蚊子全基因组中微卫星的丰度及其分布

微卫星是近年大力开发的一种遗传标记,为推进按蚊遗传学相关研究,对按蚊全基因组中由 1~6 个碱基重复单元组成的简单序列重复 ( 微卫星 ) 进行了分析 . 进而对其微卫星的丰度和分布进行了比较分析,也比较了染色体各个区域 ( 外显子、内含子和基因间隔区 ) 之间的分布差异 . 微卫星在按蚊基因组中的比例约占 2.14% ,其中 X 染色体拥有微卫星的密度最大 . 对按蚊基因组中微卫星丰度而言, A 碱基和 C 碱基重复在基因组中丰度相似, AC 单元的丰度是 AG 单元的两倍多,然而 AT 和 CG 单元非常稀少;对于三四碱基而言, AGC, AAAC 和 AAAT 单元最为丰富, ACG, ACT, AGG, CCG, ATGC, CCCG, ACTG, AACT, ACGT, AGAT, CCGG, ACCT 和 AGCT 单元等均很稀少,而一些五碱基重复,在某条甚至某几条染色体中均未分布 . 除两碱基重复单元在 2L 的外显子区域丰度较高外,其他重复单元均在内含子和基因间隔区丰富 . 进一步分析显示,微卫星在每条染色体两臂的丰度和分布存在着很多的相似性 .     

大鼠基因组微卫星分布特征分析

大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)是重要的生物模型动物,已被广泛应用于医学和药学研究。利用生物信息学方法对大鼠基因组外显子、基因间隔区以及内含子微卫星进行了搜索与分析,并对外显子微卫星所在的基因进行了定位,以及通过Blast2Go和KAAS程序进行功能分类注释。分析表明:(1)不同区域微卫星数量上,基因间隔区(1 104 149)内含子(806 024)外显子(4 665),外显子不同区域微卫星数量表现为CDS3'UTR5'UTR;(2)外显子中出现最多的重复拷贝类别是A,其次是AAG、AGC,三碱基和四碱基微卫星在外显子微卫星中最多,占56.7%;基因间隔区微卫星和内含子均以二碱基数量最多,两者出现最多重复拷贝类别均是AC,其次均是A、AG;(3)外显子区、基因间隔区和内含子区不同重复类型重复次数均以最小重复次数,微卫星数量最多;(4)外显子微卫星序列2 330条,位于1 203个基因上,GO注释表明涉及细胞成分(cellular component)占46.9%、生物过程(biological process)占39.3%和分子功能(molecular function)占13.8%;(5)KEGG通路分析表明,与人类疾病相关的基因最多(431),其次是参与机体系统相关的基因(387),和细胞过程相关基因最少(158)。本研究将为进一步分析大鼠微卫星功能及微卫星分子标记提供理论依据。     

大蹄蝠全基因组微卫星分布特征分析

脊椎动物基因组含有丰富的微卫星信息。本研究对翼手目动物中的大蹄蝠全基因组及其基因的微卫星分布特征进行分析,并对含有微卫星编码序列的基因进行注释分析。结果表明,大蹄蝠全基因组大小为2.24 Gb,共含有497 883个微卫星,其中,数量和比例最多的是单碱基和二碱基重复类型,分别有173 953个(34.94%)和222 591个(44.71%),相对丰度分别为77.78 loci/Mb和99.52 loci/Mb。微卫星数量从单碱基重复到六碱基重复单元最多的类型分别为(A)n、(AC)n、(TAT)n、(TTTA)n、(AACAA)n和(TATCTA)n,比例分别为95.14%、55.25%、38.41%、22.17%、48.68%和20.30%。不同基因区和基因间区的数量及丰度不同,其中基因间区的微卫星数量及其丰度最大,分别为322 666个和2 541.57 loci/Mb,编码区的微卫星数量及其丰度最小,分别为1 461个和461.98 loci/Mb。基因间区和全基因组的微卫星的分布特征相似。编码区最多的微卫星类型为三碱基重复单元,外显子最多的微卫星类型为单碱基、二碱基和三碱基重...     

红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因组微卫星分布特征比较分析

本研究分析比较了红尾蚺Boa constrictor和原矛头蝮Protobothrops mucrosquamatus基因组微卫星的分布特征,通过MISA分别鉴定出398 860个和422 364个微卫星,其长度分别为8 550 741 bp和12 243 226 bp,分别占基因组序列总长度的0.59%和0.73%,在各自基因组中的丰度分别为275.46个/Mbp和252.33个/Mbp。红尾蚺基因组中单碱基重复类型微卫星最多,其次是四碱基、二碱基、三碱基、五碱基和六碱基,最丰富的5种微卫星类型是A、AC、AAAT、AG、AAT;原矛头蝮基因组中单碱基重复类型微卫星最多,其次是三碱基、四碱基、二碱基、五碱基和六碱基,最丰富的5种微卫星类型是A、AAT、AC、C、AAAT。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮微卫星在基因组不同区域丰度不同,基因间区丰度最高,其次是内含子和外显子,编码区微卫星丰度最低,表明编码区微卫星受到的选择压力最大。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮在基因中微卫星丰度分布的位置特征相似,即微卫星在基因上下游500 bp丰度最高,在内含子次之,在外显子最低。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因编码区所有6种重复类型微卫星中,三碱基重复类型占绝对优势。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因组中含有微卫星的编码序列分别有1 480条和1 397条,被GO注释的分别有736条和733条。它们的GO功能归类结果类似,但是与其他物种相比存在种系差异。本研究结果为后续开发这2种蛇的高质量微卫星标记提供了方便,也为进一步探索这些微卫星在它们基因组中的生物学功能提供了有意义的基础数据。     

德国小蠊全基因组中微卫星分布规律

【目的】分析德国小蠊 Blattella germanica 全基因组中微卫星的数量和分布规律,并对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行功能注释。【方法】使用微卫星搜索软件查找德国小蠊基因组中微卫星的数量、重复次数以及所有微卫星的位置信息,编写Python脚本对微卫星进行定位,并通过Blast2Go和KASS程序对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行功能注释。【结果】共找到1~6碱基重复类型的微卫星序列604 386个,总长度15 301 255 bp,约占全基因组序列（约2.04 Gb）的0.75%,分布频率为1/3.37 kb,微卫星序列的长度主要在12~60个碱基长度范围内。不同类型的微卫星中,三碱基（226 876）重复类型微卫星数量最多,占微卫星总数的37.54%;四碱基（150 355）重复类型次之,占微卫星总数的24.88%;其余依次是单碱基（141 167）、二碱基（60 877）、五碱基（21 570）和六碱基（3 541）重复类型,分别占微卫星总数的23.36%, 10.07%, 3.57%和0.59%。出现最多的重复拷贝类别有：ATT, AAT, A, T, AAAT, ATTT和AT,共411 789个微卫星,占微卫星总数的68.13%,这7种类别的微卫星数量均大于30 000个。共有2 372个微卫星在外显子上,它们分别位于1 481个基因上。GO功能注释结果表明,其中434条归类于细胞组分(cellular component),402条归类于分子功能(molecular function),660条归类于生物学过程(biological process)。KEGG通路分析结果表明,与新陈代谢相关的基因最多（380个）,其次是与机体系统相关的（276个）,与遗传信息进程相关的基因最少（92个）。【结论】本研究为进一步系统深入分析德国小蠊微卫星功能及微卫星分子标记筛选打下了基础。     

绿尾虹雉全基因组微卫星分布规律研究

分析了绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii全基因组中微卫星的数量和分布规律,并对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行了注释分析。结果显示,在绿尾虹雉1. 01 Gb的全基因组中,1～6个碱基重复类型的完美型微卫星序列共292 430个,总长度5 465 549 bp,相对丰度为290. 47个/Mb,占全基因组的0. 54%,序列长度主要为10～43 bp。不同类型的微卫星中,单碱基重复类型数量最多,长度为3 535 260 bp,占71. 75%,其次是四碱基(611 568 bp,9. 99%)、二碱基(376 944 bp,7. 07%)、三碱基(335 742 bp,6. 38%)、五碱基(500 615 bp,3. 93%)和六碱基(105 420 bp,0. 88%)重复类型。在绿尾虹雉全基因组中,数目最多的10种优势微卫星分别是:A、C、AAAC、AT、AAAT、AC、AAT、AAC、AG、AAAAC,共计占90. 20%,表现出明显A偏倚。分布于外显子的微卫星有2 816个,内含子的有101 791个,基因间区的有187 823个。外显子的微卫星分布于1 314个编码基因中。GO注释分析发现,这些编码基因主要与细胞组分有关,富集前10的条目主要与代谢、转录和合成过程有关。KEGG富集最显著的通路是黏着连接通路。位于外显子的微卫星移码突变可能会造成基因突变,进而可能会影响绿尾虹雉对环境信号的处理。本研究为绿尾虹雉的微卫星筛选和进一步的遗传多样性、功能研究提供了数据基础,从分子角度为绿尾虹雉的保护提供了基础信息。     

蜜蜂全基因组中微卫星的丰度及其分布

查找出蜜蜂基因组中由1～6个碱基重复单元组成的简单序列重复,分析蜜蜂基因组中微卫星的分布频率,并比较其在各染色体中的分布频率。微卫星在蜜蜂基因组中的分布频率为1/0·804kb,其中二碱基重复序列占26·86%,是最丰富的重复单元,而六、一、三、四、五碱基重复单元序列分别占24·74%,22·19%,13·65%,10·98%,2·59%。同时发现富含A和T碱基的微卫星占主导地位,富含G和C碱基的微卫星数量较少。第4,1,3条染色体微卫星分布频率较高,而第11,14,12条染色体微卫星分布频率较低。     

林麝全基因组微卫星分布规律研究

林麝Moschus berezovskii是中国重要的资源动物,也是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物。本研究使用生物信息学方法,分析林麝全基因组中完美型微卫星的分布特征。在林麝2.53 Gb的基因组序列中,共搜索到665 524个完美型微卫星,总长度为11 517 784 bp,占基因组序列总长度的0.42%,总丰度为244个/Mb。林麝基因组中,单碱基微卫星序列数量最多,为221 058个,约占总微卫星数的33.22%,丰度为81.05个/Mb,然后依次为二碱基、五碱基、三碱基、四碱基、六碱基重复类型微卫星。林麝基因组中数目最多的10种微卫星类别依次为:A、AACTG、AGC、AC、AT、AG、AAAT、AAC、AAT和AAAC,占所有基因组微卫星的93.2%,表现出明显的A、T偏好。林麝基因组微卫星序列分布研究表明,其在外显子(2 530个)上的分布数量远低于内含子(200 906个)和基因间隔区(454 596个),与前人关于微卫星在非编码区的分布多于编码区的结论一致。本研究为深入研究林麝基因组特征及筛选更多优良微卫星标记提供了基础数据。     

红原鸡全基因组中微卫星分布规律研究

本文对红原鸡Gallus gallus全基因组中微卫星数量及分布规律进行了分析,查找到l～6个碱基重复类型的微卫星序列共282728个,约占全基因组序列(1.1Gb)的0.49%,分布频率为1/3.89kb,微卫星序列的长度主要在12～70个碱基长度范围内。第1、2、3条染色体上微卫星分布频率较高,而32号染色体上无微卫星分布。不同类型微卫星中,单碱基重复类型数目最多,为184192个,占总数的65.1%;其次是四、二、三、五、六碱基重复单元序列,分别占到总数的12.8%、9.7%、7.2%、4.6%、0.8%。T、A、AT、GTTT、AAAC、G、C、ATTT、AC、GT、AAAT、ATT、AAC、AAT、GTT、AG、CT、CTTT、AAAG、GTTTT、AAACA、AAGG、CCTT是红原鸡基因组中最主要的微卫星重复类型。本研究为红原鸡微卫星标记的分离筛选、遗传多样性的研究以及不同物种微卫星的比较分析奠定了基础。     

基于Solexa高通量测序的唐古特红景天(Rhodiola algida)微卫星信息分析

利用所获得的Solexa高通量唐古特红景天转录组拼接EST序列进行微卫星位点的挖掘分析,期望为红景天属SSR标记的开发提供生物信息学依据。在得到的6552条EST序列中,三碱基最多,占总EST序列的41.50%;单核苷酸和二核苷酸重复类型的SSR含量相似,分别为27.76%和24.76%;二至六碱基微卫星分布密度与其对应的SSR含量成正比。在单核苷酸重复类型中,T和A重复类型最多,分别为总SSR的14.91%、12.70%,而G和C重复类型则很少;在二核苷酸重复类型中,AG重复类型最多,占总SSR的5.60%,GA和TC重复类型次之,分别为4.75%、4.72%;在三核苷酸重复类型中,GAA重复类型最多,为总SSR的1.85%,GAT次之,为1.79%,TTC、TCT、TCA、GGA、GCT、GAG重复类型间的SSR数相差不大;四、五、六核苷酸重复类型则很少。除五、六核苷酸重复类型外,其长度变化与其对应的重复类型碱基长度成反比;同种重复类型中,微卫星的长度与其对应的SSR数成反比。     

Comparison of simple sequence repeats in 19 Archaea

All organisms that have been studied until now have been found to have differential distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs), with more SSRs in intergenic than in coding sequences. SSR distribution was investigated in Archaea genomes where complete chromosome sequences of 19 Archaea were analyzed with the program SPUTNIK to find di- to penta-nucleotide repeats. The number of repeats was determined for the complete chromosome sequences and for the coding and non-coding sequences. Different from what has been found for other groups of organisms, there is an abundance of SSRs in coding regions of the genome of some Archaea. Dinucleotide repeats were rare and CG repeats were found in only two Archaea. In general, trinucleotide repeats are the most abundant SSR motifs; however, pentanucleotide repeats are abundant in some Archaea. Some of the tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat motifs are organism specific. In general, repeats are short and CG-rich repeats are present in Archaea having a CG-rich genome. Among the 19 Archaea, SSR density was not correlated with genome size or with optimum growth temperature. Pentanucleotide density had an inverse correlation with the CG content of the genome.     

Mapping and analysis of simple sequence repeats in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are becoming standard DNA markers for plant genome analysis and are being used as markers in marker assisted breeding. And hence because of its great significance we have initiated this study to analyze complete genome of Arabidopsis thaliana for the prevalence of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa- mer repeats in the coding and non-coding regions of the chromosome and to map their exact position on the sequence. We have developed a program that can search a repeat of any length, its exact position on the chromosome and also its frequency of occurrence in the genome. Analysis of the results reveal that maximum number of repeats were found in chromosome 1 followed by chromosome 2 and 4 whereas, chromosome 3 and 5 contain relatively less number of these repeats. Among the SSRs, hexamers and dimers were more predominant in the chromosomes. Overall data showed that Chromosome 5 has minimum number of repeats. The abundance or rarity of various simple repeats in different chromosomes is not explained by nucleotide composition of sequence or potential repeated motifs to form alternative DNA structures. This suggests that in addition to nucleotide composition of repeat motifs, characteristic DNA replication / repair / recombination machinery might play an important role in genesis of repeats. The positional information is given at www.geocities.com/amubioinfo/ARD. This positional information can help Arabidopsis researchers to identify new polymorphisms in chromosomal regions of interest based on the SSRs that map in the area.     

Unique profile of ordered arrangements of repetitive elements in the C57BL/6J mouse genome implicating their functional roles

The entirety of all protein coding sequences is reported to represent a small fraction (~2%) of the mouse and human genomes; the vast majority of the rest of the genome is presumed to be repetitive elements (REs). In this study, the C57BL/6J mouse reference genome was subjected to an unbiased RE mining to establish a whole-genome profile of RE occurrence and arrangement. The C57BL/6J mouse genome was fragmented into an initial set of 5,321 units of 0.5 Mb, and surveyed for REs using unbiased self-alignment and dot-matrix protocols. The survey revealed that individual chromosomes had unique profiles of RE arrangement structures, named RE arrays. The RE populations in certain genomic regions were arranged into various forms of complexly organized structures using combinations of direct and/or inverse repeats. Some of these RE arrays spanned stretches of over 2 Mb, which may contribute to the structural configuration of the respective genomic regions. There were substantial differences in RE density among the 21 chromosomes, with chromosome Y being the most densely populated. In addition, the RE array population in the mouse chromosomes X and Y was substantially different from those of the reference human chromosomes. Conversion of the dot-matrix data pertaining to a tandem 13-repeat structure within the Ch7.032 genome unit into a line map of known REs revealed a repeat unit of ~11.3 Kb as a mosaic of six different RE types. The data obtained from this study allowed for a comprehensive RE profiling, including the establishment of a library of RE arrays, of the reference mouse genome. Some of these RE arrays may participate in a spectrum of normal and disease biology that are specific for mice.     

Genomic distribution of simple sequence repeats in Brassica rapa

Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) represent short tandem duplications found within all eukaryotic organisms. To examine the distribution of SSRs in the genome of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, SSRs from different genomic regions representing 17.7 Mb of genomic sequence were surveyed. SSRs appear more abundant in non-coding regions (86.6%) than in coding regions (13.4%). Comparison of SSR densities in different genomic regions demonstrated that SSR density was greatest within the 5'-flanking regions of the predicted genes. The proportion of different repeat motifs varied between genomic regions, with trinucleotide SSRs more prevalent in predicted coding regions, reflecting the codon structure in these regions. SSRs were also preferentially associated with gene-rich regions, with peri-centromeric heterochromatin SSRs mostly associated with retrotransposons. These results indicate that the distribution of SSRs in the genome is non-random. Comparison of SSR abundance between B. rapa and the closely related species Arabidopsis thaliana suggests a greater abundance of SSRs in B. rapa, which may be due to the proposed genome triplication. Our results provide a comprehensive view of SSR genomic distribution and evolution in Brassica for comparison with the sequenced genomes of A. thaliana and Oryza sativa.     

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of Microsatellites in Pineapple

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) is the second most important tropical fruit in term of international trade. The availability of whole genomic sequences and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) offers an opportunity to identify and characterize microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in pineapple. A total of 278,245 SSRs and 41,962 SSRs with an overall density of 728.57 SSRs/Mb and 619.37 SSRs/Mb were mined from genomic and ESTs sequences, respectively. 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTRs) had the greatest amount of SSRs, 3.6–5.2 fold higher SSR density than other regions. For repeat length, 12 bp was the predominant repeat length in both assembled genome and ESTs. Class I SSRs were underrepresented compared with class II SSRs. For motif length, dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant in genomic sequences, whereas trinucleotides were the most common motif in ESTs. Tri- and hexanucleotides of total SSRs were more prevalent in ESTs than in the whole genome. The SSR frequency decreased dramatically as repeat times increased. AT was the most frequent single motif across the entire genome while AG was the most abundant motif in ESTs. Across six examined plant species, the pineapple genome displayed the highest density, substantially more than the second-place cucumber. Annotation and expression analyses were also conducted for genes containing SSRs. This thorough analysis of SSR markers in pineapple provided valuable information on the frequency and distribution of SSRs in the pineapple genome. This genomic resource will expedite genomic research and pineapple improvement.     

Similarities in the chromosomal distribution of AG and AC repeats within and between Drosophila, human and barley chromosomes

Two simple sequence repeats (SSRs), AG and AC, were mapped directly in the metaphase chromosomes of man and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and in the metaphase and polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. To this end, synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to (AG)(12) and (AC)(8) were labelled by the random primer technique and used as probes in fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) under high stringency and strict washing conditions. The distribution and intensity of the signals for the repeat sequences were found to be characteristic of the chromosomes and genomes of the three species analysed. The AC repeat sites were uniformly dispersed along the euchromatic segments of all three genomes; in fact, they were largely excluded from the heterochromatin. The Drosophila genome showed a high density of AC sequences on the X chromosome in both mitotic and polytene nuclei. In contrast, the AG repeats were associated with the euchromatic regions of the polytene chromosomes (and in high density on the X chromosome), but were only seen in specific heterochromatic regions in the mitotic chromosomes of all three species. In Drosophila, the AG repeats were exclusively distributed on the tips of the Y chromosome and near the centromere on both arms of chromosome 2. In barley and man, AG repeats were associated with the centromeres (of all chromosomes) and nucleolar organizer regions, respectively. The conserved chromosome distribution of AC within and between these three phylogenetically distant species, and the association of AG in specific chromosome regions with structural or functional properties, suggests that long clusters of these repeats may have some, as yet unknown, role.     

Abundance and Characterization of Perfect Microsatellites on the Cattle Y Chromosome

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are found in most organisms and play an important role in genomic organization and function. To characterize the abundance of SSRs (1-6 base-pairs [bp]) on the cattle Y chromsome, the relative frequency and density of perfect or uninterrupted SSRs based on the published Y chromosome sequence were examined. A total of 17,273 perfect SSRs were found, with total length of 324.78?kb, indicating that approximately 0.75% of the cattle Y chromosome sequence (43.30?Mb) comprises perfect SSRs, with an average length of 18.80?bp. The relative frequency and density were 398.92?loci/Mb and 7500.62?bp/Mb, respectively. The proportions of the six classes of perfect SSRs were highly variable on the cattle Y chromosome. Mononucleotide repeats had a total number of 8073 (46.74%) and an average length of 15.45?bp, and were the most abundant SSRs class, while the percentages of di-, tetra-, tri-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide repeats were 22.86%, 11.98%, 11.58%, 6.65%, and 0.19%, respectively. Different classes of SSRs varied in their repeat number, with the highest being 42 for dinucleotides. Results reveal that repeat categories A, AC, AT, AAC, AGC, GTTT, CTTT, ATTT, and AACTG predominate on the Y chromosome. This study provides insight into the organization of cattle Y chromosome repetitive DNA, as well as information useful for developing more polymorphic cattle Y-chromosome-specific SSRs.     

Map and analysis of microsatellites in the genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis>: The first sequenced perennial plant

We mapped and analyzed the microsatellites throughout 284295605 base pairs of the unambiguously assembled sequence scaffolds along 19 chromosomes of the haploid poplar genome. Totally, we found 150985 SSRs with repeat unit lengths between 2 and 5 bp. The established microsatellite physical map demonstrated that SSRs were distributed relatively evenly across the genome of Populus. On average, These SSRs occurred every 1883 bp within the poplar genome and the SSR densities in intergenic regions, introns, exons and UTRs were 85.4%, 10.7%, 2.7% and 1.2%, respectively. We took di-, tri-, tetra-and pentamers as the four classes of repeat units and found that the density of each class of SSRs decreased with the repeat unit lengths except for the tetranucleotide repeats. It was noteworthy that the length diversification of microsatellite sequences was negatively correlated with their repeat unit length and the SSRs with shorter repeat units gained repeats faster than the SSRs with longer repeat units. We also found that the GC content of poplar sequence significantly correlated with densities of SSRs with uneven repeat unit lengths (tri-and penta-), but had no significant correlation with densities of SSRs with even repeat unit lengths (di-and tetra-). In poplar genome, there were evidences that the occurrence of different microsatellites was under selection and the GC content in SSR sequences was found to significantly relate to the functional importance of microsatellites.     

Genome-Wide Analysis of Microsatellite Markers Based on Sequenced Database in Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are distributed across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and have been widely used for genetic studies and molecular marker-assisted breeding in crops. Though an ordered draft sequence of hexaploid bread wheat have been announced, the researches about systemic analysis of SSRs for wheat still have not been reported so far. In the present study, we identified 364,347 SSRs from among 10,603,760 sequences of the Chinese spring wheat (CSW) genome, which were present at a density of 36.68 SSR/Mb. In total, we detected 488 types of motifs ranging from di- to hexanucleotides, among which dinucleotide repeats dominated, accounting for approximately 42.52% of the genome. The density of tri- to hexanucleotide repeats was 24.97%, 4.62%, 3.25% and 24.65%, respectively. AG/CT, AAG/CTT, AGAT/ATCT, AAAAG/CTTTT and AAAATT/AATTTT were the most frequent repeats among di- to hexanucleotide repeats. Among the 21 chromosomes of CSW, the density of repeats was highest on chromosome 2D and lowest on chromosome 3A. The proportions of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide repeats on each chromosome, and even on the whole genome, were almost identical. In addition, 295,267 SSR markers were successfully developed from the 21 chromosomes of CSW, which cover the entire genome at a density of 29.73 per Mb. All of the SSR markers were validated by reverse electronic-Polymerase Chain Reaction (re-PCR); 70,564 (23.9%) were found to be monomorphic and 224,703 (76.1%) were found to be polymorphic. A total of 45 monomorphic markers were selected randomly for validation purposes; 24 (53.3%) amplified one locus, 8 (17.8%) amplified multiple identical loci, and 13 (28.9%) did not amplify any fragments from the genomic DNA of CSW. Then a dendrogram was generated based on the 24 monomorphic SSR markers among 20 wheat cultivars and three species of its diploid ancestors showing that monomorphic SSR markers represented a promising source to increase the number of genetic markers available for the wheat genome. The results of this study will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity and evolution among wheat and related species. At the same time, the results will facilitate comparative genomic studies and marker-assisted breeding (MAS) in plants.