青藏高原兽类分布格局及动物地理区划

通过文献资料检索,依据Wilson和Reeder(2005)主编的兽类分类系统,共收集青藏高原兽类250种,分别隶属10目30科.将青藏高原各自然地理单元作为基本单元,根据兽类分布特点,采用Ward's方法对各基本单元进行聚类,结合自然地理条件,对青藏高原兽类动物地理分布格局进行了研究.结果为:(1)青藏高原的兽类中,古北界物种主要分布在羌塘及高原北部地区,该地区的古北界物种占高原全部古北界物种的88.6%;东洋界物种主要分布在藏南及横断山地区,该地区东洋界物种占高原全部东洋界物种的97.7%.(2)根据聚类分析结果.当连接距离为0.6219-1.0738时,将青藏高原划分为2个动物地理I级区,当连接距离为0.5034-0.6219时,划分为4个动物地理Ⅱ级区,当连接距离为0.2236～0.2684时,划分为7个动物地理Ⅲ级区,当连接距离为0.0930～0.1245时,划分为16个动物地理Ⅳ级区.(3)依据青藏高原兽类地理分布格局特点,结合青藏高原隆升对物种分布和自然生态环境的影响,探讨了高原兽类分布格局成因.研究表明,青藏高原兽类分布格局的形成与高原的自身演化密切相关.     

滇龙胆草野生资源的地理分布与生物气候特征

利用国家标本资源共享平台提供的物种分布数据,结合野外实地调查和MaxEnt模型对滇龙胆草适宜分布区进行模拟和验证,分析滇龙胆草地理分布与气候因子间的关系.结果表明:模型训练集和验证集曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值均>0.90,表明模型预测精度高,预测结果较准确.滇龙胆草分布区地理坐标范围:22.2°-28.75°N,98.48°-110.59°E.适宜的海拔范围为1830^1959 m.适生区总面积约63.92×10^4 km^2;其中,高度适生区4.33×10^4 km^2,中度适生区21.42×10^4 km^2.云南、四川、贵州3省适生区面积合计约59.10×10^4 km^2,占全国适生区面积的92.46%.影响滇龙胆草地理分布的主要气候因子有3、6和8月太阳辐射,温度年较差,最暖季均温,10月和11月平均降水量及最干季降水量.偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分析表明,分布区以北和以东的太阳辐射(3月、6月和8月)、温度年较差、10-11月平均降水量、最干季降水量是主要的限制因子;分布区以南主要限制因子是6月太阳辐射、最暖季均温、10月和11月平均降水量.限制滇龙胆草向四川盆地、广西盆地分布的主要气候因子是太阳辐射、温度年较差、最暖季均温、年生物温度和年可能蒸散量.综合分析认为,滇龙胆草的适生区主要位于云贵高原,上述地区的亚热带湿润气候最适宜滇龙胆草生长.     

青藏高原科学考察丛书——《西藏哺乳类》

由冯祚建、蔡桂全、郑昌琳等三同志合著的青藏高原科学考察丛书-《西藏哺乳类》已于1986年10月出版。 北京科学出版社出版本书是值得庆贺的,它汇总了自1959年以来中国科学院历年在西藏高原兽类考察的综合成果。全书记载了126种兽类,包括已发表的1新种和6个新亚种与15种国内新记录,以及28种西藏新记录。详细地描述了形态、地理分布并讨论了分类学问题与亚种分化。有的还记述了生态习性,特别是一些优势种类,按种提供了较完整的资料。这些资料将是进一步了解世界屋脊高寒环境中兽类区系及生态学特征的重要依据。这一部分所构成的“各论”是本书的主体,份量最大,页数占全书的80%。是半个多世纪自外国人进入西藏地区探险以来,我国兽类学方面最完整科学记录。     

近48a华北区太阳辐射量时空格局的变化特征

以分析华北区太阳辐射量时空格局变化特征为研究目标,应用国家气象局整编的华北地区120个气象站点48a(1961-2008)的气象资料和中国数字高程模型,对48a来华北地区太阳辐射量进行计算及验证,并对空间格局及变异特征进行了探讨,结果表明:(1)华北地区太阳辐射量的年际间变化较大,总体呈下降趋势,线性倾向值为-7.72 MJ · m^-2 · a^-1;(2)太阳辐射量由多到少突变发生在1981年,1981-2008年太阳辐射量平均值较1961-1981年降低了203.92 MJ · m^-2 · a^-1。从1981年突变年开始,华北地区太阳辐射量表现出明显的下降趋势,且在分析期内,下降的态势得到持续发生;(3)1981/1982年度发生的太阳辐射量由多到少突变,大部分地区突变幅度在150 MJ/m²以上。突变严重的华北中部和南部地区,突变值可达300 MJ/m²;(4)突变年后,华北大部分地区均表现出持续下降的态势,下降速度在6 MJ · m^-2 · a^-1以上,其中华北东北部下降严重,下降速度可达15 MJ · m^-2 · a^-1。     

南海ODP1143站晚中新世以来颗石形态变化及其钙化作用

对南海ODP1143站约9 Ma以来颗石形态变化进行了测量分析,并借此讨论了颗石藻的钙化作用及其环境控制因素。结果显示,无论是颗石形态和钙化作用均存在4个明显的变化阶段:8.9-6 Ma, 4-3 Ma,2-1 Ma和1-0 Ma。其中在8.9-6 Ma期间,颗石形态学参数包括长度、厚度和重量所指示的钙化作用较强,6 Ma时颗石的长度达到最高,但厚度和重量均较低。随后颗石的三个形态学参数均逐渐升高,但在4 Ma时降至最低。三个形态学参数在2 Ma时存在波动,1Ma以来钙化作用加强。晚中新世以来颗石藻钙化作用的变化主要受大气CO_2浓度的影响,同时,颗石藻属种演化也可能是影响钙化作用的因素。     

我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群的划分和演变

到目前为止,通过调查和研究已认识到,在我国南方第四纪存在四个主要的哺乳动物群,即:元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、大熊猫-剑齿象动物群和现代哺乳动物群。本文对这四个主要的哺乳动物群的进一步划分和演变进行讨论。元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群均属早更新世。元谋组发现的动物群似乎可以分为两个不同的层位:早期以森林中生活的动物为主,其时代似可划归晚上新世;晚期的动物则反映出以森林—疏林草原为主的生态环境。早更新世的元谋动物群以元谋组上部(3—4段)发现者为代表。柳城巨猿动物群中现生种类比元谋动物群中多,似较后者为晚。柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群有较密切的关系,可以说前者是后者的原始类型。建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群代表柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群之间的过渡类型。大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的地质时代为中-晚更新世,根据动物群的组合情况可分为四个不同的发展阶段:(1)含第三纪残留种类或古老种类;(2)含中更新世典型种类;(3)含早期智人化石;(4)含晚期智人化石或相当于这一阶段的人类制造的文化遗物。我国南方现代哺乳动物群奠基于大熊猫-剑齿象动物群,大体上形成于晚更新世后期。在全新世早期可能有个别更新世残留下来的种类,稍后可能还有个别绝灭种或绝灭亚种;而地理分布改变的种类,在全新世较长的时期内还有所残留。我国南方第四纪哺乳动物表现出土生土长的特点。动物群大致经历过三次较大的变化。和华北地区比较,我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群显示出三大特点:(1)古老种类延续时期较长;(2)现生种类出现较早;(3)动物群的变化不及华北那么明显。     

四不象鹿属地理分布的变迁

四不象鹿属是第四纪期间东亚地区的特有动物,早更新世期间种属较多,分布于华北、台湾及日本;中更新世时,主要分布于江淮地区;晚更新世期间,继续在江淮地区生存,但逐渐移向东南沿海;全新世期间,见于河北、北京、河南、山东、安徽、江苏、上海及浙江,其中以长江下游的江苏、上海等地最多.四不象鹿属地理分布的变迁,反映了气候的变化.     

秦岭和大巴山区翼手类及其动物地理分布特征

秦岭和大巴山区作为动物地理分布区古北界及东洋界在我国中部的一段分界线,从提出之后有一些不同意见.前人在鸟类、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类及部分兽类的调查中从各个学科加以论证.作者从1964年以来进行过秦巴山区翼手类三次主要采集,获得的2 000余号标本,鉴定为32种,分属4科4亚科,分析结果认为其中23种为东洋界种属,占71....     

青海湖流域环境退化对野生陆生脊椎动物的影响

随着全球气候变暖,野生动物的分布区、物候期,繁殖等都不同程度受到了气候变暖的影响.近年来,青海湖流域的气候也发生了变化.于2003～2005年对青海湖流域的生态环境与陆生野生脊椎动物及其生境进行了调查,结合查阅文献,运用地理信息系统方法,研究了青海湖流域的气候变化和陆生野生脊椎动物种类和分布的变化.发现青海湖流域的气候与自然环境都发生了变化,青海湖流域气温增幅较为显著,其中以秋、冬两季增温显著,20世纪末青海湖流域的平均气温较20世纪80年代上升了1.26℃.青海湖流域降雨量呈下降趋势,干燥度呈缓慢的上升趋势.1959年以来,青海湖的水位下降了3.7m,面积减少了313.3 km^2.1976年以来,湖东地区沙漠化土地面积从356.4 km^2增加到735.9 km^2.同时,沼泽面积从25.08km^2减少到4.73km^2.1949年以来,青海湖流域人口增长了近10倍,建立了由便道、省道、国道和铁路组成的路网,并建立了大面积的围栏草地.由于近代环境退化和人类活动的影响,青海湖流域的野生脊椎动物种类和分布的发生了很大变化.由于湿地面积减小,中国林蛙,花背蟾蜍和水禽的适宜生境变小.湖水退缩后,部分裸露的湖底演变为沙地,随着沙地面积的扩大,沙蜥的适宜生境面积扩大.在研究期间,湿地生境中观察到46种鸟类10种兽类,沙漠生境观察到3种鸟类和19种兽类,在高山草甸生境观察到63种鸟类和36种兽类.在居民地观察到鸟类、兽类分别为16种和6种.不同栖息地中啮齿动物种类差异显著,湖周沙漠啮齿动物种类最少,高山草甸啮齿动物种类最多.一些鸟类从青海湖地区消失了,大型兽类如藏羚（Pantholops hodgsoni）、藏野驴（Equus kiang）和野牦牛（Poephagus mutus）等从青海湖流域消失了,而普氏原羚（Procapra przewalskii）、藏原羚、原麝的数量显著减少.     

延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节动态

利用生物量、物种数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等变量, 对延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节性变化进行了调查。选择生物量作为小型兽类的优势度指标, 分析了小型兽类优势度的季节性变化及在不同生境的表现。共捕获小型兽类9 种, 分属2 目3 科, 优势种为达乌尔鼠兔和中华鼢鼠甘肃亚种; 小型兽类群落4 种变量的季节变化与小型兽类种群生物量的季节变化关系密切; 延安人工林区小型兽类群落优势种的季节性决定着群落生物量的季节性, 普通种和稀有种的季节性决定着物种数和多样性的季节性; 延安人工林区9 种小型兽类存在不同的时空组合; 中华鼢鼠是唯一在各季节和所有生境中分布的种类; 夏、秋季刺槐人工林区、杂草灌丛区达乌尔鼠兔优势度极高。     

Observations on the distribution of some chironomids (Diptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Killarney area,Ireland

The Killarney region, south-west Ireland, has a mild oceanic climate, yet elements of the flora and fauna in the area appear to have disjunct distributions. Eleven chironomid and two trichopteran taxa, which are considered cold stenothermous and generally occur outside Ireland at high altitudes or northern latitudes, are found in waters around 25 metres above sea level in Killarney. These are believed to be glacial relict elements which have survived in the region to live with a fauna depauperate in comparison to western Europe.     

SOME REMARKS ON CHENJIAWO FAUNA──On the First Appearance of Peking Man Fauna

I.CORRELATIONBETWEENL0ESSSECTI0NAND0XYGENIS0TOPESTAGESIntheYuanloessarea,manyscientiststhinkthatthesedimentsarecontinuousandtheclimaticrecordsareperfect.Thisdoesnotappeartobeaccurate.Sedimentationwasdiscontinuousinmanysections.Forexample,manyscientistsarguethatS2corresp0ndstooxygenisot0peStage7(Liu,l985,KuklaandAn,l989;Dingetal.,l990).lnfact,S2includesthreelayersfS2SSl,S2LLlandS2SS2.Dingetal.(l990)reportedthatthereisathickunitofloessbetweenS2SSlandS2SS2intheBaicao…     

The declining Spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Pelobatidae): paleo and recent environmental changes as a major influence on current population structure and status

Populations of the European Spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) have experienced recent declines all over Europe, but these appear to be more intense in north and western Europe. Due to the toad’s fossorial nature and specific habitat requirements, environmental conditions have played a major role in structuring current populations. We examined the phylogeographic structure in P. fuscus from 16 localities throughout Europe using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Sequence divergence among haplotypes was low (0.54±0.15%). Three very closely related haplotypes occupy northern and western parts of Europe whereas 12 others were observed among samples from south-eastern Europe, including the Balkans. Our results suggest that toads only recently colonized the northern and western parts of Europe following glacial retreat. This expansion probably took place in steppic-like areas during the younger Dryas cold interval, about 12,900–11,500 years ago. Restricted gene flow with an isolation-by-distance population structure characterises a major part of its distribution range. Based on our results we suggest that the northern and western lineages should be considered as distinct conservation units, while the south-eastern populations from the refugial areas, where nearly all genetic polymorphism occurs and populations appear less vulnerable, should receive special attention.     

In vitro steroidogenesis by primary to antral follicles in the hamster during the periovulatory period: effects of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin

Hamster ovarian follicles at Stages 1 to 10 (Stages 1-4: follicles with 1-4 layers of granulosa cells (GC); Stages 5-7: 5-10 layers GC plus theca; Stages 8-10: antral follicles) were isolated on the morning of proestrus or estrus and incubated for 2 h in the absence or presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (Prl), progesterone (P4), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), or androstenedione (A). Steroid accumulations in the media were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). On proestrus, without any hormonal stimulus, consistent accumulation of P4 through estradiol-17 beta (E2) occurred in low amounts only from Stage 6 and on; both FSH (5-25 ng) and LH (1-25 ng) significantly stimulated steroidogenesis by Stage 6-10 follicles, and the effects of FSH, except for Stage 10, were largely attributable to LH contamination. However, 25 ng FSH significantly stimulated A production by Stages 1-4, whereas 1-25 ng LH was ineffective. On estrus, follicles at all stages, especially 1-6, showed significant and dose-dependent increases in P4 production in response to FSH; both FSH and LH significantly stimulated P4 and 17OHP accumulation from Stage 5 onwards; however, there was no increase in A and E2 compared to controls. Even the smallest estrous follicles showed a shift to predominance of P4 accumulation. On proestrus, Prl had a negative influence on LH-induced accumulation of P4 and 17OHP by Stages 7-9 and 6-8, respectively, without affecting A or E2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of FSH and LH on incorporation of [3H]thymidine into follicular DNA

To assess the roles of FSH and LH on follicular growth, after various experimental manipulations, hamster follicles were sorted into 10 stages and incubated for 4 h with [3H]thymidine. Stages 1-4 correspond to follicles with 1-4 layers of granulosa cells, respectively; Stage 5 = 5 or 6 layers of granulosa cells plus theca; Stage 6 = 7-8 layers of granulosa cells plus theca; Stage 7 = early formation of the antrum; Stages 8-10 = small, intermediate and large antral follicles, respectively. Phenobarbitone sodium injected at 13:00 h on pro-oestrus blocked the normal rise of blood FSH and LH concentrations at 15:00 h and prevented the increase of [3H]thymidine incorporation into follicles of Stages 1-9. The optimal treatment to reverse the effects of phenobarbitone was 1 microgram FSH and 2 micrograms LH injected i.p. at 13:00 h which restored DNA replication to follicles of Stages 2-10: FSH acted primarily on Stages 2-5 and LH on Stages 5-10. Injection of phenobarbitone at 13:00 h on prooestrus followed by 2.5 micrograms FSH at 22:00 h restored DNA synthesis by the next morning to follicles at Stages 1-8. In hamsters hypophysectomized at 09:00 h on the day of oestrus (Day 1), injection on Day 4 of 2.5 micrograms FSH restored DNA synthesis 6 h later to Stage 2-6 follicles. Unilateral ovariectomy on Day 3 resulted 6 h later in an acute rise in FSH and LH and change of follicles from Stage 4 to Stage 5 but, paradoxically, there was decreased synthesis of DNA in follicles of Stages 5-10.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Progress in palynology of the Gelasian-Calabrian Stages in Europe: Ten messages

Europe has at present the most extensive network of palynological sites covering the Late Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene or roughly the Gelasian-Calabrian Stages. This paper covers 10 points of recent progress in the palynology of this time period: 1) the contribution of palynology to truly global stratigraphy, 2) the existence and steps of vegetation succession after a glacial period, 3) the causes for the disappearance from Europe of some taxa, 4) the location and the types of vegetation refugia, 5) the causes of the low arboreal pollen representation in glacial times, 6) the extent of extreme glacial conditions, 7) the input of long marine records to short terrestrial ones, 8-9) cyclopalynostratigraphy for wiggle matching dating and duration estimations and, finally, 10) short glacial periods and long interglacial ones in an obliquity-forced climate.     

关于徐州白云洞与南京汤山第1地点的哺乳动物化石

白云洞位于江苏省徐州市九里区九里山的白云寺内,产有中国鬣狗,三门马,李氏野猪,葛氏斑鹿,肿骨鹿等9个种类,其地质时代大体上与汤山第一地点或北京人动物群同时,为中更新世晚期。     

Radioreceptor and autoradiographic analysis of FSH, hCG and prolactin binding sites in primary to antral hamster follicles during the periovulatory period

As measured by radioreceptor assays, binding sites for FSH and prolactin were present at 09:00 h on the day of pro-oestrus in Stage 1-10 follicles (primary to antral) with prolactin receptors 3-6 times higher than FSH sites in Stages 1-3 (3 layers of granulosa cells). Specific binding sites for hCG were present in Stage 1 and 2 follicles (2 layers of granulosa cells) but thereafter their distribution was erratic and they were not consistently detectable until Stage 5, when thecal cells first appeared. Using topical autoradiography, specific binding for FSH was evident in Stage 1-4 follicles (4 layers granulosa cells) whereas specific hCG-binding was not. After the preovulatory gonadotrophin surges, by 21:00 h on pro-oestrus, FSH receptors declined in Stages 5-10, prolactin receptors fell in Stages 8 and 10 (small and large antral follicles) and hCG receptors were reduced in Stages 7 (start of antral cavity) to 10. On the morning of oestrus, for follicles from Stage 4 onwards, receptor numbers usually returned to levels found at 09:00 h on pro-oestrus. At oestrus, the few remaining Stage 10 follicles were all atretic and contained significantly reduced FSH and prolactin receptors but numbers of hCG binding sites comparable to those at 09:00 h of pro-oestrus. These results provide evidence of gonadotrophin receptors in small primary and secondary follicles which is consistent with increased DNA synthesis in small hamster follicles on the afternoon of pro-oestrus and on the morning and afternoon of oestrus. Periovulatory changes in gonadotrophin concentrations may therefore affect early stages of folliculogenesis.     

南京汤山早期人类及南方几个猿人遗址的生活环境

南京汤山的早期人类的地质时代相当于中更新世晚期,距今12.7—50万年。该动物群是一个单调的北方型动物群,生活在寒冷期,相当于深海氧同位素的等10阶段,距今33—37万年。郧县的古人类与蓝田的公王岭动物群同时,为早更新世,距今100—140万年。它们生活在温暖期,相当于欧洲的Waalian暖期。与元谋人共生的元谋动物群(相当于元谋组的第四段)包括许多典型的北方型动物,如复齿鼠兔,泥河湾剑齿虎、麅、羚羊等,故它们生活在寒冷期,也属早更新世,距今140—190万年。     

The recolonization of Europe by brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 after the Last Glacial Maximum

1. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum brown bears Ursus arctos recolonized the glacial landscape of Central and Northern Europe faster than all other carnivorous mammal species of the Holocene fauna. Ursus arctos was recorded in Northern Europe from the beginning of the Late-Glacial. The recolonization of northern Central Europe may have taken place directly after the maximum glaciation. The distribution of the brown bear was restricted to glacial refugia only during the Last Glacial Maximum, for probably no more than 10 000 years. 2. Genetic analyses have suggested three glacial refugia for the brown bear: the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula and the Balkans. Subfossil records of Ursus arctos from north-western Moldova as well as reconstructed environmental conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum in this area suggest to us a fourth glacial refuge for the brown bear. Because of its connection to the Carpathians, we designate this as the ‘Carpathian refuge’. 3. Due to the low genetic distance between brown bears of northern Norway, Finland, Estonia, north-eastern Russia and the northern Carpathians (the so-called eastern lineage), the Carpathians were considered the geographical origin of the recolonization of these regions. During the recolonization of northern Europe the brown bear probably reached these areas rapidly from the putative Carpathian refuge.