Variations in protein levels in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas and ovary of Penaeus schmitti during ovarian maturation (Crustacea, Decapoda, Peneidae)

Variations of protein concentrations in the haemolymph, hepatopancreas and ovaries were studied during the ovarian maturation of the shrimp Penaeus schmitti. The main variations observed during this physiological process are the increase of protein and the decrease of water contents in the ovary, more pronounced at the first stages of gonadosomatic index (GSI:0-4). During ovarian maturation, water content of the ovaries and hepatopancreas decrease from 10.7 and 3.9% respectively. In relative values, protein content increases from about 40.0% in the ovary, 47.5% in the haemolymph and 15.4% in the hepatopancreas. In absolute values, the protein concentrations of the hepatopancreas showed no significant variation. In the opposite, ovary protein content is 14.7 fold higher at the end than the early stages of vitellogenesis. Relations between haemolymph, hepatopancreas and ovary with eventual transfers of protein material are discussed.     

Variations de la composition lipidique tissulaire au cours de la vitellogenese chez la crevette Penaeus indicus Milne Edwards

Changes in lipid composition are observed in the ovary, the hepatopancreas, the haemolymph and the muscle of the female Penaeus indicus Milne Edwards, during the increase of the gonad-somatic index (GSI). Vitellogenesis is characterized by a large accumulation of lipids in the ovary, which seems to be practically linear when expressed as a function of GSI, if there is no interference from moulting. Phospholipids and triacylglycerols are the major lipid fractions in the ovary, but some classes of minor importance, like wax esters, hydrocarbons, and glyceryl ethers, are also incorporated. These last components may play a rôle in the maturation process.The lipid reserves of the hepatopancreas contribute partially to the formation of vitellin, but direct input of lipids from feeding seems to be preponderant. An intraovarian synthesis of lipids may be possible, but probably restricted, considering the low concentrations of free fatty acids and partial acylglycerols found in the ovary. Phospholipids are the main components involved in the increase in lipid concentration of the haemolymph during vitellogenesis. This increase, and the potential rise in the turnover of circulating lipids, suggest a deep alteration in the lipid metabolism of the females during the breeding period.     

The Influence of water salinity on the free amino acid concentration in muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus

Variations of the total free amino acid (FAA) pool and the content of specific amino acids have been measured in the muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus, acclimatized at five water salinities: 38, 32, 26, 20 and 14%‰ The FAA content is always higher in muscle than in hepatopancreas at all tested salinites. On the other hand, the hepatopancreas exhibits the highest concentrations of essential amino acids. Two steps in the evolution of FAA content can be observed, the first one regarding decrease in salinity from 38 to 20%‰ and the second one, when salinity goes below 20%_°. The first step can be characterized by a 16% decrease of total FAA content in the muscle and a 36% increase in the hepatopancreas. In muscle, the variations are mainly due to changes in non-essential FAA content, whereas in the hepatopancreas, they are linked to variations in essential FAA content. The other step is characterized by a drastic increase in moisture and decrease in FAA content in both studied organs when water salinity is 14%‰ The total FAA content is about 40% lower in shrimps at 14%_° compared to 38%‰ seawater salinity. During adaptation, the FAA pool (mainly NEFAAs) of muscle seems to be directly related to osmoregulation, whereas in the hepatopancreas, its evolution seems to be linked with energy expenditure and protein synthesis. The results are evaluated in order to elucidate the role of FAA in intracellular osmoregulation and in relation to animal ecology.     

Dynamics of vitellogenin mRNA expression and changes in hemolymph vitellogenin levels during ovarian maturation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

The dynamics of vitellogenin mRNA expression during ovarian maturation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii were examined by measuring hemolymph vitellogenin (Vg) levels and Vg mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas and ovary at differing reproductive stages in both intact and eyestalk ablated animals. Vg mRNA was quantified using real-time RT-PCR and hemolymph Vg was measured by enzyme immunoassay. In intact animals, Vg mRNA levels in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph Vg levels showed a gradual increase during the molt cycle concomitant with increasing gonadosomatic index (GSI), with Vg levels decreasing prior to ecdysis although GSI continued to increase. Eyestalk ablation was seen to accelerate Vg synthesis as well as ovarian maturation, although it did not alter the overall pattern of Vg expression. Vg mRNA expression was negligible in the ovary of both intact and eyestalk ablated animals, confirming that the hepatopancreas is the principal site of Vg synthesis in M. rosenbergii with the ovary being only a minor contributor. This study has shown that Vg synthesis is correlated to ovarian maturation and the molt cycle in M. rosenbergii.     

Biochemical composition of ovary, embryo, and hepatopancreas in the grapsoid crabs Armases cinereum and Sesarma nr. reticulatum (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Biochemical composition of ovary, embryo, and hepatopancreas tissues in wild populations of Armases cinereum and Sesarma nr. reticulatum were monitored during the reproductive season. Total lipid, carbon, nitrogen, C:N ratio, and water concentration of the ovary, hepatopancreas and embryos were quantified over the course of ovarian maturation. Ovary nitrogen concentration decreased as ovaries matured. Ovary lipid and carbon concentration differed significantly over the course of ovarian maturation for both species, but there was no relationship between the concentration or total content of hepatopancreas lipid and the stage of ovarian development in females. Neither species showed a relationship between measures of hepatopancreas lipid and the gonadosomatic index. There was also no simultaneously measurable net decrease in mass of the females' hepatopancreas. Lipid demands of ovarian maturation thus appear to be met in large part by increased dietary intake rather than by substantial draw down of pre-existing lipid stores from the hepatopancreas. While these temperate grapsoid crabs live with putatively fluctuating quality and quantity of food resources, no evidence could be found to demonstrate depletion of lipid concentrations in the hepatopancreas concomitant with ovarian maturation.     

Vitellogenin levels in hemolymph, ovary and hepatopancreas of the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) during the reproductive cycle

The freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is a tropical species of great interest for aquaculture. Vitellogenin (Vg), a lipoprotein precursor of the vitellum accumulated in spawned eggs, can be synthesized in the ovary and/or hepatopancreas of most crustaceans, being the hemolymph the way for transporting Vg throughout the reproductive cycle. Concentration of Vg in hemolymph, ovary and hepatopancreas of Cherax quadricarinatus adult females was measured by means of ELISA, specifically developed after purifying the native Vg. Measurements were made at four periods of the reproductive cycle: pre-reproductive, mid-reproductive, late reproductive and post-reproductive. Besides, both hepatosomatic (HSI) and gonadosomatic (GSI) indexes were determined in each period. Significant variations in Vg levels were detected in both hemolymph and hepatopancreas, being the highest values observed during the mid-reproductive period. Besides, such variations were positively correlated to the HSI. A positive correlation between Vg levels in hepatopancreas and ovary was also seen. These results support previous evidences about the central role of the hepatopancreas as a site of Vg synthesis in the studied species, together with the relevancy of hemolymph for transporting Vg from the hepatopancreas to the ovary. For aquaculture purposes, Vg monitoring in hemolymph could be used as a non-injurious method, to check the reproductive activity of C. quadricarinatus females.     

Circadian variations in hemolymph lipids and lipoproteins and in hepatopancreatic lipids of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus

Lipids content of the haemolymph and the hepatopancreas in the decapod Crustacean P. japonicus exhibits a bicircadian rhythm characterized by one maximum in the night and another one during the day. The maximal values in the haemolymph are approximately two and a half times greater (8 mg/ml) than minimal ones (3 mg/ml). Variations are less important in the hepatopancreas. A bicircadian rhythm of lipid classes in the haemolymph is observed very significantly in concentration of polar lipids and free sterols with maximal values (6.87 mg/ml and 0.59 mg/ml) and minimal values (2.63 mg/ml and 0.23 mg/ml) respectively. Polar lipids are the major lipid fractions in the haemolymph (87%). The electrophoretic behaviour of haemolymph lipoproteins is determined.     

Variation in lipid composition of Chinese mitten-handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis during ovarian maturation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the variation in lipid composition during the ovarian maturation of the crab Eriocheir sinensis. The Chinese mitten-handed crab broodstock was divided into six different maturation periods according to the size and color of ovary. Ovary, hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph of broodstock in different maturation periods were analyzed for total lipid and fatty acids using gas chromatography, and lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. The ovarian lipid concentration (expressed as percent wet ovarian weight) increased steadily from stage II (5.4%) to stage IV (19.1%), and decreased to the lowest levels after spawning (stage V, 6.6%). The hepatopancreatic lipid concentration (expressed as percent wet hepatopancreatic weight) increased with maturity of the ovaries, reached a maximum at stage III(2) (29.9%), and decreased during the subsequent period to spawning (16.7%). The muscular and hemolymph lipid concentration did not change markedly during the ovarian development. These results suggest the possible movement of hepatopancreatic lipids to the ovaries during the ovarian maturation. Both triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine were responsible for the increase in ovarian lipid concentration during sexual maturation. The fatty acids of total lipid, triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine of the ovaries did not vary systematically during the ovarian maturation, but the ratio between n-3PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) and n-6PUFA did change regularly with the ovarian lipid. These suggest that enough PUFA, especially n-3PUFA, should be supplied to the crab during ovarian maturation.     

三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育过程中主要类胡萝卜素组成变化及其与抗氧化性能的关系

实验研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)卵巢发育过程中(Ⅰ—V期)组织色泽、类胡萝卜素组成与含量、抗氧化和非特异性免疫指标的变化规律,进一步探讨了肝胰腺中类胡萝卜素含量变化与抗氧化指标的关系。结果表明:(1)卵巢发育期间,卵巢指数(GSI)显著增加(P<0.05),肝胰腺指数(HSI)整体呈先升后降的趋势;卵巢的红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值、肝胰腺的亮度(L*)值和b*值均呈显著上升趋势,但卵巢中L*值呈下降趋势。(2)在卵巢发育过程中,卵巢中的总类胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量均为先升后降的趋势,虾青素含量在Ⅳ期最高;肝胰腺中的虾青素含量呈上升趋势,而β-胡萝卜素含量为显著下降趋势;内表皮中的总类胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素、海胆烯酮和β-胡萝卜素含量均呈现下降趋势;就不同组织中类胡萝卜素含量而言,内表皮中虾青素含量最高。卵巢和肝胰腺的L*值与总类胡萝卜素含量呈显著负相关,卵巢的a*值和b*值均与总类胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素、海胆烯酮和β-胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关。肝胰腺的a*值与各类胡萝卜素含量无显著相关性, b*值仅与虾青素含量呈显...     

In vitro effect of methyl farnesoate on the vitellogenin content of ovary and hepatopancreas,in the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Vitellogenin levels were determined in pieces of either ovary or hepatopancreas taken from females of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus during both early pre-reproductive and reproductive periods, and exposed in vitro to 0.15, 1.5, or 15?µM of the juvenoid methyl farnesoate (MF). A significant accumulation of vitellogenin was seen in ovaries treated with 15?µM of MF during the early pre-reproductive period. Besides, protein synthesis, measured as tritiated leucine incorporation, was correspondingly increased in ovaries taken during both pre- and post-reproductive periods and exposed to 15?µM of MF. On the other hand, no stimulating effect of MF on the vitellogenin content of the hepatopancreas was seen in any period. These results, taken together, support the hypothesis of the endogenous vitellogenin synthesis stimulated by MF during the early ovarian maturation. However, this hormone was not able to stimulate vitellogenin synthesis in the ovary during the reproductive period.     

Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone and haemolymph on oogenesis in the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum

Earlier work from our laboratory indicated that injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into non-vitellogenic female Amblyomma hebraeum ticks stimulates the synthesis of vitellogenin (Vg), but not its uptake into oocytes [Friesen, K., Kaufman, W.R., 2004. Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and other hormones on egg development, and identification of a vitellin-binding protein in the ovary of the tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Insect Physiology 50, 519-529]. In contrast, Thompson et al. [Thompson, D.M., Khalil, S.M.S., Jeffers, L.A., Ananthapadmanaban, U., Sonenshine, D.E., Mitchell, R.D., Osgood, C.J., Apperson, C.S., Roe, M.R., 2005. In vivo role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the regulation of the vitellogenin mRNA and egg development in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Journal of Insect Physiology 51, 1105-1116] demonstrated that injection of 20E into virgin female Dermacentor variabilis ticks stimulated both vitellogenesis and Vg uptake into oocytes. In addition to the species difference in the two studies there were substantially different methods for injecting 20E. In our earlier work we injected small partially fed ticks after removing them from the host. Thompson et al. injected the females while they remained attached to the host. So in this study we repeated our earlier experiments on A. hebraeum using on-host injection. We also injected 20E into off-host ticks with or without haemolymph collected from engorged ticks (days 2-10 post-engorgement), or from large partially fed mated ticks in the rapid phase of engorgement, to see whether we might detect a 'vitellogenin uptake factor' (VUF) in haemolymph. Off-host injection of 20E (0.45mug/g body weight (bw)) did not induce ovary development beyond that of vehicle-injected controls. But ticks in this study, receiving 20E plus haemolymph from engorged ticks, showed a significant increase in ovary weight beyond that of 20E alone (1.31+/-0.05% bw; 34 for 20E plus haemolymph and 1.03+/-0.05% bw; 25 for 20E alone). However, in normal engorged A. hebraeum, the ovary exceeds 7% bw at the onset of oviposition. As in our earlier work, in this study 20E stimulated Vg-synthesis (3.9+/-0.5mgVt-equivalents/ml) beyond that occurring in vehicle-injected ticks (0.76+/-0.14mgVt-equivalents/ml), and there was a further increase in ticks injected with 20E plus haemolymph from engorged ticks (8.9+/-1.0mgVt-equivalents/ml). On-host injection of 20E alone (6mug20E/g bw) did not produce a statistically significant increase in oocyte length over that of vehicle-injected controls, whereas on-host injection of 20E plus engorged haemolymph resulted in significantly larger oocytes (261+/-57mum) compared to vehicle-injected controls (132+/-11mum), compared to 20E alone (131+/-12mum), or haemolymph alone (124+/-24mum). There was a marked stimulation of Vg-synthesis by 31mug20E/g bw (6.0+/-1.5mgVt-equivalents/ml) compared to vehicle-injected controls (1.02+/-33mgVt-equivalents/ml). Vt accumulation by ovaries was significantly greater in ticks treated with haemolymph (12+/-3mugVt/mg ovary) or 20E plus haemolymph (56+/-26mugVt/mg ovary) compared to vehicle-injected controls (5.1+/-1.5mugVt/mg ovary). There was also a significant effect of 6mug20E/g bw plus engorged haemolymph on ovary weight (1.74+/-0.29% bw) compared to vehicle-injected ticks (0.95+/-0.10% bw), but not compared to ticks injected with 20E alone (1.25+/-0.19% bw). We conclude that at least some of the differences observed between the two laboratories relate to the species difference, and that there is some evidence that the engorged haemolymph of A. hebraeum contains a VUF.     

Variation in biochemical composition during gonad maturation of the tropical abalone Haliotis varia Linnaeus 1758 (Vetigastropoda: Haliotidae)

Biochemical changes in the body components during gonad maturation of the tropical abalone Haliotis varia were investigated using wild collected specimens from the Gulf of Mannar, on the southeast coast of India. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) showed negative correlations throughout the study period as well as during the progression of gonad maturation stages. The highest GSI for both the sexes were in the ripe stages followed by late maturing stages. The HSI ranged from 2.97 to 6.71 in females, and 3.55 to 5.09 in males. Among the biochemical components analysed, lipid and carbohydrate contents showed significant variations in the different tissues of H. varia during the progress of gonad maturation. The highest protein content was in the foot muscle and the lowest was in the digestive gland. Total lipids in the ovary were always higher compared with that of the testis and the values ranged from 12.60 to 26.49%, registering the highest value in the ripe ovary. Gonad carbohydrate content was lower when the lipid content was higher, suggesting the conversion of carbohydrate to lipids. The present study demonstrates the role of nutrient translocation between body parts as an essential part of the reproductive physiology of abalone.     

Activation of meiotic maturation in rat oocytes after treatment with follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol in vitro and ex vivo

Meiosis-activating sterols (MAS) have been found to induce meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes in vitro. In the present study we have extended these observations by investigating the effects of follicular fluid MAS (FF-MAS) on rat oocyte maturation in vitro and ex vivo. Rat oocytes freed from their follicles were cultured with FF-MAS (0 microM, 1 microM, 3 microM, 10 microM, 30 microM) for 22 h in a medium containing the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 250 microM). A dose-dependent significant increase in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) was observed after adding FF-MAS to the culture medium in both cumulus-enclosed (CEO) and denuded (DO) oocytes. A time course study (0, 3, 8, 14, and 22 h) showed a significant increase in GVB after 14 h when DO and CEO were cultured in the presence of 10 microM FF-MAS + 250 microM IBMX. Furthermore immature rats were primed with eCG (20 IU) and 48 h later perfused ex vivo for 12 h in a recirculating system with either FF-MAS (0 microM, 10 microM, 30 microM, 60 microM), cholesterol (60 microM), or LH (0.2 microg/ml) in the presence of 200 microM IBMX, respectively. In addition, ovarian perfusion was carried out with FF-MAS (30 microM, 60 microM) or 0.2 microg/ml LH in the absence of IBMX. After 12 h, oocytes were freed from the ovaries and checked for GVB. By using the ex vivo perfused rat ovary, we found that FF-MAS, starting at 30 microM, was dose-dependently able to overcome IBMX-induced meiotic arrest leading to a comparable increase in GVB as was observed for LH. Furthermore, it was found that FF-MAS in the absence of IBMX was also able to induce meiotic maturation. Our data are consistent with the notion that the maturation-inducing effects of FF-MAS are mediated by different mechanisms compared to spontaneous maturation.     

Partial characterization and amino acid composition of a high molecular weight peptide with salmon calcitonin immunoreactivity in a crustacean: Nephrops norvegicus

Anti-salmon calcitonin antibodies were used to follow the purification of a high molecular weight peptide present both in the haemolymph and in the hepatopancreas of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. An apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa has been measured in electrophoresis on SDS gels and amino acid composition compared to salmon calcitonin. The amount determined by the immunoreactivity assay corresponds to about 1/40 and 1/140 of that which is based on direct protein measurement for the hepatopancreas and the haemolymph respectively. The total amount of this peptide could be estimated as 3.5 mg/g fresh weight for the hepatopancreas and 140 ug/ml for the haemolymph. The function of this peptide is still unknown.     

Vitellogenin gene expression and hemolymph vitellogenin during vitellogenesis, final maturation, and oviposition in female kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus

In penaeid shrimps, vitellogenin (VTG), the precursor of vitellin, is synthesized in the ovary and hepatopancreas and accumulated in oocytes during ovarian development. In the present study, VTG gene expression levels and hemolymph VTG levels were determined throughout ovarian development in female kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Hemolymph VTG levels and VTG mRNA levels in the ovary and hepatopancreas were high during vitellogenesis, remained high until final maturation, and then decreased after oviposition. This profile suggests that VTG synthesis activity increases during vitellogenesis and decreases after oviposition. Absence of a significant increase in ovary size in final maturation suggests cessation of yolk accumulation and low activity of VTG synthesis in spite of high VTG mRNA levels. VTG mRNA levels in ovary and hepatopancreas were both highly correlated during vitellogenesis. Thus, their contribution to yolk accumulation seems to be similar. In contrast, VTG mRNA levels in the hepatopancreas increased more slowly at the start of vitellogenesis and declined more sharply after oviposition than in the ovary. This suggests a difference in the regulation of VTG synthesis between the ovary and the hepatopancreas.     

Seasonal variations in the intermediate metabolism of Parastacus varicosus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae)

The aim of this study was to analyze the seasonal variations in the metabolism of Parastacus varicosus and examine the possible relationships to its reproduction. Animals were sampled (9 h to 10 h) in each month in the Gravataí River, RS, Brazil. Haemolymph samples were collected from each crayfish in the field for determination of glucose, total proteins, total lipids, and total cholesterol. Hepatopancreas, abdominal muscle, and gonads were removed for determination of glycogen, total proteins, total lipids, and total cholesterol. ANOVA revealed significant seasonal differences in the biochemical composition of all tissues studied; when the sexes were compared these parameters did not show any significant difference in the hepatopancreas and muscle. However, in haemolymph we observed significant variation only in cholesterol and lipid levels. The results suggest that the metabolic variability is related to the stage of maturation of the gonads, in females, where the hepatopancreas and other tissue studies can store and transfer reserves to support maturation to complement the food intake. Variations in the gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices suggest that reproduction occurs principally in summer. As in other decapods, abiotic factors such as water temperature, oxygen content, etc. influence the intermediate metabolism.     

Vitellogenin concentrations in the haemolymph and ovaries of Ixodes scapularis ticks during vitellogenesis

The vitellogenin and vitellin concentrations in the haemolymph and ovaries of Ixodes scapularis females were determined using a double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of vitellogenin in the haemolymph began to increase just prior to tick detachment from the host and continued to increase until 2 days after detachment. There was a slight decrease in the vitellogenin level 4 days after detachment, but a second peak was observed approximately 5 days after oviposition. Subsequent to oviposition, the vitellogenin levels in the haemolymph quickly decreased. The concentration of vitellogenin in the haemolymph ranged from 1.55 to 11.48 g l^-1 during the period after dropping from the host through oviposition. The concentration of vitellin in the ovaries began to increase as the female began rapid engorgement (0.03 mg per female) and declined after oviposition (0.1 mg per female).     

The ovarian maturation cycle of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea,Decapoda) from the western Mediterranean Sea

Summary

The Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus lives in the continental margins of the western Mediterranean Sea at depths between 100 and 600 m. It constitutes an important fisheries resource and presents a seasonal reproductive pattern. Female Norway lobsters were obtained each month from a vessel fishing off Barcelona. One hundred females caught in June 2002 were kept in the laboratory. After spawning, ovarian samples were taken every 30 days with the objective of monitoring the first steps in ovarian maturation. The gonado-somatic index (GSI) remained low over the 6 months during which the females carried their eggs, plus for a further 2–3 months. However, this study suggests that ovarian maturation is a continuous process with two different phases, taking at least 6–8 months during which the female carries its eggs. There is an increase in oocyte numbers; the germinal zone produces oogonia; and the oocytes that develop migrate to the periphery, pushing the post-ovulatory follicles to the wall of the ovary and reinforcing it for subsequent spawning. Besides this increase in the number of oocytes, vitellogenesis begins 2–3 months after the eggs hatch. Oocytes then grow and the ovaries gain weight and change from a cream color to a blackish-green. When the GSI reached 10, spawning occurred and, from then on, the ovary is mainly composed of post-ovulatory follicles.     

饥饿及再投喂对日本囊对虾糖代谢的影响

研究了日本囊对虾在饥饿和再投喂下血糖、肝胰脏糖原和肌糖原含量的变化.结果表明：在饥饿状态下,日本囊对虾肝胰脏糖原含量和血糖浓度在饥饿开始时迅速下降,肌糖原含量在饥饿10 d时下降到最低值,在饥饿10~15 d时通过糖原异生作用又恢复至最初水平,但随着饥饿时间的延长,糖原含量持续下降.恢复投喂后,肝胰脏糖原含量和肌糖原含量均能得到较好恢复,饥饿10 d和 15 d组的血糖浓度在恢复投喂10 d后显著高于对照组,但饥饿25 d组的血糖浓度始终显著低于对照.表明饥饿时间过长,对血糖浓度的恢复有较大影响     

Occurrence of immunoreactive estradiol-positive material in the haemolymph and ovary of the tasar silkworm,Antheraea mylitta

Summary

Estradiol from the haemolymph and ovaries of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta, was assayed using radio immunoassay. The estimated concentration of estradiol was 143 pg/mg in the ovaries and 102 pg/ml in the haemolymph.