人类与部分实验动物RETN基因同源性分析

目的分析人类与部分实验动物的RETN基因同源性,为人类RETN基因相关疾病及基因功能研究对理想实验动物的选择提供依据。方法提取猕猴、大鼠、小鼠和树鼩的脂肪组织总RNA,用相应的RETN引物进行RT-PCR,对其产物进行双向测序;同时在GenBank中查询人类、猪、牛的RETN基因序列;再运用ORF Finder软件调取其ORF核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列,用DANMAN软件对所获得的序列进行比对,分析其同源性。结果人类RETN的核苷酸序列与猕猴、小鼠、树鼩、大鼠、猪、牛的同源性分别为95.4%、65.4%、65.4%、66.4%、81.0%、81.0%;氨基酸序列分别为91.7%、55.6%、55.6%、53.7%、75.9%、72.2%。;系统进化树结果表明,就RETN基因而言,人与猕猴的亲缘关系较近。结论基于同源性分析结果,在RETN的进化上猕猴与人类存在较近的亲缘关系,是研究人类RETN生物学功能及其相关疾病的最佳实验动物。     

Cytological study of early cervical adenocarcinoma: special reference to the depth of invasion

OBJECTIVE: Early cervical adenocarcinoma (ECA) with a tumour depth of <3 mm has a good prognosis. To clarify the cytological features of ECAs with depth <3 mm, these were compared with those of ECA with 3-5 mm and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) invading the cervical wall with more than 5 mm in depth. METHODS: The cervical cytological features of ECAs with depth <3 mm (14 cases) were compared with those of ECA with 3-5 mm (four cases) and IA (13 cases). Cytologically, the presence or absence of tumour diathesis, number of atypical cells, crowded cell groups, groups with glandular structures, feathering, groups with palisading borders, rosettes, clusters, cell shape and size, nuclear shape and size, nucleolar shape and size, chromatin distribution, border and character of cytoplasm, and single cell pattern were evaluated. RESULTS: A tumour diathesis was seen in five of 14 ECA <3 mm in depth (36%), all four ECA with 3-5 mm (100%) and 11 of 13 IA with more than 5 mm (85%). Single cells, macronucleoli and coarsely granular chromatin pattern were less frequent in ECA of <3 mm than that in ECA with 3-5 mm and IA. The number of atypical cells and glandular structures in ECA was significantly less than that in IA. Cell crowding, feathering, palisading and rosettes were common in both ECA and IA. CONCLUSION: The characteristic cytological features of ECA with depth <3 mm, having a good prognosis, were clean background, fewer single cells and macronucleoli, and less frequent coarsely granular chromatin pattern compared with those in ECA with 3-5 mm and IA. The number of atypical cells and glandular structures in ECA was significantly less than that in IA. Familiarity with the cytological features of ECA and its mimics is essential.     

剪形臂尾轮虫形态的时空变化及其与生态因子间的关系

对芜湖市镜湖和汀棠湖中剪形臂尾轮虫(Brachionus forficula)的发生及其形态特征进行了一年的观察,并分析了其与环境因子间的关系。结果表明,镜湖中,剪形臂尾轮虫出现于7月至10月,且仅存在短后棘刺型个体;2样点内,除了前外棘刺长以外,轮虫的其他各形态参数均随季节显著变化,形态参数的样点间差异也因季节的不同而异;轮虫的各形态参数均随pH的升高而延长,随过滤水体中叶绿素a含量和水体中总叶绿素a含量的升高而缩短;体长和体宽均随晶囊轮虫密度的升高而增大。汀棠湖中,短后棘刺型个体出现于6月至10月,而长后棘刺型个体仅出现于6月至8月;2种形态型个体同时存在时,长后棘刺型个体在种群中所占比例始终高于短后棘刺型个体,并与水温、水体中总叶绿素a含量以及枝角类、桡足类和晶囊轮虫的密度均呈显著的正相关;2样点轮虫短后棘刺型个体各形态参数均随季节显著变化;长后棘刺型个体在1号样点内仅前外棘刺和后棘刺长有显著变化,而2号样点内仅体长、体宽和后棘刺长有显著变化;2样点内长后棘刺型个体的体长、体宽以及前外棘刺和后棘刺均显著长于短后棘刺型个体;同一形态型个体形态参数的样点间差异因季节的不同而异;短后棘刺型个体的前外棘刺和后棘刺长均与水体中总叶绿素a含量呈显著的正相关,后者与过滤水体中叶绿素a含量和枝角类密度也呈显著的正相关;长后棘刺型个体的后棘刺长与桡足类密度呈显著正相关,前内棘刺长与水温、溶氧量和晶囊轮虫密度呈显著负相关。两湖泊内剪形臂尾轮虫的后棘刺长和体长之间均呈显著的正相关,提示其后棘刺的延长并不是对体长的异速增长。     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能亢进症23 例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并甲状腺功能亢进症的孕妇的妊娠结局,对母体造成的影响,抗甲状腺药物的使用情况及分娩方式。方法:对23例甲状腺功能亢进孕妇进行了回顾性分析,观察该病对孕妇的影响,对母儿造成的不良结局。结果:23例甲状腺功能亢进孕妇合并轻度妊娠高血压综合征的2例,中度4例,重度2例。合并心衰6例,合并胎膜早破5例,胎盘粘连2例,甲状腺危象1例,胎盘早剥1例,产后出血1例,前置胎盘1例。23例甲状腺功能亢进顺产6例,产钳1例,胎头吸引1例,剖宫产15例。出现早产9例,其中5例为医源性早产。胎儿宫内窘迫6例,死胎1例。结论:妊娠合并甲状腺功能亢进症常危及母婴健康,为降低母儿风险,孕前需很好地控制病情,孕期密切监控,合理治疗。     

陆军青年军人心理素质与人格、心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨陆军青年军人心理素质与人格、心理健康的关系。方法：整群抽取陆军青年官兵881名,采用军人心理素质量袁、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测评,进行方差分析和相关分析。结果：（1）陆军青年军人心理素质各因子分及总分与EPQ人格问卷中的E分呈显著正相关（p〈0．01）;与N分、P分呈显著负相关（p〈0．01）。高、中、低心理素质水平军人E、P、N得分比较有显著差异（p〈0．05）,表现为在E量表得分上高心理素质组〉中等心理素质组〉低心理素质组;而在P、N量表得分上则反之。（2）陆军青年军人心理素质各因子分及总分均与SCL-90各因子分和总均分呈显著负相关（p〈0．01）。高、中、低心理素质水平军人SCL-90各因子得分比较有显著差异（p〈0．05）,表现为低心理素质组〉中等心理素质组〉高心理素质组。结论：陆军青年军人心理素质与心理健康密切相关,心理素质越高,其心理健康水平也越高。     

海水处理下菊芋幼苗生理生化特性及磷效应的研究

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。该试验研究了海水处理下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗生长发育、渗透物质积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性和离子吸收分布情况及磷素对其影响。结果表明:1)10%海水对菊芋幼苗生长发育没有抑制作用,甚至有一定的促进作用,25%海水胁迫对菊芋幼苗形态发育上具有一定抑制作用,增加磷素浓度后,能显著缓解其抑制作用;2)10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较对照显著增加,随着时间的延长,先增加后降低,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增加菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;3)海水处理下菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性都显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增强菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性;4)10%海水处理菊芋幼苗叶片MDA含量与对照差异不大,甚至小于对照,25%海水处理能显著增加MDA含量及膜透性,增加磷素浓度后,均降低了MDA含量和膜透性;5)随着海水浓度增加和时间延长,菊芋幼苗地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能降低地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量,而地上部和根部K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量较对照增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能增加K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量。由此可见,磷素能够改善菊芋幼苗的营养状况,同时能够增强其抗盐性。     

江西省资溪县马头山蕨类植物区系

马头山蕨类植物区系由 3 0科 62属 1 42种组成。区系地理成份复杂 ,科属的地理成份以热带亚热带性质为主。主要的科是鳞毛蕨科 (2 5种 )、水龙骨科 (1 8种 )、金星蕨科 (1 5种 )、卷柏科 (1 1种 )、蹄盖蕨科 (1 1种 ) ,5科占总种数 5 6.3 4%。主要的属是鳞毛蕨属 (1 6种 )、卷柏属 (1 1种 )、凤尾蕨属 (8种 )、铁角蕨属 (8种 )、复叶耳蕨属 (5种 )、假瘤蕨属 (4种 )占总种数 3 6.62 %。马头山蕨类植物区系属的地理成份可分为 8个 ,主要是泛热带 (1 9属 )、热带亚洲 (7属 )、世界广布 (1 9属 )成份 ,占总属数 72 .5 8%。而种的地理成份则以亚热带山地成份为主 ,本区东亚成份突出 ,加上中国特有成份共占总种数的 66.2 1 %。显然应是东亚植物区系的一部分。掌叶假瘤蕨为江西省首次发现。     

多层螺旋CT在诊断小儿急性阑尾炎中的应用

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT对小儿急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析经临床手术病理证实的53例小儿急性阑尾炎的CT表现特点。所有患儿均行多排CT横断面扫描及MPVR重建。结果:53例中,单纯性阑尾炎2例;急性化脓性阑尾炎伴周围炎4例,其中1例合并紫癜;急性化脓性阑尾炎伴穿孔33例,其中1例合并回肠末端美克尔憩室;坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔6例;阑尾脓肿8例。CT平扫以及MPVR重建显示阑尾肿大、增粗(直径大于6mm)30例,阑尾内粪石27例,阑尾周围蜂窝织炎23例,阑尾周围脓肿8例,大量腹水6例。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描及重建技术能为小儿阑尾炎的诊断提供有力依据,提高临床术前诊断能力。     

Toxoplasma gondii: partial cross-protection among several strains of the parasite against congenital transmission in a rat model

Rats were immunized with cysts of two Toxoplasma strains or with RH strain tachyzoites prior to pregnancy. The litters of the 13 rats that received homologous challenges with cysts during pregnancy, were all protected, whereas of 173 rats that received heterologous challenges with cysts or oocysts, only 21 protected their litters. 38.3 and 17% of rats immunized with the RH and with complete strains respectively, and 57% of control rats challenged with cysts, transmitted the infection congenitally. The percentages when similar groups were challenged with oocysts, were 33.3, 48.2, and 56.2%, respectively. Immunization with cysts did not completely protect against challenge with oocysts, even if the same strain was used. The divergence of these results from the complete protection against congenital toxoplasmosis observed in immune women and ewes, might be due to the use of excessive challenge doses in the model.     

Nonverbal Communication and Human–Dog Interaction

Human–dog interaction relies to a large extent on nonverbal communication, and it is therefore plausible that human sensitivity to nonverbal signals affects interactions between human and dog. Experience with dogs is also likely to influence human–dog interactions, and it has been suggested that it influences human social skills. The present study investigated possible links between human nonverbal sensitivity, experience with dogs, and the quality of human–dog interactions. Two studies are reported. In study 1, 97 veterinary students took a psychometric test assessing human nonverbal sensitivity and answered a questionnaire on their experience with dogs. The data obtained were then used to investigate the relationship between experience with dogs and sensitivity to human nonverbal communication. The results did not indicate that experience with dogs improves human nonverbal sensitivity. In study 2, 16 students with high, and 15 students with low, levels of human nonverbal sensitivity were selected. Each of the 31 students interacted once with an unknown dog in a greeting situation, and these human–dog interactions were videoed. We found that a combined score of dog behaviors relating to insecurity was associated with the students' level of nonverbal sensitivity and experience with dogs: the dog showed more of the insecure behavior when interacting with students with a low level of nonverbal sensitivity and no experience with dogs than it did when interacting with students with a high level of nonverbal sensitivity (irrespective of experience with dogs).     

亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫繁殖力的影响

为协调害虫的化学防治与生物防治,测定了吡虫啉、鱼藤酮、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素、抗蚜威和印楝素6种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对异色瓢虫成虫繁殖力的影响．结果表明,各处理异色瓢虫每雌每日产卵量为40～55粒,吡虫啉接触法和饲喂法预处理及鱼藤酮和印楝素饲喂预处理后,均显著低于对照．所有处理间每雌累积产卵量差异不显著．6种药剂2种方式处理异色瓢虫后,其所产卵的孵化率均低于对照,从卵发育至蛹期的累积存活率均显著降低．吡虫啉两种方式处理和氰戊菊酯接触处理,从卵至蛹期的总发育历期显著延长,鱼藤酮两种方式处理和氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素、抗蚜威、印楝素饲喂法处理的总发育历期明显比对照缩短,而鱼藤酮和阿维菌素接触处理的与对照差异不显著．药剂直接浸渍处理异色瓢虫卵后,各处理卵的孵化率均较对照降低．氰戊菊酯处理的l龄幼虫存活率也明显较对照低,2龄至蛹期的存活率也有所下降．鱼藤酮和氰戊菊酯处理的总发育历期显著延长．这些研究结果显示,低剂量的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫繁殖力的影响很复杂,药剂的类型、作用方式、毒性高低以及给药途径等均影响到试验结果．     

早期伤口切开对血循毒蛇咬伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨血循毒类毒蛇咬伤患者早期伤口切开对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2011年3月~2014年3月诊治的血循毒类毒蛇咬伤患者223例的临床资料,总结并比较其临床特点及预后。结果本组患者轻度肿胀97例中,伤后12h内切开21例,未溃疡12例,Ⅰ°溃疡7例,Ⅱ°溃疡2例;晚期切开或未切开76例,未溃疡15例,Ⅰ°溃疡41例,Ⅱ°溃疡16例,Ⅲ°溃疡4例。中度肿胀患者85例中,伤后12h内切开32例,未溃疡8例,Ⅰ°溃疡21例,Ⅱ°溃疡2例,Ⅲ°溃疡1例;晚期切开或未切开53例,未溃疡6例,Ⅰ°溃疡16例,Ⅱ°溃疡24例,Ⅲ°溃疡7例。重度肿胀患者41例中,伤后12h内切开17例,Ⅰ°溃疡11例,Ⅱ°溃疡4例,Ⅲ°溃疡2例;晚期切开或未切开24例,Ⅰ°溃疡2例,Ⅱ°溃疡6例,Ⅲ°溃疡16例。在蛇伤后12h内切开的患者坏死溃疡的形成、肿胀程度的改善均明显优于晚期切开或未切开的患者,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论随着患者凝血功能的改善,早期伤口切开对血循毒类毒蛇伤患者局部伤口状况有较好的改善作用。     

Testes size, ejaculate quality and sperm competition in birds

The relationship between testes size, ejaculate quality (volume, sperm concentration, number of sperm per ejaculate) and sperm competition in birds was analysed using data collected in artificial insemination studies. I hypothesized that ejaculate quality, because of natural selection, should be superior in species with intense sperm competition compared with other species. In regression analyses, testes weight increased with body weight, with an exponent less than one, and ejaculate volume increased with testes weight with an exponent not significantly different from one, whereas sperm number per ejaculate increased with testes weight with an exponent larger than one. Species with relatively large testes also produced ejaculates with a high sperm concentration. Monogamous species with a relatively low intensity of sperm competition copulate rarely, but deliver ejaculates with a relatively large number of sperm. Monogamous species with a high intensity of sperm competition copulate frequently, but produce ejaculates with a relatively small number of sperm. Males of polygynous species, which also experience intense sperm competition, copulate rarely with specific females, but produce many ejaculates per male each with a relatively small number of sperm.     

Side-chain-modified analogs of calcitriol cause resistance of human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells to drug-induced apoptosis

Calcitriol and some of its analogs have antiproliferative activity, but at the same time, can cause resistance to apoptosis induced by known cytostatic drugs. In this paper, we examined the effects of treatment with calcitriol or its side-chain-modified analogs, analog of Vitamin D2, coded PRI-1906, with monohomologated and unsaturated side-chain and the analog of Vitamin D3, coded PRI-2191, with (24R) hydroxyl group, and those of known cytostatics (genistein, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and taxol) on the apoptosis of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. HL-60 cells were incubated in three different sequences: (1) pre-treatment with calcitriol or its analogs and then treatment with cytostatics; (2) pre-treatment with cytostatics and then treatment with calcitriol; (3) simultaneous treatment with calcitriol and cytostatics. Apoptosis was examined either by DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis or by cell-cycle analysis in a FACS Calibur flow cytometer. We showed that pre-treatment with calcitriol or one of its side-chain-modified analogs PRI-1906 or PRI-2191 caused resistance of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells to genistein-, doxorubicin-, cisplatin-, and taxol-induced apoptosis. Simultaneous exposure of HL-60 cells to calcitriol and drug caused a significant decrease in the apoptotic level of HL-60 cells compared with cells treated with drug alone. The pre-treatment of HL-60 cells with drug and then treatment with calcitriol did not increase the level of apoptosis compared with the drug effect alone. These results indicate the potential limitations of calcitriol analogs for treatment of leukemia.     

长刺萤叶甲属与短鞘萤叶甲属的外部形态扫描电镜观察

本文对长刺萤叶甲属和短鞘萤叶甲属的头部,口器,触角,体毛,刻点,前胸背板,鞘翅缘折,足的外部形态首次进行了扫描电镜观察,并对结果进行了分析,比较,发现纬度变化引起的形态变异不显著,而海拔的变化引起形态的适应性变化比较显著。因此,对两种不同海拔的萤叶甲进行形态比较,研究萤叶甲在不同地理环境下,其形态的适应性变化提供了有价值的依据。     

Echocardiographic Findings in Patients With Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism Compared With Findings in Hypercalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroid Patients and Control Subjects

ObjectiveThere are no data regarding echocardiographic parameters in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NCPHPT). We compared the echocardiographic findings in postmenopausal women with NCPHPT with those in patients with hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and controls.MethodsSeventeen consecutive Caucasian postmenopausal women with NCPHPT were compared with 20 women with hypercalcemic PHPT and 20 controls. Obesity, diabetes, kidney failure, and previous cardiovascular diseases were considered exclusion criteria. Each patient underwent biochemical evaluation, bone mineral density scan, and echocardiographic measurements. Patients with parathyroid disorders underwent kidney ultrasound evaluation.ResultsPatients with PHPT had significantly higher mean total serum calcium, ionized calcium, 24-hour urinary calcium, and parathyroid hormone and lower mean phosphorus levels compared with those in the controls (all P < .05). The only differences between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT were significantly lower mean total serum calcium, ionized calcium, and 24-hour urinary calcium and higher phosphorus levels in patients with NCPHPT (all P < .05). The only biochemical difference between patients with NCPHPT and the controls was a higher level of mean parathyroid hormone in patients with NCPHPT. There were no differences in cardiovascular risk factors between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls. Hypertension was the most frequent cardiovascular risk factor, diagnosed in 65% of patients with PHPT. This high prevalence was not statistically significant compared with that observed in patients with NCPHPT (59%) and in the controls (30%). Echocardiography parameters were not different between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls when subdivided according to the presence of hypertension (ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction).ConclusionIn a population with a low cardiovascular risk, we found no differences in cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic parameters between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls.     

III度膝关节内侧副韧带损伤缝合锚重建术后异位骨化8例临床分析

目的:分析8例III度膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的患者行缝合锚重建术后异位骨化发生与损伤的关系。方法:回顾性收集8例Ⅲ度膝关节内侧副韧带损伤行缝合锚重建术后发生异位骨化的患者,对其临床一般资料、损伤程度及部位、膝关节活动度及异位骨化程度等进行分析。结果:8位中Ⅰ度异位骨化4例,膝关节活动度73.75°~176.25°,平均125°,Ⅱ°异位骨化4例,膝关节活动度78.75°~157.25°,平均117.4°。在发生内侧副韧带异位骨化的8名患者中,仅有1名为单纯内侧副韧带损伤导致,其余7名患者中5名合并前叉或前、后叉韧带损伤,1例伴有胫骨髁间棘的撕脱骨折,1例合并胫骨平台骨折,4例合并胫骨或股骨髁骨折。结论:膝关节内侧异位骨化是异位骨化的好发部位,其发生与膝关节多发韧带损伤有关。     

Immunohistochemical Double Staining with Immunogold-Silver and Alkaline Phosphatase to Identify Nuclear Markers of Cellular Proliferation

To facilitate cell kinetics studies of brain tumors labeled with thymidine analogs, we developed a new method to identify nuclei labeled sequentially with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) by double staining with immunogold-silver and alkaline phosphatase. Patients received an intraoperative infusion of BUdR: excised tumor specimens were immediately labeled with IUdR in vitro. fixed with 70% alcohol, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 6 pm sections. The sections were incubated first with BR-3. a monoclonal antibody that recognizes only BUdR, and then with IU-4. a monoclonal antibody that recognizes both BUdR and IUdR: sections were counterstained with hematoxylin to identify unlabeled nuclei. Nuclei labeled only with IUdR stained red, whereas those labeled with BUdR or with both BUdR and IUdR stained black against a red background: unlabeled nuclei stained blue. This method was the most efficient differential staining technique to identify nuclei labeled only with IUdR and those labeled with BUdR among unlabeled nuclei.     

Role of redox imbalance and cytokines in mediating oxidative damage and disease progression of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder wherein the contributory role of oxidative stress has been established in the synovial fluid. As availability of synovial fluid is limited, this study aimed to evaluate in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, the relationship if any, between the extent of oxidative stress in terms of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils, plasma NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activity with markers of oxidative damage, circulating cytokines and disease activity score (DAS28). In patients with RA, neutrophils in peripheral blood demonstrated an enhanced generation of ROS, coupled with depletion of free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, the NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activity was enhanced as were markers of damage. There was a positive correlation between the DAS 28 and generation of ROS, NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activity as also with oxidative stress mediated protein carbonylation. Patients with RA demonstrated an increase in proinflammatory (IL-17, IL-23, and IFN-γ) and some anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, and TGF-β) cytokines. Although the levels of IL-17 correlated positively with generation of ROS, myeloperoxidase, markers of protein damage and DAS28, IL-23 correlated positively only with protein damage, and negatively with free radical scavenging activity. Importantly, incubation of neutrophils from healthy donors with plasma or SF from patients with RA translated into an enhanced generation of ROS, along with an elevation of intracellular proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, in patients with RA, circulating neutrophils mediated a shift in the oxidant/antioxidant balance favouring the former, which translated into protein damage and contributed towards disease progression.     

Somatostatin release in the hippocampus in the kindling model of epilepsy: a microdialysis study

Somatostatin biosynthesis in the hippocampus is activated during and following kindling epileptogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this phenomenon is associated with enhanced somatostatin release in vivo. Experiments have been run in awake, freely moving rats, implanted with a bipolar electrode in the right amygdala (for kindling stimulation), and with a recording electrode and a microdialysis probe in the left hippocampus. Basal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (-LI) release was significantly greater in kindled than naive rats. In naive rats, a 2-min perfusion with 100 mM K(+) did not affect behavior and EEG recordings and nonsignificantly increased somatostatin-LI release; a 10-min K(+) perfusion evoked numerous wet dog shakes, electrical seizures (class 0; latency congruent with 8 min, duration congruent with 8 min), and somatostatin-LI release ( congruent with 350% of basal); and a single kindling after-discharge (4 +/- 3-s duration in the hippocampus) also evoked somatostatin-LI release ( congruent with 200% of basal). In kindled rats, a 2-min 100 mM K(+) perfusion evoked hippocampal discharges in three of seven animals (latency congruent with 2 min, mean duration congruent with 1.5 min) and increased somatostatin-LI release ( congruent with 250% of basal); a 10-min K(+) perfusion evoked behavioral seizures (class 1 to 5, latency congruent with 4 min, mean duration congruent with 12 min) with numerous wet dog shakes and robust somatostatin-LI release ( congruent with 350% of basal); and a kindling stimulation evoked generalized seizures (class 4 or 5, 77 +/- 15-s duration in the hippocampus) with remarkable somatostatin-LI release ( congruent with 300% of basal). These data demonstrate that hippocampal somatostatin release is increased in the kindling model in vivo.