基于雅砻江两种裂腹鱼游泳能力的鱼道设计

为探究雅砻江两种裂腹鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究采用递增流速法对长丝裂腹鱼、齐口裂腹鱼的感应流速、临界游泳速度、突进游泳速度进行测试,采用固定流速法对长丝裂腹鱼的耐久游泳速度进行测试。结果表明:长丝裂腹鱼与齐口裂腹鱼的感应流速随着体长的增加均出现了先增加后平稳的趋势,但最大感应流速均小于0.2 m·s^-1;长丝裂腹鱼的临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度分别为（0.81±0.20）和（1.49±0.26） m·s^-1,相对临界游泳速度为（4.90±1.73） BL·s^-1,相对突进游泳速度为（9.77±1.72） BL·s^-1（BL为体长）;齐口裂腹鱼的临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度分别为（0.73±0.24）和（1.17±0.39） m·s^-1,相对临界游泳速度为（6.88±2.82） BL·s^-1,相对突进游泳速度为（11.75±2.77） BL·s^-1。耐久测试发现,随着流速增加（0.7～1.5） m·s^-1,长丝裂腹鱼持续游泳时间与水流速度呈负相关,疲劳时间（T）与水流速度（V）的关系可以拟合为lgT=-2.52V+5.59,预测鱼道长度（d）与鱼道内可通过的最大平均水流速度(V_fmax)的关系式为V_{f max}=-0.17lnd+1.74。根据试验结果,当以长丝裂腹鱼和齐口裂腹鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议鱼道内最小水流速度应大于0.2 m·s^-1,进口及竖缝处水流速度为0.73～1.67 m·s^-1,休息池主流水流速度为0.2～0.7 m·s^-1。     

齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼疲劳后游泳特性恢复状况研究

以中国地质公园（神农架）野生动物繁育基地提供的齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）幼鱼（体长为14.017.5 cm,体重为39.665.6 g）为研究对象,利用自制鱼类游泳特性（Swimming performance）研究装置,运用递增流速法（Stepped velocity test）,研究了鱼类疲劳后20d和40d的游泳特性恢复状况。结果表明:（1）在20d内齐口裂腹鱼临界游泳速度（Critical swimming speed,Ucrit）相比于初次测试（20d前）有所降低,20d内的恢复状况较差;而在40d后,临界游泳速度已经基本恢复到最初状况,40d内的恢复状况较好。（2）疲劳后鱼类游泳效率显著下降,并且在40d后无法恢复正常。虽然40d后速度指数低于20d后速度指数,40d后游泳效率高于20d后游泳效率,但是相对于初次测试,40d后游泳效率恢复效果并不明显。（3）齐口裂腹鱼在疲劳后40d内,恢复能力（Recovery capability）无法恢复到正常状况,但由于3次测试中疲劳后过量耗氧（Excess post-exercise oxygen cost,EPOC） 波动并不大,说明疲劳对其恢复能力影响并不大。（4）20d后和40d后无氧呼吸时间均较第一次测试时提前,说明疲劳损伤对其有氧呼吸能力产生了持续影响。（5）疲劳对鱼类生态行为（Ecological behavior）影响不明显。研究有利于为鱼道建设提供基础资料,对生物多样性保护具有深远意义。       

亚成体巨须裂腹鱼游泳能力及活动代谢研究

以野生雅鲁藏布江巨须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax macropogon)为对象,通过自制的鱼类游泳实验装置,测定了4个温度(5、10、15和18℃)梯度下亚成体巨须裂腹鱼的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)及流速变化对耗氧率的影响,并通过摄像记录分析了不同游泳速度下的游泳行为。野生亚成体巨须裂腹鱼的临界游速随着温度的变化呈近似线性的递增趋势(P<0.001),4个温度下的绝对临界游速(Ucrit-a)分别为(0.88±0.07)、(1.09±0.07)、(1.24±0.15)和(1.49±0.15)m/s;若以单位时间内游过的体长倍数(BL/s)表示,相对临界游速(Ucrit-r)分别为(3.96±0.21)、(4.4±0.16)、(4.9±0.18)和(5.35±0.14)BL/s。根据不同温度及流速下耗氧率的变化情况,采用非线性拟合得到了4个温度梯度下耗氧率与游泳速度关系的幂函数模型(P<0.05)。模型表明耗氧率随游泳速度的增大而增加,且温度越高耗氧率随游泳速度的变化越显著。4个温度下的速度指数分别为2.4、2.6,2.8及3.1,表明有氧运动的效率随温度升高有所降低。在自然水温条件下(5—9℃),摆尾频率(TBF)与流速的关系呈线性正相关(P<0.001),而运动步长(Ls)的变化与流速没有显著关系,出现由高至低再升高的三个阶段。录像分析表明在流速逐渐增加的过程中,巨须裂腹鱼采用了三种不同的游泳方式,以实现降低能量消耗的目的。研究可为鱼道等过鱼设施的设计提供参考,对数量日益减少的巨须裂腹鱼保护具有较大的意义。     

四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼形态差异的多元分析

通过聚类分析、判别分析和主成分分析3种多元分析方法,对乌江总溪河89尾四川裂腹鱼(Schizothorax kozlovi)和岷江青衣江33尾重口裂腹鱼(S.davidi)的10个常规可量性状与20个框架性状进行了比较研究。聚类分析结果显示,3次采集的四川裂腹鱼聚为一支,而重口裂腹鱼单独为一支;主成分分析结果显示,提取的8个主成分对总方差的累计贡献率为73.762%,贡献率大的性状集中在吻端和躯干后侧;通过两次判别分析,最终建立四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼两个判别方程,综合判别率为100%。研究结果显示,四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼是独立的两个种,在形态上的主要差异体现在吻端和躯干后侧,运用多元分析方法能有效地将其区分开来,而3次采样的四川裂腹鱼为同一种群。     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼繁殖力的研究

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼繁殖力的研究陈永祥,罗泉笙（毕节师范专科学校生物系贵州毕节５５１７００）（西南师范大学生物系重庆６３０７１５）关键词四川裂腹鱼,繁殖力,繁殖生物学ＴＨＥＦＥＣＵＮＤＩＴＹＯＦＳｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｏｒａｘｋｏｚｌｏｖｉＦＲＯＭＷＵＲＩＶＥ...     

野生和养殖裂腹鱼血液学指标的比较研究

对齐口裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼的野生和养殖个体血液学指标进行了比较研究.结果显示:重口裂腹鱼野生组的红细胞长径和短径、红细胞核长径和短径、嗜中性粒细胞长径和短径、淋巴细胞长径和短径、总蛋白和甘油三酯与齐口裂腹鱼野生组相应指标差异显著;齐口裂腹鱼野生组的嗜中性粒细胞长径、嗜中性粒细胞短径、淋巴细胞长径、淋巴细胞短径和淋巴细胞核长径显著大于养殖组;重口裂腹鱼野生组的红细胞短径明显小于养殖组重口裂腹鱼;齐口裂腹鱼野生组血液中TP、GLU和TG显著低于齐口裂腹鱼养殖组;重口裂腹鱼野生组TG、T-CHO与养殖组重口裂腹鱼差异显著.这些差异说明齐口裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼在生理适应方面存在差异,养殖活动对它们的生理状况有一定的影响.     

秦岭细鳞鲑与拉氏鱥代谢特征及游泳能力的比较

为探究秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis)与其主要猎物鱼拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)游泳能力的种间差异及其生理机制, 采用鱼类游泳代谢仪, 分别测定了两种实验鱼野生种群有氧运动能力[步法转换速度Gait transition speed (U_gait)和临界游泳速度Critical swimming speed (U_crit)]、无氧运动能力[匀加速游泳速度Constant acceleration test speed (U_cat)]、静止代谢率(Resting metabolic rate, RMR)、最大代谢率(Maximum metabolic rate, MMR)、有氧代谢空间(Aerobic metabolic scope, MS)、运动耗氧率及单位距离运动能耗(Energetic cost of transport, COT)等。结果表明: (1)秦岭细鳞鲑U_crit和U_cat高于拉氏鱥(P<0.05), 但二者rU_gait、rU_crit和rU_cat差异不显著(P>0.05); (2)秦岭细鳞鲑RMR、MMR、MS等代谢特征均显著高于拉氏鱥(P<0.05), 并且特定流速下秦岭细鳞鲑运动耗氧率及COT高于拉氏鱥; (3)秦岭细鳞鲑U_crit与MS、MMR呈现出显著正相关或正相关的趋势, 拉氏鱥U_crit与其MS和MMR均无显著相关性(P>0.05)。研究结果提示, 整体上秦岭细鳞鲑与拉氏鱥的相对游泳能力相近, 但秦岭细鳞鲑的游泳效率更低; 秦岭细鳞鲑的代谢潜能更大, 代谢潜能是维持其运动表现的重要动力。     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼的胚胎发育

观察了四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育过程中各个时期的形态特征。经人工授精获四川裂腹鱼的受精卵,其平均卵径2．65mm,吸水膨胀后达3．70mm,粘性。在水温11．0－21．℃,平均16．35℃条件下,受精后1小时形成胚盘,11小时进入囊胚期,23小时进入原肠胚期,41小时48分胚孔封闭,59小时肌肉开始收缩,83小时心脏开始搏动,130小时孵出。初孵鱼苗长7．8－8．5mm。孵化时间长、肌肉效应出现早,是其胚胎发育的显著特点。还就四川裂腹鱼与青海湖裸鲤胚胎发育的差异和温度对四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育的影响等进行了讨论。     

镉对齐口裂腹鱼抗氧化性能的影响

为探究镉对齐口裂腹鱼抗氧化性能的影响,将受试鱼随机分为4组,即对照组(水体Cd浓度为0mg·L-1)、Cd处理低浓度组(0.05 mg·L-1 Cd)、中浓度组(0.1 mg·L-1 Cd)、高浓度组(0.25 mg·L-1 Cd),并饲喂14d,测定各组受试鱼肝胰脏、血清中抗氧化指标和生化指标.结果 表明:在肝胰脏中...     

西藏巨须裂腹鱼早期发育特征

巨须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax macropogon)隶属裂腹鱼亚科, 裂腹鱼属, 是西藏特有经济鱼类, 因过度捕捞, 其种群数量和分布面积下降, 在2009年中国红色名录评为“濒危”等级。研究通过研究巨须裂腹鱼早期发育特征, 旨在为该鱼的科学养护提供技术支撑。结果表明: 巨须裂腹鱼受精卵直径3.0—3.2 mm, 遇水开始具有微黏性, 随后脱黏, 经过准备卵裂阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、神经胚阶段、器官分化阶段、 孵化阶段, 在水温10℃的条件下, 经过460.67h孵化出来。初孵仔鱼体长9.9—1.1 mm, 心率48—50次/min, 鳃盖骨清晰可见, 下颌原基、尾鳍下骨原基可见。第2天鼻凹出现; 第3天肝胰脏原基出现; 第4天鳃耙、肩带原基出现; 第6天仔鱼上下颌开始张合; 第7天心血管分化结束, 仔鱼开始进入混合营养期; 第14天鳔一室和体侧色素带形成; 第26天肋骨原基出现; 第35天鳔二室出现, 卵黄囊耗尽; 第63天背鳍分化结束; 第83天臀鳍分化结束。巨须裂腹鱼胚胎具有独特的发育时序: 体节的出现先于胚孔封闭, 是对高原环境的一种适应和进化。     

Migration and spawning energetics of the anadromous sea lamprey,Petromyzon marinus

Synopsis Energy expended in migration and reproduction was determined from measurements of caloric concentration and body and gonodal weight for nontrophic sea lampreys collected from different sites along the St. John River, New Brunswick. The estimated cost of locomotion in swimming the 140 km which separates the estuary from the spawning redds was 300 and 260 kcal for males and females respectively. Acutal distance which lampreys swam as well as mean swimming speed were estimated from a linear regression equation relating energy expenditure for locomotion and body weight. Energy expenditure for breeding was considerably greater than that catabolized throughout the upstream migration.     

A model for switching between particulate-feeding and filter-feeding in the common bream,Abramis brama

Synopsis A model has been developed to describe the process of switching between particulate- and filter-feeding in common bream, Abramis brama, in relation to fish size and zooplankton density. The model assumes that the encounter rate of fish and zooplankton is determined by the density of zooplankton and the swimming speed of fish. However, if zooplankton density is so high as to allow at least one prey to be engulfed per random snap, the encounter rate is determined by the volume of the buccal cavity and by zooplankton density, but is independent of swimming speed. The snapping frequency will be maximal at the time of switching, decreasing with increasing zooplankton density because of the extra time needed for intra-oral prey handling. The model predicted switching from particulate- to filter-feeding only for bream> 15 cm standard length at zooplankton densities < 500 l^-1. The snap frequency of six size classes of bream (7.5, 10.4, 12.5, 15, 24 and 29.5 cm) was measured at varying densities of Daphnia. The model predictions for snap frequencies of all size classes corresponded to the highest values observed. The average of the observed snap frequencies was only 50% of the predicted values, probably because the calculated average distance between prey animals assumed an ideal swimming route of the fish and error-free vision for particulate-feeding, and the handling time was ignored.     

The effects of predation risk and current velocity stress on growth,condition and swimming energetics of Japanese minnow (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Pseudorasbora parva</Emphasis>)

A Japanese minnow, Pseudorasbora parva, was exposed simultaneously to multiple dangers in experimental tanks. The study aimed to quantify to what extent the risk of predation coinciding with an adverse environmental factor, high flow velocity, affects prey in terms of growth and energy expenditure. In this experiment, two measures of growth (i.e., body weight and length), condition, feeding, swimming cost and behavioral responses were analyzed. The results showed that in such an environment, prey showed lowered growth and were in a poorer condition. As the prey shifted to the shallow area with high flow velocity, the prey consumed a lower ration and incurred multiple costs for swimming locomotion that might reduce the allocation of energy to biomass and energy storage. Reduction in activity might decrease the cost of locomotion, but it did not have a considerable effect on overall swimming energy expenditure. In stream ecosystems, the high swimming energy expenditure appears to magnify the effects of predation risk by causing lowered growth and a poorer condition and, hence, fitness. The present study shows that high flow velocity is one of the environmental factors that determine the energetic responses of a potential prey to the presence of predators.     

双向急性变温对南方鲇幼鱼静止耗氧率和临界游泳速度的影响

为了考查鱼类对温度变化的功能适应和生理反应特征,以不同驯化温度(10、20和30℃,驯化两周)为对照,进行双向急性变温处理(20℃→10℃和20℃→30℃),分别在不同时间(0.5、1、2、4、8和24h)对南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼静止耗氧率(Resting oxygen consumption rate,VO2)进行测定并在处理后及时测定实验鱼的临界游泳速度(Critical swimming speed,Ucrit)。研究发现:不同驯化温度下实验鱼的Ucrit随驯化温度升高呈显著增加的变化趋势,相对临界游泳速度(Relative critical swimming speed,Ur)分别为1.83、2.87和3.37 BL/s(Body length per second)(P<0.05);双向急性变温两组的Ur分别与驯化组均无显著差异(P>0.05);Ur与温度的关系表达为:Ur=0.8114T+1.0976(n=37,R2=0.973,P<0.05)。VO2也随驯化温度升高呈显著增加的变化特征,分别为14.91、28.34和44.98 mg O2/kg·h(P<0.05)。双向急性变温对VO2的影响十分显著。急性升温组的静止耗氧率呈现先上升后下降并趋稳定的变化规律,其静止耗氧率的Q10值的峰值(3.1)出现在升温后的0.5h,是对照组的1.96倍;而急性降温组的静止耗氧率则急剧连续下降至相对稳定水平,其Q10值的峰值(4.8)出现在降温后的1.0h,是对照组的2.5倍。研究表明:在相同的变温幅度下,双向急性变温对南方鲇幼鱼均存在明显的生理胁迫;不同温度变化方向的代谢反应特征却不尽相同,急性降温对南方鲇幼鱼造成的生理胁迫可能大于急性升温;当环境温度发生骤然变化时,实验鱼的运动生理功能具有较好的温度适应能力。研究提示,迅速降温后水流刺激可能会终止鱼类的"冷休克",引起整体的代谢水平的重新调节,以满足运动的能量需求并提高生存适合度。     

水流对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼游泳行为的影响

为探讨团头鲂幼鱼(Megalobrama amblycephala)游泳行为对水流的响应规律,该文通过特制鱼类游泳行为测定装置,测定了团头鲂幼鱼在25℃,0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4m/s流速条件下的游速、游距、转角、至中心点的距离及游泳轨迹。结果表明:随着流速的增大,个体游速、游距及转角值均相应增大。0、0.1及0.2m/s流速组间的游速、游距及转角差异均不显著(P>0.05),但显著小于0.3和0.4m/s组别,且0.3和0.4m/s流速组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);整个时间段内,个体至中心点的距离随流速增大并未呈现明显规律性,各流速间差异不显著(P>0.05),游速与游距呈显著线性正相关,而与转角呈显著线性负相关,与至中心点的距离则无相关性;游泳轨迹随水流增大趋向复杂化。     

Swimming response of goldfish,Carassius auratus,and the tetra,Hemigrammus caudovittatus,larvae to individual food items and patches

Synopsis Swimming speed and swimming path of goldfish and tetra larvae were studied in aquaria containing food patches composed of decapsulated cysts and immobilized nauplii of Artemia salina or sparsely distributed prey. The mean swimming speed of starved larvae in the medium without food was about four times higher than the speed of larvae feeding in a patch. Satiated larvae swam about 1.5 times slower than hungry fish. Consumption of single prey items by starved larvae caused the following sequence of swimming responses: handling pause (cessation of swimming), slow swimming in a restricted area, and fast swimming (approximately twice as fast as hungry larvae before encountering food) accompanied by a widening of the area searched (area increased searching). Mean swimming speed was constant over a broad range (10¹–10³ ind·1^–1 of food density, although at extreme (high or low) values of food density it depended on swimming responses of the predator. Frequency of visits to the different parts of the aquarium strongly depended on encounters of hungry fish with food particles or patches.