樱桃番茄幼苗对硝酸盐胁迫的生长和生理响应

以樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.var.cerasiforme Alef.)品种‘大红樱桃番茄’为材料,采用水培试验研究了外源施加0、50、100、150和200mmol·L-1硝酸盐(NO3-)对樱桃番茄幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:硝酸盐处理6d后,番茄幼苗株高、鲜重、干重和相对含水量随着处理浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,而根冠比呈先增加后下降的趋势;番茄幼苗根系硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、活性氧(ROS)、H2O2和蛋白羰基(PC)的含量均随着处理浓度的增加而增加;番茄幼苗根系SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性和基因表达均随着处理浓度的增加而降低,而其根系脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量随着处理浓度的增加而增加。研究发现,樱桃番茄幼苗生长在硝酸盐浓度为50mmol·L-1时受到影响不大,但硝酸盐浓度达到100mmol·L-1时已对番茄生长产生显著胁迫,导致膜脂氧化损伤,降低抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性,但番茄也能够通过调节渗透调节剂的合成代谢来抵御硝酸盐胁迫,从而表现出一定的硝酸盐耐受性。     

番茄苗龄对晚疫病生理小种T1的抗性表现差异研究

对感病和抗病品系3、6、9叶苗龄番茄幼苗人工接种晚疫病菌T1小种,结果表明,感病品系随着苗龄的增加,对晚疫病的感病程度有所减轻,其中6叶期较3叶期、9叶期较6叶期幼苗的病级指数分别降低了28.8%和3.9%,但差异不显著;9叶期较3叶期降低了31.0%,差异达显著水平。抗病品系的6叶期和9叶期较3叶期幼苗病级指数均降低了50%左右,差异达极显著水平;6叶期和9叶期幼苗抗性基本相同。     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

荻幼苗对复合盐碱胁迫的生理响应

该研究以荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)幼苗为材料,模拟中国东北大庆盐碱地的低、中、高浓度盐碱土壤环境,考察不同盐碱处理浓度及其不同处理时间(0~25d)对荻幼苗各项生理指标的影响,以界定荻幼苗的复合盐碱耐受范围,为荻类能源植物的耐盐碱性筛选和在园林中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着复合盐碱胁迫时间的延长和胁迫程度加剧,荻幼苗叶绿素含量不断降低,根活力在低、中浓度处理下随时间不断升高,而在高浓度处理时先降低后上升再降低;同时,幼苗相对电导率和MDA含量则不断升高。(2)随着复合盐碱胁迫时间延长,荻幼苗SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性和ASA、GSH含量一般在低浓度处理时缓慢升高,而高浓度处理时则呈先升高后降低的趋势。研究发现,荻幼苗能够通过调节自身保护酶系统活性和抗氧化物积累,清除体内过多活性氧和自由基,保护细胞结构,有效抵御外界低、中浓度的复合盐碱胁迫,但其对高浓度的复合盐碱胁迫基本没有抵抗能力。     

残留地膜对番茄幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了土壤中残留地膜对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)幼苗形态及生理特性的影响.结果表明,残留地膜使番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、地上部和根系鲜重、根系活力及叶片氮代谢水平等降低;而且根系的IBA含量降低和ABA含量增加,抑制了根系的生长.同时地膜残留量越大,抑制的效果越显著.这...     

不同种源乌桕幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以不同种源1年生乌桕幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验研究了持续干旱条件下其外部形态及主要生理指标的变化,探讨各种源乌桕的抗旱性特性与差异。结果显示:(1)随着干旱持续时间的延长,各种源乌桕幼苗生长均受到不同程度抑制,外形表现出明显的缺水特征;其叶片相对含水量逐渐减小,复水后明显回升。(2)在极度干旱条件下(停水后第12天),幼苗叶片净光合作用速率仍维持一定的强度,而且细胞膜透性的变化不显著;在干旱胁迫条件下,幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质质量分数增加,丙二醛含量上升,脯氨酸积累,复水后呈现相反的变化趋势。(3)极度干旱条件下,不同种源乌桕幼苗间除丙二醛和相对电导率外,其它生理指标的变化差异显著或极显著,即不同种源具备比较稳定的抗旱性差异。(4)采用隶属函数法对不同种源幼苗的抗旱性分析发现,安徽黄山、河南商城两种源综合评价指数最大,为抗旱性较强的种源。研究表明,各种源乌桕幼苗能够通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解干旱胁迫的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗旱性和适应性,但种源间存在稳定的差异,并以安徽黄山和河南商城种源抗旱性较强,可应用推广于季节性干旱区造林。     

S3307浸种对番茄幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响

以不同浓度S3307浸种后,番茄幼苗株高降低,茎粗度增加,根冠比值、叶绿素、光合速率、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、Vc含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和外渗电导率降低。说明S3307有助于培育壮苗,并提高番茄幼苗的抗逆性。5mg·L~(-1) S3307浸种的效果明显。     

干旱对番茄幼苗光合和某些生理指标的影响

干旱缺水已成为植物光合作用和生长发育主要的限制因素,在干旱胁迫下,作物的生长发育受到影响,依据作物的形态变化进行浇灌属于延后性灌溉,未必能完全补偿对作物生长造成的影响。确定灌溉时间点,既确保植物正常生长不受影响,也可以提高水分利用效率,减少水资源浪费,从而达到节水灌溉的目的。该研究以温室土槽栽培番茄幼苗为材料,设定土壤含水量为30.00%(对照)、21.00%、18.00%、15.00%、12.00%、9.00%,研究了干旱胁迫对番茄叶片光合特性、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)、碳酸酐酶活性变化的影响,并以此表征番茄幼苗需水信息。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶片水势逐渐降低。超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶在番茄幼苗耐受水分胁迫中起到重要的作用;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶在干旱胁迫条件下反应更迅速,但过氧化氢酶相对于超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶对干旱胁迫的耐受能力更强;干旱胁迫条件下抗氧化酶活性的转折点在15.00%土壤含水量左右;水分胁迫条件下碳酸酐酶参与了对光合作用的调节,并在15.00%土壤含水量时活性升至最高,使得番茄仍能维持较高的光合速率,以维持正常的生理机能;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧(12.00%土壤含水量),碳酸酐酶活性与净光合速率都迅速下降。综上分析,当土壤含水量低于15.00%并高于12.00%时,对作物进行灌溉最为合适。抗氧化酶及碳酸酐酶活性可为作物最佳灌溉时间点的预测提供科学依据。     

黄瓜幼苗对氯化钠和碳酸氢钠胁迫的生理响应差异

采用营养液培养方法,分别用不同浓度（0、25、50和75 mmol·L^-1）的NaCl和NaHCO₃对黄瓜幼苗进行胁迫处理,研究黄瓜幼苗对NaCl和NaHCO₃胁迫的生理响应差异.结果表明：随着胁迫强度的增加,黄瓜植株地上部和地下部生长量、叶片叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势,但NaHCO₃处理下降幅度大于NaCl处理.随着处理浓度的增加,黄瓜地上部Na⁺含量显著上升,K⁺含量显著下降,在相同的Na⁺浓度下,NaHCO₃处理比NaCl处理下降幅度更大,具有更低的K⁺/Na⁺.与NaCl处理相比,NaHCO₃处理的黄瓜叶片电解质渗漏率、丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加幅度更大.NaCl和NaHCO₃处理使黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性受到显著诱导,而使过氧化物酶活性受到明显抑制.     

2种黄芪幼苗对缺硫胁迫的生理响应机制

以药用植物膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）及其变种蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus Hsiao）幼苗为材料，在水培条件下研究了两种黄芪幼苗在不同程度缺硫条件下的生物量积累、光合参数、次生代谢产物积累等的变化规律。结果显示：与供应Hoagland全营养液相比，低硫和无硫供应处理均显著抑制了两种黄芪幼苗根系和地上部的伸长生长以及生物量的累积，并且引起了植株叶片失绿变黄、根系褐变等一系列缺硫症状。此外，缺硫还导致了两种黄芪幼苗叶片叶绿素含量降低以及光合参数下降、全株各部位细胞膜脂过氧化程度增加。相对膜荚黄芪而言，不同程度缺硫对蒙古黄芪生长发育的影响较小。进一步研究发现，在低硫或无硫条件下，膜荚黄芪植株各部位总酚含量出现了明显下降，而蒙古黄芪根系和叶片总酚含量却因缺硫处理而显著升高。同时我们还发现，硫营养缺乏诱导了蒙古黄芪叶片非光化学能量耗散的升高以及植株各部位主要异黄酮物质的大量积累。我们推断，营养液中硫元素供应的减少引起了黄芪幼苗硫营养不良，影响了植株叶绿素合成，降低了植株的光合能力，并同时引起了全株的氧化胁迫，最终使得黄芪幼苗生长发育受到抑制；蒙古黄芪在缺硫胁迫下提高了光保护能力，合成了较多的异黄酮类物质，有效缓解了缺硫胁迫对其生长的影响，从而在面对缺硫胁迫时比膜荚黄芪表现出了更强的耐性。     

Salicylic Acid and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Potato Plants Infected with the Causal Agent of Late Blight

In tuber tissues of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) infected with an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the contents of free and bound salicylic acid (SA) considerably exceeded the corresponding indices in the tissues infected with a compatible race of the oomycete. The accumulation of the free form of SA apparently resulted from both enhanced SA biosynthesis and the liberation from the bound SA forms. SA accumulation in the incompatible host-pathogen combination presumes that SA participated in the local potato resistance to late blight.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2005, pp. 573–577.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Panina, Gerasimova, Chalenko, Vasyukova, Ozeretskovskaya.     

Reaction of Certain Solanaceous and Asteraceous Plant Species to Inoculation with Phytophthora infestans in Cameroon

Experiments were conducted to detect potential hosts of Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of potato late blight among weeds occurring in Cameroon. Isolates of P. infestans isolated from garden huckleberry (Solanum scabrum), potato (S. tuberosum) and tomato (S. lycopersicon) were inoculated on detached leaves of 12 solanaceous and 14 asteraceous species collected from the potato agroecosystem in the western highlands of Cameroon. Isolates of P. infestans from huckleberry and potato infected the same host plants as well as gboma eggplant (S. macrocarpon) and two asteraceous weeds; Billy goatweed (Ageratum conyzoides) and Dichrocephala (Dichrocephala integrifolia). Inoculum from potato caused late blight symptoms on haemorrhage plant (Aspilia africana); while inoculum from tomato resulted in late blight on worowo (Solanecio biafrae). This is the first report of late blight infection on S. macrocarpon, A. conyzoides, Sol. biafrae and Asp. africana in Cameroon. The research results indicate that some asteraceous and solanaceous weeds may be alternative hosts of P. infestans in the potato agroecosystem.     

Some fungal endophytes from vegetable crops and their anti-oomycete activities against tomato late blight

AIMS: To isolate endophytic fungi from vegetable plants and examine their in vivo anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans in tomato plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues and anti-oomycete activity was measured by in vivo assay using tomato seedlings. Endophytic fungi showing potent anti-oomycete activity were identified by morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence analysis. A total of 152 isolates were obtained from 66 healthy tissue samples of cucumber, red pepper, tomato, pumpkin and Chinese cabbage and the fermentation broths of 23 isolates showed potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight with control values over 90%. The Fusarium oxysporum strain EF119, which was isolated from roots of red pepper, showed the most potent disease control efficacy against tomato late blight. In dual-culture tests, it inhibited the growth of Pythium ultimum, P. infestans and Phytophthora capsici. CONCLUSIONS: Among endophytic fungi isolated from healthy tissues of vegetable plants, F. oxysporum EF119 showed the most potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight and in vitro anti-oomycete activity against several oomycete pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Endophytic fungi showing anti-oomycete activity in vitro and in vivo may be used as biocontrol agents particularly of tomato late blight.     

马铃薯晚疫病研究

马铃薯晚疫病是由疫霉(Phytophthora spp.)引起的严重的真菌病.马铃薯晚疫菌因导致马铃薯茎叶死亡和块茎腐烂而成为马铃薯疫灾中危害最大的病原菌,目前关于马铃薯晚疫病的研究方兴未艾.通过对马铃薯晚疫病的描述和菌的分离,分析了马铃薯的抗病机制以及基因工程方面研究进展,并提出建议,以便在育种方面参考.     

Emergence of 13_A2 Blue Lineage of Phytophthora infestans was Responsible for Severe Outbreaks of Late Blight on Tomato in South‐West India

Prior to 2007, late blight was not reported as a serious threat to tomato cultivation in India although the disease has been known on potato since 1953. During the July–December cropping season of 2009 and 2010, severe late blight epidemics were observed in Karnataka state of India, causing crop losses up to 100%. Nineteen Phytophthora isolates, recovered from late blight affected tomato tissues from different localities in Karnataka state between 2009 and 2010, were identified as Phytophthora infestans based on morphology, a similarity search of ITS sequences at GenBank and species‐specific PCR using PINF/ITS5 primer pair. The isolates were further assessed for metalaxyl sensitivity, mating type, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, DNA fingerprinting patterns based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) and RFLPs using the RG57 probe and aggressiveness on tomato. All isolates were metalaxyl resistant, A2 mating type, mtDNA haplotype Ia and had identical SSR and RG57 fingerprints and highly aggressive on tomato. The phenotypic and genotypic characters of isolates examined in this study were found to be similar to that of 13_A2 genotype of P. infestans population reported in Europe. Thus, appearance of new population similar to 13_A2 genotype was responsible for severe late blight epidemics on tomato in South‐West India.     

Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Various Plants against Tomato Late Blight Disease Agent Phytophthora infestans

The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. Antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata), lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and laurel (Laurus nobilis), were investigated against P. infestans. Both contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined by using two in vitro methods. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were also determined by GC-MS analysis. Major compounds found in essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, lavender, fennel and laurel were carvacrol (37.9%), carvacrol (79.8), borneol (20.4%), camphor (20.2%), anethole (82.8%) and 1,8-cineole (35.5%), respectively. All essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans in a dose-dependent manner. Volatile phase effect of oregano and thyme oils at 0.3 μg/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of P. infestans. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of fennel, rosemary, lavender and laurel was, however, observed at 0.4–2.0 μg/ml air concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested essential oils, oregano, thyme and fennel oils at 6.4 μg/ml were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans completely. Essential oils of rosemary, lavender and laurel were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (12.8, 25.6, 51.2 μg/ml respectively). Volatile phase effects of essential oils were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase effect. Sporangial production was also inhibited by the essential oil tested. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation on pathogen hyphae, exposed to both volatile and contact phase of oil, revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage.     

Effectiveness of SIMBLIGHT1 and SIMPHYT1 models for predicting Phytophthora infestans in north-eastern United States

Accurate prediction of Phytophthora infestans outbreak in a cropping season is crucial for the effective management of late blight on potato. The SIMBLIGHT1, SIMPHYT1 and modified SIMPHYT1 models were assessed for predicting late blight outbreaks relative to NOBLIGHT model by using climatic and crop data from field experiments at Presque Isle, ME, from 2004 to 2009. The dynamics of late blight infection pressures were computed by SIMPHYT3 model to assess the conduciveness of environmental conditions for late blight infection and potential for disease development. Infection pressure indicated conditions were moderately conducive for late blight development but varied across years. The SIMPHYT1 model recommended fungicide applications to commence on 11 July, 21 July, 8 July, 10 July, 7 July and 7 July for 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. The modified SIMPHYT1 model (US-version) recommended similar fungicide application dates for the same years with the exception of 2007. Model simulations of disease outbreak differed from actual recorded observations in untreated plots by 24–65 days. Simulation of SIMBLIGHT1 based on high and low soil moisture conditions in the field resulted in vast differences in dates of first fungicide application. Validation of the models (differences in the number of days between recommendation of fungicide treatment and late blight outbreak) indicated a better goodness of fit for the models (intervals of 6–20 days from the start of fungicide application to first disease outbreak). The NOBLIGHT model was accurate in forecasting the timing of first fungicide applications for late blight control. Significant improvements in late blight predictions could result if these models were modified to account for external sources of inoculum, by combining weather-based forecasts with spore traps, disease detection methods or complimentary systems.     

Sequence variation of intergenic mitochondrial DNA spacers (mtDNA‐IGS) of Phytophthora infestans (Oomycetes) and related species

The potato late‐blight disease is caused by the pseudofungus Phytophthora infestans (Oomycetes). This pathogen was of historical importance as it caused the Irish Potato Famine. There is currently a worldwide resurgence of the disease. Following worldwide migrations as well as being able to discriminate P. infestans from related species are key issues. We present sequence variation of five inter‐genic mitochondrial DNA spacers (mtDNA‐IGS) for P. infestans and four related taxa. Intra and inter‐taxon variation was observed showing potential for both molecular ecology and molecular systematic.     

sly-miR399在番茄抗晚疫病中的初步探究*

背景: 番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是广泛种植的最具价值的果蔬之一,番茄晚疫病会导致其产量和品质降低。microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性非编码RNA,广泛参与基因转录后调控。已有研究表明miR399家族可参与调控植物抗病过程。目的:探究番茄miR399(sly-miR399)对番茄抗晚疫病的影响。方法:构建sly-miR399的过表达和沉默载体,利用农杆菌介导在番茄叶片中瞬时表达;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测相关基因表达水平;台盼蓝染色并统计分析瞬时过表达和瞬时沉默sly-miR399的番茄叶片的病斑情况。结果:瞬时过表达sly-miR399导致其靶基因UBC24的表达量下降了75%,病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis related proteins,PRs)SlPR1、SlPR2、SlPR3和SlPR5的表达量分别上升了3.6倍、2.2倍、2.3倍和6.4倍,茉莉酸(JA)信号通路相关基因SlJA1、SlLOX1和SlLOX2的表达量分别上升了1.3倍、2.5倍和1.5倍,JA转录抑制因子SlJAZ1的表达量下降了50%,接种晚疫病菌后,叶片上相对病斑面积明显减小;瞬时沉默导致其靶基因的表达量上升了1.8倍,PRs基因的表达量分别下降了65%、82%、52%和80%,SlJA1、SlLOX1和SlLOX2的表达量分别下降了84%、50%和65%,SlJAZ1的表达量上升了1.8倍,病菌接种后叶片上相对病斑面积明显变大。结论:初步揭示了sly-miR399在番茄抗晚疫病过程中的正调控因子作用。     

Invasions by the Late Blight Pathogen: Renewed Sex and Enhanced Fitness

Introductions of Phytophthora infestans, the oomycete plant pathogen responsible for late blight of potato and tomato, have had devastating human impacts wherever they have occurred. This pathogen was apparently sequestered in central Mexico until the mid-19th century, when introductions into the USA and Europe led to a series of crop failures – the most notable of which resulted in the Irish potato famine. A second series was documented in the late 20th century. There were terrible effects also from the second set of introductions, but no population was as vulnerable as the Irish peasants in the mid-19th century. Examination and comparison of these introductions has taught us that we must be prepared for the invasion of species that are more fit than the current population.