Systematic Study of Korean Formica Ants Using RAPD

ABSTRACT The phytogeny of Formica ants in Korea was carried out using RAPD. Analyzing RAPD marker, the similarity degrees between species were estimated, and they were compared with the results from the measuring values of thirteen morphological characters. Morphological analysis showed as follows: all the five species were grouped with 72% or more similarity. Out-group, Camponotus was independently isolated. F. lemani and F. Candida, F. yessensis and F.japonica were grouped in a very tight cluster with 97% or more similarity, while F. sanguinea+F. yessensis and F.japonica were grouped with 88%. On the other hand, RAPD analysis showed as followes: F. sanguinea, F. yessensis were grouped at the level of 97% similarity, F. lemani and, F. Candida were also grouped with 97%. Both two groups were again grouped with 85% or more. This group and F.japonica were grouped with 72% similarity. In RAPD the lowest similarity was 72% in the five species of Formica. The positional homology of amplified fragments was identified by Southern hybridiztion of RAPD fragments. As a result, F. sanguinea and F. yessensis showed 97% degree of similarity, and also F. lemani and F. Candida showed 97%. F.japonica and above four species showed 72%. The level of similarity of F.japonica against the other four species was lower than those of four other species.     

Changes in population structure of the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici during continuous wheat cropping

A method was developed to assess the genetic structure of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) populations and test the hypothesis of an association between disease level in the field with changes in pathogen populations. A long-term wheat monoculture experiment, established since 1994, generated different take-all epidemics with varying the number of wheat crop successions in the 1999-2000 cropping season. Genetic polymorphism in Ggt populations was investigated over natural, local epidemics. Four populations of 30 isolates were isolated from necrotic wheat roots in a first, third, fourth, and sixth wheat crop in the same year. Each Ggt isolate was characterized with RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphism DNA) markers and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) fingerprinting. Seventeen multilocus genotypes based on the combination of RAPD and AFLP markers were identified among all these populations. The 120 isolates were divided into two main groups, G1 and G2, according to bootstrap values higher than 86%, except for an unique isolate from the third wheat crop. Within each group, populations ranged between 93 and 100% similarity. Both groups included isolates collected from the first, third, fourth or sixth wheat crop. However, G1 group profiles dominated amongst isolates sampled in the first and the sixth wheat crops, whereas G2 group profiles largely dominated amongst isolates collected from the third and fourth wheat crops. Aggressiveness of group G2 (38%) was significantly greater than that of G1 (29.5%). These results suggest that changes in Ggt population structure occur during continuous wheat cropping. The distinction of two Ggt groups provides a simple basis for further spatio-temporal analysis of Ggt population during polyetic take-all decline.     

Molecular evidence for the taxonomic identity of Korean Adonis (Ranunculaceae)

Although Korean Adonis has been traditionally recognized as Adonis amurensis Regel and Radde with various infraspecific taxa described, its taxonomic identity is still in dispute. We investigated the genetic variation in 60 individuals from 12 populations in Korea to elucidate the taxonomic identity of the Korean Adonis complex. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed that Korean Adonis comprises three species: A. amurensis, A. pseudoamurensis, and A. multiflora. Adonis amurensis is distributed in northern central inland regions of Korea and A. pseudoamurensis is found in southern parts of the Korean peninsula. Adonis multiflora grows only on Cheju Island, which is the southernmost part of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences partially supported the presence of three Adonis taxa in Korea as detected by RAPD analysis. The Adonis population on Jangbong Island located in the West Sea, which was referred to as A. pseudoamurensison the basis of morphological examination, was separated from the other populations of A. pseudoamurensis. Otherwise, the molecular evidence is well congruent with the recent morphological study that proposes that Korean Adonis consists of these three species.     

Genetic and biochemical differentiation in Vitis vinifera (Kabarcik) populations grown at different altitudes in Coruh Valley

We examined genetic differences of four Vitis vinifera populations (A, B, C, D) including local Kabarcik cultivar grown along an altitude gradient of 800, 900, 1000, and 1150 m above sea level in the Coruh Valley (800 m: A population; 900 m: B population; 1000 m: C population; 1150 m: D population). Leaf samples were used for both RAPD and fatty acid analysis. A total of 60 individuals with 15 individuals per population were included in this study. RAPD analyses showed various band sizes, which ranged from 250 to 3000 bp. Mean polymorphic locus ratios were determined as 96.29% considering four populations. The highest percentage of polymorphic loci (97.8%) was produced by the highest altitude. Thirty-two different fatty acids were found; linoleic acid was the most common in all four populations. According to the dendograms obtained from statistical analyses of RAPD and fatty acid profiles the populations that were close to each other in terms of geographical distance also were similar genetically.     

Genetic relationship between cultured populations of Pacific oyster revealed by RAPD analysis

We developed random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for the assessment of the genetic relationship between cultured populations of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg in Hiroshima and Goseong, the largest oyster farming areas in Japan and Korea, respectively. Of 25 arbitrary primers comprising decamer nucleotides of random sequences, polymerase chain reaction amplifications with 5 different primers gave reproducible electrophoretic patterns. A total of 49 RAPD markers were clearly identified for the Hiroshima and Goseong populations, and 46 markers were polymorphic presenting mean polymorphism rates of the respective populations at 92.29% and 93.32%. Pairwise genetic distances of each 20 individuals from these populations served to produce a UPGMA dendrogram. The dendrogram comprised two main clusters, one of which was a nested cluster including all individuals of the Hiroshima population along with 12 individuals of the Goseong population, and the other cluster included the remaining individuals of the Goseong population. Results indicate that RAPD markers are useful for the assessment of the genetic relationships between populations of the Pacific oyster and further that a significant portion of oysters imported from Korea could be genetically related to the Hiroshima population.     

不同海拔高度大血藤群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析及其与环境因子的相关性

利用 RAPD技术分析了分布于浙江省天台山 3个不同海拔高度的天然大血藤群体的遗传多样性、遗传分化以及与环境因子的相关性。 13种随机引物在 3 6株个体中共检测到 88个可重复的位点 ,其中多态位点 74个 ,总多态位点百分率为84.0 9% ,大血藤具有丰富的遗传多样性。 Shannon信息指数显示的遗传多样性以海拔 950 m的群体为最高 ,其次是海拔 73 0 m的群体 ,最低的是海拔 52 0 m的群体 ;群体内的遗传多样性占总遗传多样性的 43 .68% ,群体间的遗传多样性占 56.3 2 %。 Nei指数估计大血藤群体间的遗传分化系数为 0 .540 6,大血藤群体间的基因流很低。大血藤海拔 73 0 m群体与海拔 52 0 m群体的遗传相似度较高 ,海拔 950 m群体与其它两群体的遗传相似度较低。大血藤群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总氮呈极显著的正相关。     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性 (Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿--长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为2.3,多态位点比率为83.3%,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为0.245及0.320,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较。     

Conservation genetics of endangeredBrasenia schreberi based on RAPD and AFLP markers

Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmelin is a declared endangered species found in the lakes and ponds of South Korea. For planning its conservation strategy, we examined the genetic diversity within and among six populations, using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Polymorphisms were more frequently detected per loci with AFLP (69.3%) than RAPD (36.8%). High genetic diversity was recognized within populations: polymorphic loci (PPL) values ranged from 36.3% in the CJM population to 74.5% in the GGT population, with a mean value of 47.8% based on AFLP markers. Great genetic differentiation (θ^B) was detected among the six populations (0.670 on RAPD and 0.196 on AFLP), and we calculated a low rate of gene flow (N_em), i.e., 0.116 on RAPD and 0.977 on AFLP. Furthermore, a Mantel test revealed that no correlation existed between genetic distances and geographical distances among the six local populations, based on RAPD or AFLP markers. These results are attributed to a number of factors, including an insufficient length of time for genetic diversity to be reduced following a natural decline in population size and isolation, adaptation of the genetic system to small population conditions, and a restricted gene flow rate. Based on both its genetic diversity and population structure, we suggest that a strategy for conserving and restoringB. schreberi must focus on maintaining historical processes, such as high levels of outbreeding, while monitoring increased gene flow among populations. This is because a reduction in genetic diversity as a result of genetic drift is undesirable.     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性（Ⅱ）

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿———长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为２３,多态位点比率为８３３％,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为０２４５及０３２０,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较     

Genetic diversity analysis of Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) located on Changbai Mountain using ISSR and RAPD markers

Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) is a perennial alpine shrub endemic to Changbai Mountain in China. We used ISSR and RAPD markers to describe the diversity and genetic structure within and among four natural populations located at different altitudes. DNA from 66 individuals was amplified with ten ISSR markers and seven RAPD markers. High genetic diversity was observed by these two techniques at the species level. The genetic diversity of populations increased with altitudinal gradients from low to high. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST 0.3652 in ISSR and 0.2511 in RAPD) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity was distributed within populations (61.96% in ISSR and 70.23% in RAPD). The estimate of gene flow based on G_ST was 0.8690 in ISSR and 1.4910 in RAPD. The UPGMA clustering results using ISSR and RAPD showed that all individuals from the same altitude were gathered together, and the two populations (TYD2a and YHLa) from middle altitudes always clustered together. Compared with populations from different altitudes, similar genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation were obtained from populations at the same altitudes, as revealed by ISSR markers. In addition to the reproductive strategy of R. aureum, these data highlight that local environmental conditions may play an important role in shaping the diversity and genetic structure of this species.     

Genetic changes associated to declining populations of Formica ants in fragmented forest landscape

We monitored populations of two wood ant species, Formica aquilonia and Formica lugubris, through annual mapping of the colonies in a fragmenting forest landscape from 1966 to 1998. The genetic population structure was studied at the end of the study period by using 12 microsatellite loci. Fragmentation of forest led to a decline and spatial redistribution of populations. Changes in the spatial distribution were particularly pronounced in the highly polygynous (many queens in a single nest) species F. aquilonia, whose local populations declined or became extinct, or relocated themselves and colonized new patches. The genetic relationships of the remaining subpopulations indicated the historical developments, revealing the boundaries of the historical populations (high values of genetic differentiation, F(ST)), recolonization histories (genetic affinities revealed by Bayesian analyses) and population decline (reduced variation). Big genetic differences could be detected over short distances, so differentiation also depended on social factors. Our results showed that a genetic study can be reliably used to dissect the recent historical changes underlying the present population structure, and that species with different social structures can respond differently to habitat changes. Combining our demographic and genetic results suggests that habitat fragmentation forms a clear threat on a local scale with large negative effects on ant population viability.     

Distribution and Movement Tendencies of Short-Tailed Viper Snakes(Gloydius saxatilis) by Altitude

The distribution pattern of reptiles in mountainous regions is generally related to altitude.The distribution of viperine species can be limited by elevation.Short-tailed viper snakes(Gloydius saxatilis) of South Korea are found mostly in high elevation mountainous areas,but few studies have evaluated how their distribution relates to elevation gradient.This study was conducted from 2012 to 2013 to investigate the altitudinal distribution of short-tailed viper snakes in mountainous areas and to discover their movement patterns in Cheon-ma Mountain County Park in South Korea.A translocation method utilizing radiotracking technology was employed to confirm whether their distribution was influenced by altitude.The results showed that most short-tailed vipers were observed in middle and high altitude areas(from 400 m to 800 m),but none were observed in low altitude areas(from 200 m to 400 m).According to the results of the translocation and tracking experiments,the individuals of the translocated group showed a significantly broader home range than those of the control group.In addition,all individuals of the translocated group moved vertically,while most of the control group moved horizontally.Therefore,all translocated individuals tended to move back toward their original habitat,a high elevation area.Consequently,we concluded that the distribution of short-tailed viper snakes was limited by altitude.     

17种桤木属植物的亲缘关系研究及模糊种鉴定

利用AFLP分子标记结合形态学指标,采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,对桤木属17个种57份材料进行了亲缘关系研究及一个模糊种鉴定。结果表明：7对引物扩增出369条带,其中346个多态位点,多态位点百分率为93.77%;根据AFLP标记位点聚类分析,在相似系数为0.782时,17种桤木属植物可分为4类,第一类为日本桤木(Alnus japonica);第二类为绿桤木(A.viridis)、意大利桤木(A.cordata)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、模糊种、四川桤木(A.cremastogyne)、江南桤木(A.trabeculosa)、斑点桤木(A.incana ssp.rugosa)、东北亚灰桤木(A.hirsuta)、台湾桤木(A.formosana)、日本特有桤木(A.firma)和裂叶桤木(A.sinuata);第三类为灰桤木(A.incana)、红桤木(A.rubra)及薄叶桤木(A.tenifolia);第四类喜马拉雅灰桤(A.nitida)和尼泊尔桤木(A.nepalensis)。根据形态学聚类分析,在距离为1.4时可分为三类,意大利桤木(A.cordata)单独为一类;日本桤木(A.japonica)、台湾桤木(A.formosana)、喜马拉雅灰桤木(A.nitida)、江南桤木(A.trabeculosa)和东北亚灰桤木(A.hirsuta);第三类包括模糊种、灰桤木(A.incana)、斑点桤木(A.incana ssp.rugosa)、裂叶桤木(A.sinuata)、红桤木(A.rubra)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、绿桤木(A.viridis)、四川桤木(A.cremastogyne)、薄叶桤木(A.tenuifolia)和尼泊尔桤木(A.nepalensis)。经形态特征和AFLP分析鉴定模糊种为欧洲桤木。形态学聚类与AFLP聚类结果基本一致,但仍存在一定的差异,说明桤木属植物遗传背景丰富,种的分子分类地位和形态学分类地位具有一定的差异。     

Genomic and phenotypic differentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana along altitudinal gradients in the North Italian Alps

Altitudinal gradients in mountain regions are short‐range clines of different environmental parameters such as temperature or radiation. We investigated genomic and phenotypic signatures of adaptation to such gradients in five Arabidopsis thaliana populations from the North Italian Alps that originated from 580 to 2350 m altitude by resequencing pools of 19–29 individuals from each population. The sample includes two pairs of low‐ and high‐altitude populations from two different valleys. High‐altitude populations showed a lower nucleotide diversity and negative Tajima's D values and were more closely related to each other than to low‐altitude populations from the same valley. Despite their close geographic proximity, demographic analysis revealed that low‐ and high‐altitude populations split between 260 000 and 15 000 years before present. Single nucleotide polymorphisms whose allele frequencies were highly differentiated between low‐ and high‐altitude populations identified genomic regions of up to 50 kb length where patterns of genetic diversity are consistent with signatures of local selective sweeps. These regions harbour multiple genes involved in stress response. Variation among populations in two putative adaptive phenotypic traits, frost tolerance and response to light/UV stress was not correlated with altitude. Taken together, the spatial distribution of genetic diversity reflects a potentially adaptive differentiation between low‐ and high‐altitude populations, whereas the phenotypic differentiation in the two traits investigated does not. It may resemble an interaction between adaptation to the local microhabitat and demographic history influenced by historical glaciation cycles, recent seed dispersal and genetic drift in local populations.     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著     

云南三种稻蝗基因组DNA的RAPD多态性分析

应用RAPD技术对采自云南龙陵两交水和腾冲曲石马鹿冲的24头稻蝗进行了基因组DNA多态性分析,10条随机引物共产生129条清晰、稳定的谱带.基于Jaccard相似系数,用Between-groups Linkage法得出的聚类图与基于Nei's遗传距离分别用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树基本一致:供试的所有稻蝗个体分为3个聚类簇:龙陵两交水的3、7～8号个体与腾冲曲石马鹿冲(海拔1450m)的8个个体聚为一支,龙陵两交水的1、2、4～6号个体聚为另一支,两支相聚后与腾冲曲石马鹿冲(海拔1 550 m)的8个个体聚为一起.形态学鉴定表明:龙陵两交水的3、7～8号个体为日本稻蝗,1、2、4～6号个体为小稻蝗,腾冲曲石马鹿冲(海拔1450 m)的8个个体均为日本稻蝗,腾冲曲石马鹿冲(海拔1550 m)的个体为有待进一步鉴定的未知种.形态学鉴定结果与聚类结果完全吻合,充分展示了RAPD技术在区分近缘物种方面的独到优势.比较不同采集地的日本稻蝗、小稻蝗的RAPD分析结果,发现云南的这两种稻蝗在同物种不同种群中的遗传多样性最为丰富,从一个侧面显示出我国云南昆虫的物种多样性及物种内部丰富的遗传多样性.     

Molecular evidence for the taxonomic identity of Korean Adonis (Ranunculaceae)

 Although Korean Adonis has been traditionally recognized as Adonis amurensis Regel and Radde with various infraspecific taxa described, its taxonomic identity is still in dispute. We investigated the genetic variation in 60 individuals from 12 populations in Korea to elucidate the taxonomic identity of the Korean Adonis complex. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed that Korean Adonis comprises three species: A. amurensis, A. pseudoamurensis, and A. multiflora. Adonis amurensis is distributed in northern central inland regions of Korea and A. pseudoamurensis is found in southern parts of the Korean peninsula. Adonis multiflora grows only on Cheju Island, which is the southernmost part of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences partially supported the presence of three Adonis taxa in Korea as detected by RAPD analysis. The Adonis population on Jangbong Island located in the West Sea, which was referred to as A. pseudoamurensis on the basis of morphological examination, was separated from the other populations of A. pseudoamurensis. Otherwise, the molecular evidence is well congruent with the recent morphological study that proposes that Korean Adonis consists of these three species. Received: November 6, 2001 / Accepted: February 26, 2002     

珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)苞片功能性状及性状间关系对海拔的响应

珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)的苞片被认为是对传粉者和非生物因素等驱动力的适应,往往受到环境因子的影响。为揭示其功能性状及其性状间关系对海拔的响应,本研究采用独立样本t检验和标准化主轴分析方法对比了四川龙苍沟1400和1800 m不同海拔珙桐种群中花苞片的功能性状和性状间关系。结果显示:1)低海拔(1400 m)珙桐种群大、小苞片的长、宽和面积,以及单花苞片总面积均显著大于高海拔(1800 m)种群(P<0.05),且高、低海拔种群的大、小苞片面积及重量呈等比例生长;2)低海拔珙桐种群大、小苞片干重及单花苞片总干重均显著高于高海拔种群(P<0.05);3)高、低海拔种群的花序轴长与干重均无显著差异(P=0.446;P=0.791),高海拔花序轴干重与长间呈异速生长关系,而低海拔呈等速生长关系;4)珙桐大、小苞片的长宽间、面积间以及重量间关系在高、低海拔上均表现出等速生长,单花苞片的总面积和总干重分别与花序轴干重在高、低海拔上均表现出等速生长关系,而与花序轴长表现出异速生长关系。上述结果表明,珙桐苞片的功能性状及其性状间关系在不同海拔存在显著差异,这种现象可能是其在长期进化过程中抵抗环境干扰、保护繁育器官和提高授粉几率而形成的一种适应策略。     

Genetic differentiation in natural populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera: Psychodidae) with different phenotypic spot patterns on tergites in males

Entomological surveys in the state of Maranh?o have recorded morphologically distinct populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). Some populations have one pair of spots (1S) on the fourth tergite, while others have two pairs (2S) on the third and fourth tergites of males. In the present study we investigated the degree of genetic polymorphism among four populations in the municipalities of Caxias, Codó and Raposa, in the state of Maranh?o, Brazil, by using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. A total of 35 loci were identified, of which 30 were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism was observed with primer OPA 4, which produced 11 different profiles. Genetic diversity was assessed using grouping methods that produced a dendrogram in which the genotypes could be clearly separated into two main clades according to the number of spots on the male abdominal tergites. One cluster contained the populations from Caxias and Codó, and the other was formed by the populations from Raposa and Codó. The results of our RAPD analysis showed a clear separation between the populations with one and two pairs of spots. The epidemiologic significance of this genetic differentiation should be investigated in future studies.     

湖南龙山不同海拔中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

【目的】利用11对微卫星标记对湖南龙山中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana种群遗传多样性进行分析,评估种群内遗传变异和种群间的遗传分化。【方法】从湖南省龙山县采集不同海拔(1 080和665 m)中华蜜蜂各30群,共60群。从每群10~20头成年工蜂中随机挑选1头提取DNA作为模板,利用11对微卫星引物进行PCR。基于PCR扩增产物,通过Microsatellite-Toolkit软件计算高海拔种群(G)和低海拔种群(D)各基因位点的优势等位基因频率(Pi)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)。根据FSTAT程序计算种群内近交系数(Fis)。用SPSS 25.0软件分析两个种群(G和D)间Pi, He, PIC和Fis的差异显著性。【结果】湖南省龙山县中华蜜蜂高海拔种群(G)和低海拔种群(D)的Pi分析表明,两个种群均具有较高的遗传多样性;高海拔种群的He, PIC和Fis平均值分别为0.593, 0.556和0.121,均略低于低海拔种群的0.631, 0.587和0.187。两个种群间Pi, He, PIC和Fis无显著性差异(P_Pi=0.721＞0.05,P_He=0.759＞0.05, P_PIC=0.802＞0.05, P_Fis=0.767＞0.05)。【结论】位于武陵山区龙山县地域高海拔与低海拔中华蜜蜂种群具有较高遗传多样性,但遗传分化程度不高,提示海拔因素可能不直接影响中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性。