伤的具体机制仍未明确,越来越多的证据表明肠黏膜屏障损伤与固有免疫的重要组成部分Toll样受体及缺氧诱导因子相关,同时Toll样受体4与缺氧诱导因子-lα被认为是炎症和缺氧最主要的信号因子,两者在肠黏膜屏障功能损伤研究中的作用尤为重要,本文将急进高原缺氧环境下Toll样受体4与缺氧诱导因子-lα对肠黏膜屏障的影响作一简要概述。     

自噬在细菌感染与免疫应答中的作用

自噬是调节细胞生长、发育的一种重要的程序性细胞死亡方式,其作用是一把“双刃剑”:一方面,它可清除病原体,保护机体免受损害;另一方面,有些细菌在进化中形成了独特机制,通过干扰或阻止自噬溶酶体形成等来调控或阻碍自噬,从而利于自身的复制和存活。自噬是天然免疫的重要部分,可通过Toll样受体或黏膜免疫系统等参与对细菌及毒素的应答;细胞免疫的效应细胞可通过分泌细胞因子调节自噬,进而调控获得性免疫应答。在抗胞内菌感染时,自噬在调节Th1/Th2细胞的免疫偏移方面也起关键作用。     

急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬变化的初步研究

目的探讨急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬的变化情况。方法50只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组：平原组,急进高原6h组、12h组、24h组、48h组,每组各10只。通过低压低氧动物实验舱模拟急进海拔4767m建立急进高原大鼠模型。观察各组大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤情况,用透射电镜观察肠上皮细胞中自噬体;用免疫组织化学法检测肠上皮细胞中自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达。结果与平原组比较,急进高原组可使其肠黏膜机械屏障发生损伤,并且在急进高原肠黏膜损伤6h后可观测到自噬体,24h后检测到自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达显著增高（P〈0．01）。结论急进高原组大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达明显增加,表明急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬活性上调。     

自噬作用:机体抵御病原入侵的第2道防线

机体的固有免疫系统和获得性免疫系统可有效地抵御病原体的入侵,其中固有免疫系统的皮肤和黏膜屏障是机体抵御病原体入侵的第1道防线,由吞噬细胞、NK细胞等介导的吞噬和杀伤作用构成了机体固有免疫的第2道防线。最近自噬体及自噬现象的研究发现,自噬作用参与了机体对病原体入侵的免疫防御过程,是主要的机体抵御病原入侵的第2道防线。     

细胞自噬在病毒感染与免疫调节中的作用机制

细胞自噬(autophagy)是一种主要由溶酶体介导的降解通路,作为细胞维持内环境稳态的一种保护性机制,不仅通过将长寿命蛋白和衰老细胞器降解为小肽或氨基酸为细胞提供再生资源,而且也可作为防御机制抵抗病原微生物感染和寄生. 自噬缺失与许多疾病如癌症、心血管疾病等的发生关系密切,在机体生理、病理过程中发挥重要作用. 本文拟就细胞自噬与病毒感染、机体免疫的关系加以综述,以期为研究细胞自噬的发生、参与机体免疫、发挥抗病毒感染作用及其分子机制提供参考,也为进一步研究抗病毒治疗的靶标提供新思路.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生关系的研究进展

细胞自噬是真核生物中高度保守的依赖于溶酶体的降解过程,在维持细胞物质代谢、内环境稳定及基因组完整性等方面起重要作用.自噬功能紊乱与机体多种疾病的发生密切相关.近年来,大量的研究表明,人类多种肿瘤中存在自噬异常,自噬在肿瘤发生发展的各个阶段均扮演着重要角色.本文旨在介绍近年来细胞自噬的研究进展,重点阐述细胞自噬与肿瘤发生的关系,及其在肿瘤治疗中的作用.     

防御素在肠黏膜屏障功能中的作用

肠黏膜不仅有消化和吸收功能,而且还具有重要的防御性屏障功能,它可以使机体的内环境保持相对稳定以维持机体的正常生命活动。当肠黏膜屏障受到损伤时,肠道中的微生物和毒素会突破肠黏膜屏障,进入门静脉和淋巴系统从而引起细菌移位,甚至发展为全身性的炎症反应综合征（systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS）以及多器官功能衰竭综合征（multiple organs defic iency syndrome,MODS）。     

肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群的相互关系

摘要：人类肠道中微生物群与肠道环境相互作用以维持机体健康。肠黏膜屏障主要由黏液层、肠道菌群、肠道免疫系统和肠上皮细胞本身的完整性等构成。肠道作为直接与大量菌群接触的器官,其屏障功能在肠道健康中的作用尤为显著。肠道菌群与肠道屏障相互作用,保持肠道菌群与肠道屏障相对稳定,肠道菌群参与肠道免疫反应的建立,共同建立机体天然防御系统,在保持肠道免疫的动态平衡中具有重要作用。当两者之间的平衡被打破时,可诱发功能性胃肠病（如肠易激综合征）及免疫相关性疾病（如炎症性肠病）。本文主要阐述肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群之间的相互关系以及与肠道屏障功能障碍相关的肠道疾病。     

自噬在哺乳动物卵巢黄体功能维持及其退化过程中的作用

自噬是一种广泛存在于真核细胞中的分解代谢过程,在饥饿、缺氧等应激条件下细胞可以通过自噬途径降解自身组分来维持细胞的内稳态以及物质代谢的平衡,从而使细胞存活。黄体作为哺乳动物卵巢中的暂时性组织结构,对维持卵巢功能及早期妊娠具有非常重要的作用,其主要功能之一是合成孕酮。目前的研究表明,自噬参与了妊娠黄体功能的维持,并促进黄体退化过程中的细胞凋亡。该文对自噬在哺乳动物卵巢黄体功能维持及其退化过程中的作用进行综述,旨在为进一步研究哺乳动物卵巢黄体功能的调控机制提供重要的参考资料。     

Epithelial effects of proteinase-activated receptors in the gastrointestinal tract

The intestinal epithelium plays a crucial role in providing a barrier between the external environment and the internal milieu of the body. A compromised mucosal barrier is characteristic of mucosal inflammation and is a key determinant of the development of intestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The intestinal epithelium is regularly exposed to serine proteinases and this exposure is enhanced in numerous disease states. Thus, it is important to understand how proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), which are activated by serine proteinases, can affect intestinal epithelial function. This review surveys the data which demonstrate the wide distribution of PARs, particularly PAR-1 and PAR-2, in the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, focusing on the epithelium and those cells which communicate with the epithelium to affect its function. PARs have a role in regulating secretion by epithelia of the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas and intestine. In addition, PARs located on subepithelial nerves, fibroblasts and mast cells have important implications for epithelial function. Recent data outline the importance of the cellular site of PAR expression, as PARs expressed on epithelia may have effects that are countered by PARs expressed on other cell types. Finally, PARs and their ability to promote epithelial cell proliferation are discussed in terms of colon cancer.     

Mechanisms and function of autophagy in intestinal disease

The discovery of numerous genetic variants in the human genome that are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has revealed critical pathways that play important roles in intestinal homeostasis. These genetic studies have identified a critical role for macroautophagy/autophagy and more recently, lysosomal function, in maintaining the intestinal barrier and mucosal homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on the functional characterization of IBD-associated human genetic variants in cell type-specific functions for autophagy.     

肠道黏膜免疫与炎症小体的研究进展

肠道是机体消化器官,为机体生命活动提供所需要的营养。肠道免疫系统有独特的功能,在抵抗潜在病原体侵入机体过程中发挥至关重要的作用。炎症小体是机体天然免疫系统中重要的蛋白复合体感受器,参与病原体引起的宿主防御反应,并在维持肠道免疫稳态中发挥关键作用。本文综述了肠道黏膜免疫系统及炎症小体在肠道免疫中的作用。     

Stress and gastrointestinal tract. II. Stress and intestinal barrier function

The influence of stress on the clinical course of a number of intestinal diseases is increasingly being recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This themes article focuses on recent findings related to the effects of stress on mucosal barrier function in the small intestine and colon. Experiments using animal models demonstrate that various types of psychological and physical stress induce dysfunction of the intestinal barrier, resulting in enhanced uptake of potentially noxious material (e.g., antigens, toxins, and other proinflammatory molecules) from the gut lumen. Evidence from several studies indicates that in this process, mucosal mast cells play an important role, possibly activated via neurons releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone and/or acetylcholine. Defining the role of specific cells and mediator molecules in stress-induced barrier dysfunction may provide clues to novel treatments for intestinal disorders.     

The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation

The microbiome plays an important role in maintaining human health. Despite multiple factors being attributed to the shaping of the human microbiome, extrinsic factors such diet and use of medications including antibiotics appear to dominate. Mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut, are highly adapted to be able to tolerate a large population of microorganisms whilst still being able to produce a rapid and effective immune response against infection. The intestinal microbiome is not functionally independent from the host mucosa and can, through presentation of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and generation of microbe-derived metabolites, fundamentally influence mucosal barrier integrity and modulate host immunity. In a healthy gut there is an abundance of beneficial bacteria that help to preserve intestinal homoeostasis, promote protective immune responses, and limit excessive inflammation. The importance of the microbiome is further highlighted during dysbiosis where a loss of this finely balanced microbial population can lead to mucosal barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune responses, and chronic inflammation that increases the risk of disease development. Improvements in our understanding of the microbiome are providing opportunities to harness members of a healthy microbiota to help reverse dysbiosis, reduce inflammation, and ultimately prevent disease progression.     

Autotaxin (ATX) inhibits autophagy leading to exaggerated disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier in colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated disease. Autotaxin (ATX) is associated with increased inflammatory molecules, however, its effect on IBD is not well understood. Autophagy plays an important role in IBD, whether ATX and autophagy act in concert in IBD remains unknown. This study is to explore the possible mechanisms of ATX affecting autophagy leading to the disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby exacerbating colitis. The expression of ATX was upregulated in UC patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Here, we described that providing an ATX inhibitor during DSS colitis increased autophagy and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Conversely, intrarectal administration with recombinant (r)ATX increased colitis and decreased autophagy. This pro-colitic effect was attenuated in mice treated with rapamycin, resulting in increased autophagy activity and mild colitis. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of rATX on autophagy was confirmed in vitro and was reversed by the addition of rapamycin. The damaging effects of ATX on epithelial barrier function were reversed by ATX inhibitor or rapamycin treatment. In sum, our results show that ATX can inhibit autophagy through the mTOR pathway, resulting in exaggerated damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier during colitis. These findings suggest that ATX may be a key pro-colitic factor, and represent a potential therapeutic target for treating IBD in the future.     

肝移植与肠道微生态

肠道黏膜与肠道内共生的微生物形成了肠道黏膜屏障,可有效防止内源性及外源性微生物及毒素的侵害;肝脏与肠道关系密切,作为终末期肝病的有效治疗手段,肝移植术打破了原有的平衡,造成了肠道微生态的改变。     

Intestinal Autophagy Improves Healthspan and Longevity in C. elegans during Dietary Restriction

Dietary restriction (DR) is a dietary regimen that extends lifespan in many organisms. One mechanism contributing to the conserved effect of DR on longevity is the cellular recycling process autophagy, which is induced in response to nutrient scarcity and increases sequestration of cytosolic material into double-membrane autophagosomes for degradation in the lysosome. Although autophagy plays a direct role in DR-mediated lifespan extension in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the contribution of autophagy in individual tissues remains unclear. In this study, we show a critical role for autophagy in the intestine, a major metabolic tissue, to ensure lifespan extension of dietary-restricted eat-2 mutants. The intestine of eat-2 mutants has an enlarged lysosomal compartment and flux assays indicate increased turnover of autophagosomes, consistent with an induction of autophagy in this tissue. This increase in intestinal autophagy may underlie the improved intestinal integrity we observe in eat-2 mutants, since whole-body and intestinal-specific inhibition of autophagy in eat-2 mutants greatly impairs the intestinal barrier function. Interestingly, intestinal-specific inhibition of autophagy in eat-2 mutants leads to a decrease in motility with age, alluding to a potential cell non-autonomous role for autophagy in the intestine. Collectively, these results highlight important functions for autophagy in the intestine of dietary-restricted C. elegans.     

Innate lymphoid cells are double-edged swords under the mucosal barrier

As the direct contacting site for pathogens and allergens, the mucosal barrier plays a vital role in the lungs and intestines. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are particularly resident in the mucosal barrier and participate in several pathophysiological processes, such as maintaining or disrupting barrier integrity, preventing various pathogenic invasions. In the pulmonary mucosae, ILCs sometimes aggravate inflammation and mucus hypersecretion but restore airway epithelial integrity and maintain lung tissue homeostasis at other times. In the intestinal mucosae, ILCs can increase epithelial permeability, leading to severe intestinal inflammation on the one hand, and assist mucosal barrier in resisting bacterial invasion on the other hand. In this review, we will illustrate the positive and negative roles of ILCs in mucosal barrier immunity.