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1.
Elizabeth A. Offord Jean-Charles Gautier Ornella Avanti Corinne Scaletta Frank Runge Klaus Krmer Lee Ann Applegate 《Free radical biology & medicine》2002,32(12):483-1303
The photoprotective potential of the dietary antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, β-carotene, and the rosemary polyphenol, carnosic acid, was tested in human dermal fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light. The carotenoids were prepared in special nanoparticle formulations together with vitamin C and/or vitamin E. Nanoparticle formulations, in contrast to dimethylsulphoxide, stablized lycopene in the cell culture medium and allowed efficient cellular uptake. The presence of vitamin E in the formulation further increased the stability and cellular uptake of lycopene. UVA irradiation of the human skin fibroblasts led to a 10–15-fold rise in metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) mRNA. This rise was suppressed in the presence of low μM concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, or carnosic acid but not with β-carotene or lycopene. Indeed, in the presence of 0.5–1.0 μM β-carotene or lycopene, the UVA-induced MMP-1 mRNA was further increased by 1.5–2-fold. This increase was totally suppressed when vitamin E was included in the nanoparticle formulation. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression was strongly induced by UVA irradiation but none of the antioxidants inhibited this effect at the concentrations used in this study. Indeed, β-carotene or lycopene (0.5–1.0 μM) led to a further 1.5-fold rise in the UVA-induced HO-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carnosic acid showed photoprotective potential. Lycopene and β-carotene did not protect on their own but in the presence of vitamin E, their stability in culture was improved and the rise in MMP-1 mRNA expression was suppressed, suggesting a requirement for antioxidant protection of the carotenoids against formation of oxidative derivatives that can influence the cellular and molecular responses. 相似文献
2.
Sharifa Alkandari Fatima Al-Hassawi Ahmed Aldughpassi Jiwan S. Sidhu Hanan A. Al-Amiri Amani Al-Othman Nissar Ahmed Anwar Ahmad 《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2021,28(10):5547
The objective of this research work was to produce acceptable quality functional foods, namely, extruded snacks, digestive biscuits and pan bread, on a pilot scale, using vitamin E and β-carotene-rich red palm olein (RPOL) and red palm shortening (RPS). These products were evaluated for their chemical composition and sensory quality along with the antioxidants and vitamin contents during the six months of storage at room temperature (22 ± 1 °C). Extruded snacks and digestive biscuits prepared with RPOL and RPS were found to be good sources of these antioxidant vitamins. The average β-carotene content of the control and test snacks at the end of six months of storage ranged from 26.8 to 56.1 mg/kg fat, and from 430.9 to 468.9 mg/kg fat, respectively. The total vitamin E content in control and test snacks made in Plant No. 1 decreased after six months of storage from 786.1 to 704.4 mg/kg fat, and from 765.1 to 695.4 mg/kg fat, respectively. As expected, the total tocotrienol content was four to five times higher than the total tocopherols in control biscuits. The RPOL containing 600–750 ppm of carotenes (mainly α- and β-carotenes), 710–774 ppm of vitamin E, was found to be suitable for industrial application in producing acceptable quality pan bread, digestive biscuits and snacks. These functional foods contained significant amounts of β-carotene and total vitamin E, indicating the possibility of producing such foods rich in these two of the important antioxidant vitamins coming from a natural source. The research findings strongly indicate that good-quality pan bread, extruded snacks and digestive biscuits can successfully be produced to offer healthier eating choices to the consumers of this region, thereby promoting better health and productivity among the population. 相似文献
3.
Takeyama H Kanamaru A Yoshino Y Kakuta H Kawamura Y Matsunaga T 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1997,53(2):185-190
Euglena gracilis Z is one of the few microorganisms which simultaneously produces antioxidant vitamins such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E. Photoheterotrophically cultured E. gracilis Z produced larger levels of biomass but with a lower content of antioxidant vitamins than photoautotrophically grown cultures. For efficient production of these vitamins, a two-step culture was performed. Cells were grown photoheterotrophically and then transferred to photoautotrophic conditions. When E. gracilis Z cells were grown in fed-batch culture under photoheterotrophic conditions, their density reached 19 g/L after 145 h. Subsequent transfer of these cells to photoautotrophic conditions increased vitamin content, enhancing the total vitamin yields, which were 71.0 mg/L of beta-carotene, 30.1 mg/L of vitamin E, and 86.5 mg/L of vitamin C. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium in rats anesthetized with enflurane 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mustafa Naziroglu 《Biological trace element research》1999,69(3):199-209
The aim of this investigation was to determine levels of liver vitamins A and E and blood biochemical and hematological parameters
in the enflurane anesthesia of rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. All rats were randomly divided
into five groups. The first and second groups were used as the control and anesthesia control groups, respectively, and only
the placebo was intraperitoneally injected. The third group was intraperitoneally administered with vitamin E (dl/-α-tocopheryl
acetate, 100 mg/kg body weight), the fourth group with Se (Na2SeO3 1.5 mg/kg body weight), and the fifth group with vitamin E and Se (dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg/kg body weight + Na2SeO3 1.5 mg/kg body weight). This administration was done for three times with overday intervals and the second, third, forth,
and fifth group rats were taken to enflurane anesthetise for 2 h.
The liver vitamin E level was slightly lower in the anesthesia control group than in control group. However, the liver vitamin
E content was significantly (p < 0.05 andp < 0.01) increased in vitamin E, Se, and combination groups, whereas the vitamin A level in liver was not statistically different.
In general, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, creatin kinase, total bilirubin, urea, red blood cell counts, packet
cell volume, and hemoglobulin values were significantly (p < 0.05 andp < 0.001) increased during the anesthesia and returned to near control values after the vitamin E plus selenium injection.
However, administration of vitamin E had less effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters compared to that of selenium
and their combination with vitamin E. However, the white blood cell count and levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase,
total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and creatinine were not statistically influenced by the anesthesia.
In conclusion, we observed that plasma levels of some enzymes and metabolites were significantly increased in the enflurane
anesthesia of rats, whereas the liver vitamin E levels were slightly decreased. Therefore, we observed that vitamin E and
selenium have a protective effect against anesthesia complication, but the effect of selenium appears to be much greater than
the vitamin E. 相似文献
5.
Gerrit J. van den Berg Arnoldina G. Lemmens Anton C. Beynen 《Biological trace element research》1993,37(2-3):253-259
Copper status was measured in rats fed copper-adequate, purified diets supplemented with either vitamin E (250 IU/kg), vitamin
A (40,000 IU/kg), or β-carotene (2 g/kg). It was hypothesized that the extra intake of the antioxidants would spare vitamin
C resulting in a decreased copper status as shown previously after supplementation with vitamin C. A significant increase
in plasma ascorbate concentration was observed after β-carotene supplementation, but not after supplemental vitamin E or vitamin
A. Extra intake of either β-carotene or vitamin A slightly, but significantly, raised plasma copper concentrations. β-carotene
also slightly raised liver copper concentration. Supplemental vitamin E had no effect on plasma and liver copper concentrations.
It is concluded that the observed relatively small effects of supplemental vitamin A and β-carotene on copper status in rats
are not mediated by changes in plasma vitamin C concentration. 相似文献
6.
Sang-Hwal Yoon Sook-Hee Lee Amitabha Das Hee-Kyoung Ryu Hee-Jeong Jang Jae-Yean Kim Deok-Kun Oh Jay D. Keasling Seon-Won Kim 《Journal of biotechnology》2009,140(3-4):218-226
The increased synthesis of building blocks of IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) and DMAPP (dimethylallyl diphosphate) through metabolic engineering is a way to enhance the production of carotenoids. Using E. coli as a host, IPP and DMAPP supply can be increased significantly through the introduction of foreign MVA (mevalonate) pathway into it. The MVA pathway is split into two parts with the top and bottom portions supplying mevalonate from acetyl-CoA, and IPP and DMAPP from mevalonate, respectively. The bottom portions of MVA pathway from Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared with exogenous mevalonate supplementation for β-carotene production in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring β-carotene synthesis genes. The E. coli harboring the bottom MVA pathway of S. pneumoniae produced the highest amount of β-carotene. The top portions of MVA pathway were also compared and the top MVA pathway of E. faecalis was found out to be the most efficient for mevalonate production in E. coli. The whole MVA pathway was constructed by combining the bottom and top portions of MVA pathway of S. pneumoniae and E. faecalis, respectively. The recombinant E. coli harboring the whole MVA pathway and β-carotene synthesis genes produced high amount of β-carotene even without exogenous mevalonate supplementation. When comparing various E. coli strains – MG1655, DH5α, S17-1, XL1-Blue and BL21 – the DH5α was found to be the best β-carotene producer. Using glycerol as the carbon source for β-carotene production was found to be superior to glucose, galactose, xylose and maltose. The recombinant E. coli DH5α harboring the whole MVA pathway and β-carotene synthesis genes produced β-carotene of 465 mg/L at glycerol concentration of 2% (w/v). 相似文献
7.
In the present study, we examined the effect of the intraperitoneal administration of vitamin E (100 mg/kg weight/24 h) on ascorbate (0.4 mM) induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes . We also analyzed the effect of hepatic cytosolic proteins on this process. The results indicate that the ascorbate induced light emission was 76% lower in microsomes (1 mg protein) obtained from vitamin E treated animals when compared with controls. In the presence of cytosolic protein (1 mg) the chemiluminescence of control microsomes diminished 55.8 and 59.5% when cytosol from controls and treated animals was used, respectively. The chemiluminescence of vitamin E microsomes diminished 25.03 and 22.08% when both types of cytosol were added to the medium. Dialyzed or treated at 70°C cytosol was also able to inhibit the lipid peroxidation of either control or vitamin E rat liver microsomes. By means of gas chromatography we analyzed the fatty acid composition of native and peroxidated microsomes from both animal groups. The peroxidation affected principally arachidonic acid and its diminution was more evident in the control microsomes than in the microsomes from the vitamin E treated group. By HPLC we analyzed the vitamin E content in all subcellular fractions employed. In microsomes from the vitamin E-group, the content of vitamin was 11 times higher than in the control ones (0.678 ± 0.1038 vs. 0.062 ± 0.0045 g -tocopherol/mg protein, respectively), while levels in the cytosol from the vitamin E-group were only 2 times higher than in the control cytosol (0.057 ± 0.0051 vs. 0.025 ± 0.0015 g -tocopherol/mg protein, respectively). 相似文献
8.
Túnez I Muñoz MC Medina FJ Salcedo M Feijóo M Montilla P 《Cell biochemistry and function》2007,25(2):119-127
This study was designed to evaluate and compare the effect of melatonin, vitamin E and L-carnitine on brain and liver oxidative stress and liver damage. Oxidative stress and hepatic failure were produced by a single dose of thioacetamide (TAA) (150 mg kg(-1)) in Wistar rats. A dose of either melatonin (3 mg kg(-1)) vitamin E (20 mg kg(-1) ) or L-carnitine (100 mg kg(-1)) was used. Blood samples were taken from the neck vasculature in order to determine ammonium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and liver enzymes. Lipid peroxidation products, glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes were determined in cerebral and hepatic homogenates. The results showed a decrease in BUN and in the antioxidant enzymes activities and GSH in the brain and liver. Likewise, TAA induced significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation products levels in both liver and brain, as well as in ammonia values. Melatonin, vitamin E and L-carnitine, although melatonin more significantly, decreased the intensity of the changes produced by the administration of TAA alone. Furthermore melatonin combined with TAA, decreased the ammonia levels and increased the BUN values compared with TAA animals. Also it was more effective than vitamin E or L-carnitine in these actions. These data show the protective effect of these agents, especially melatonin, against oxidative stress and hepatic damage present in fulminant hepatic failure. 相似文献
9.
Mutants and Intersexual Heterokaryons of Blakeslea trispora for Production of β-Carotene and Lycopene 下载免费PDF全文
The industrial production of β-carotene with the zygomycete Blakeslea trispora involves the joint cultivation of mycelia of opposite sex in the presence of β-ionone and other chemical activators. We have obtained improved strains by mutation and heterokaryosis. We chose wild strains on the basis of their growth and carotene content in single and mated cultures. Following exposure of their spores to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, we obtained high-carotene mutants, which were more productive than their parents but similar to them in having β-carotene as the main product. Further increases in carotene content were obtained after a new round of mutagenesis in one of the mutants. The production was shifted to lycopene in cultures incubated in the presence of nicotine and in lycopene-rich mutants derived from the wild strains. The highest production levels were achieved in intersexual heterokaryons, which contained mutant nuclei of opposite sex. These contained up to 39 mg of β-carotene or 15 mg of lycopene per g (dry mass) under standard laboratory conditions in which the original wild strains contained about 0.3 mg of β-carotene per g (dry mass). β-Ionone did not increase the carotene content of these strains. Not all wild strains lent themselves to these improvements, either because they produced few mutants or because they did not increase their carotene production in mated cultures. 相似文献
10.
The biomass production and antioxidant accumulation of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea were examined. Using ammonium
chloride as nitrogen source for growth in liquid medium, the growth rate was exponential and accompanied by a marked fall
in the pH of the medium. The highest growth rate of 152 mg L-1 day-1 (logarithmic phase) was attained when T. aurea was cultured with aeration of 5% CO2-enriched air in medium buffered with HEPES. The growth rate and antioxidant content were enhanced under 5% CO2 by switching the light intensity from 43 to 143 μmol photon m-2 s-1 for the two-stage culture. As a result, T. aurea cells accumulated 2.1 mg β-carotene, 0.3 mg L-ascorbic acid and 2.4 mg tocopherols,
respectively, per g dry cell. The simultaneous production of useful materials, such as β-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C,
was demonstrated.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Özkaya D Naziroğlu M Armağan A Demirel A Köroglu BK Çolakoğlu N Kükner A Sönmez TT 《Cell biochemistry and function》2011,29(4):287-293
Diabetes induces oxidative stress in aged human and rat, although daily supplementation of vitamins C and E (VCE) can be beneficial to aged diabetic rats by reducing free radical production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether dietary VCE supplementation relieves oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic in aged rats. Thirty aged rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was used as a control. The second group was made diabetic using a single dose of intraperitoneal STZ. VCE-supplemented feed was given to aged diabetic rats constituting the third group. On the 21st day of the experiment, blood, lens and kidney samples were taken from all animals. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in lens and kidney, reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations in kidney were lower in the diabetic group than in the control whereas plasma glucose, urea and creatinine, and kidney and lens peroxidation (LP) levels were higher in the diabetic group than in the control. However, kidney and lens LP levels, and plasma glucose, urea and creatinine values were decreased by VCE supplementation. Lens and kidney GSH-Px activity, kidney GSH, vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations and erythrocyte counts were increased by VCE treatment. Kidney weights, vitamin A, haemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte and platelets values were not changed by diabetes and/or VCE supplementation. VCE ameliorated also diabetes-induced histopathological changes in kidney. In conclusion, we observed that VCE supplementation is beneficial towards kidney and lens of aged diabetic rats by modulating oxidative and antioxidant systems. 相似文献
12.
M. Couturier F. Lemonnier M. Conti M. Feneant-Thibault A. Lemonnier 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1990,26(1):29-32
Summary 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) uptake was tested in human fibroblast cultures in the presence and absence of vitamin E. Addition of 10 μg/ml
vitamin E to the culture medium significantly reduced this uptake for 2-DOG concentrations of 0.005, to 10 mmol/liter (P≤0.01). The decrease of 2-DOG uptake was inversely proportional to the rise in 2-DOG concentration (P≤0.01). The presence of vitamin E reduced by 71% the average cellular level of lipid peroxides (expressed as thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances) and caused a small but significant decrease in the cholesterol concentration (P≤0.01). These last results might explain the decrease in 2-DOG uptake observed in the presence of vitamin E. 相似文献
13.
1. Examination of two zooplankton species predominating in fish ponds, Daphnia magna and Chironomus larvae, revealed the presence of α- and β-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin and 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-β-carotene in Daphnia, and β-carotene and cryptoxanthin ester in Chironomus. No specific provitamins A2 (containing a 3,4-dehydro-β-ionone ring) were detected. 2. Guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) and platies (Xiphophorus variatus) were found to form vitamin A from β-carotene and from its oxygen-containing derivatives isozeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. Slight conversion into vitamin A2 seemed to occur simultaneously. 3,4-Dehydro-3′-hydroxy-β-carotene formed little vitamin A, and the latter was mainly of the A2 type. Lutein was devoid of provitamin A properties. 3. In addition to vitamin A, β-carotene was detected in fish receiving the 4-oxo- and 4-hydroxy-carotenoids. A reaction scheme for the conversion of carotenoids into retinal and and 3,4-dehydroretinal is presented. 4. It is concluded that natural 4-oxo derivatives of β-carotene may play a significant role as vitamin A precursors for fish. 相似文献
14.
Naves MM Silveira ER Dagli ML Moreno FS 《The Journal of nutritional biochemistry》2001,12(12):685-692
The effects of β-carotene and vitamin A administrations were evaluated in an in vivo model of hepatic cell differentiation. For this purpose, male Wistar rats received β-carotene (70 mg/kg of body weight), vitamin A (10 mg/kg of body weight) or corn oil (control group), by gavage and at every other day during the entire experimental period. After 4 consecutive weeks of treatment, the animals were submitted to the AAF/PH model of hepatic cell differentiation (6 × 20 mg of AAF [2-acetylaminofluorene]/kg of body weight and partial hepatectomy) and killed on different days following the surgery (until day 16 after hepatectomy). Liver samples were collected for determination of β-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, for histopathological (hematoxilin-eosin) examination, for immunohistochemical detection of glutathione S-transferase, as well as for the evaluation of connexin 43 (a structural protein of gap junctions of oval cells) expression by northern blot analysis. Compared to controls, the oval cell proliferation peaks (observed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry) and connexin 43 expression peaks, were postponed to later days after hepatectomy, in a similar way in β-carotene and vitamin A treated animals. Compared to the other experimental groups, the vitamin A treated group showed an increase in connexin 43 expression. It was concluded that β-carotene and vitamin A modulated oval cell proliferation and connexin 43 expression, delaying both events. These findings suggest that β-carotene and vitamin A can modulate the hepatic differentiation process in vivo. 相似文献
15.
Summary Shake flask cultures using a chromate resistant isolate identified as Pseudomonas sp. in defined medium containing 60 mg Cr(VI)/1 gave maximum chromate reduction of 87% at 40°C and pH 9 in 72 h with urea as nitrogen source. Continuous culture at 30 C, pH 7.2–7.6 and dilution rate of 0.014/h in a 2-1 chemostat with the same isolate showed 81% chromate reduction with feed containing 124 mg Cr(VI)/1. 相似文献
16.
We studied the effects of isolated and combined chronic (21 days) introductions of aluminum chloride and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on the polypeptide composition and content of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in different brain structures of rats. Injections of AlCl3 solution (12 mg/kg, i.p., daily) caused the appearance of low-molecular (47 to 38 kdalton) polypeptides and an increase in the content of GFAP in cytoskeletal fractions to 160 to 220%, as compared with the control. Introduction of vitamin E within the same interval provided significant normalization of the GFAP content in the brain of animals injected with AlCl3 and to a considerable extent prevented the appearance of degraded polypeptides in the GFAP composition. We discuss the prospects of using vitamin E as an antioxidant for the correction of Al3+-induced pathological processes in the CNS.Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 15–20, January–February, 2005. 相似文献
17.
Simova ED Frengova GI Beshkova DM 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2004,31(3):115-121
Two cultures, a yeast (Rhodorula rubra GED8) and a yogurt starter (Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2–11+Streptococcus thermophilus 15HA), were selected for associated growth in whey ultrafiltrate (WU) and active synthesis of carotenoids. In associated cultivation with the yogurt culture L bulgaricus 2–11+S. thermophilus 15HA under intensive aeration (1.3 l–1min–1 air-flow rate) in WU (45 g lactose l–1), initial pH 5.5, 30 °C, the lactose-negative strain R. rubra GED8 synthesized large amounts of carotenoids (13.09 mg l–1 culture fluid). The carotenoid yield was approximately two-fold higher in association with a mixed yogurt culture than in association with pure yogurt bacteria. The major carotenoid pigments comprising the total carotenoids were -carotene (50%), torulene (12.3%) and torularhodin (35.2%). Carotenoids with a high -carotene content were produced by the microbial association 36 h earlier than by Rhodotorula yeast species. No significant differences were notd in the ratio between the pigments synthesized by R. rubra GED8+L. bulgaricus 2–11, R. rubra GED8+S. thermophilus 15HA, and R.rubra GED8+yogurt culture, despite the fact that the total carotenoid concentrations were lower in the mixed cultures with pure yogurt bacteria. 相似文献
18.
Hyewon Lim Heaji Lee Yunsook Lim 《Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)》2021,246(10):1139
Vitamin D3 has been reported to protect liver against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by attenuating hepatic lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanism of vitamin D3 on hepatic lipid metabolism-associated autophagy in hyperglycemia-induced NAFLD remains yet to be exactly elucidated. C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg of streptozotocin and fed a high-fat diet for induction of diabetes. All mice were administered with vehicle or vitamin D3 (300 ng/kg or 600 ng/kg) by oral gavage for 12 weeks. Histological demonstrations of the hepatic tissues were obtained by H&E staining and the protein levels related to lipid metabolism and autophagy signaling were analyzed by Western blot. Treatment with vitamin D3 improved insulin resistance, liver damage, and plasma lipid profiles, and decreased hepatic lipid content in the diabetic mice. Moreover, vitamin D3 administration ameliorated hepatic lipid dysregulation by downregulating lipogenesis and upregulating lipid oxidation under diabetic condition. Importantly, vitamin D3 treatment induced autophagy by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inactivating Akt and ultimately blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in the T2DM mice. Additionally, vitamin D3 was found to be effective in anti-apoptosis and anti-fibrosis in the liver of diabetic mice. The results suggested that vitamin D3 may ameliorate hepatic lipid dysregulation by activating autophagy regulatory AMPK/Akt-mTOR signaling in T2DM, providing insights into its beneficial effects on NAFLD in type 2 diabetic patients. 相似文献
19.
L.J. Borowitzka 《Bioresource technology》1991,38(2-3)
In the past ten years, laboratory studies and open pond experiments at Hutt Lagoon, in Western Australia, have developed a commercial process, for extracting the food colouring, β-carotene, from algal cultures. The hypersaline microscopic alga, Dunaliella salina, is grown in 50 ha of open ponds, harvested, and the β-carotene extracted, concentrated and packaged as 2% and 20% suspensions in vegetable oil. 相似文献
20.
Dinesh Talwar Alex McConnachie Paul Welsh Mark Upton Denis O'Reilly George Davey Smith Graham Watt Naveed Sattar 《PloS one》2010,5(6)