Gabor Filter Optimization Design for Iris Texture Analysis

1　IntroductionIrisrecognitiontechniqueisbasedonthestableanddistinctiveirispatterns,andhasattractedmuchat tentionofsomeexpertsforthelastfewdecades .Sincethe 1990’s ,muchworkonirisrecognitionhasbeendoneandgreatprogresshasbeenmade[1- 4] .Nowadaysithasbecomeamostimportantbiometricsolutionforpersonalidentification .Anirishasanapproximatelycircularannularshape.Theiristexturehasarandomlydistributedstructureofdetails ,whichiscreatedbyradialandcon centricfurrows,pigmentspots,crypts ,pigmentfrillandc…     

Using multi-matching system based on a simplified deformable model of the human iris for iris recognition

1 Introduction Iris recognition technology is based on the stableand distinctive iris patterns, and has attracted a lot ofattention recently. Nowadays it has become a most im-portant biometric solution for personal identification. Since the 1990s, much work on iris recognition hasbeen done and great progress has been made. Some pre-dominant algorithms for iris recognition have beenproposed. Daugman generated an iris code by quantizingthe local phase angle using a set of 2-D Gabor f…     

虹膜识别中的一种神经算法的研究

研究了与传统身份识别不同的虹膜识别,在获取虹膜采样图后,经小波变换、松弛神经网络算法及稀疏编码,形成虹膜纹理的代码。并以海明距离作为决策空间的判决标准,实现人的虹膜图像识别的全过程,并对一些特定干扰条件下的虹膜图像进行计算机模拟试验,取得较好的结果。     

Iris recognition as a biometric method after cataract surgery

Background

Biometric methods are security technologies, which use human characteristics for personal identification. Iris recognition systems use iris textures as unique identifiers. This paper presents an analysis of the verification of iris identities after intra-ocular procedures, when individuals were enrolled before the surgery.

Methods

Fifty-five eyes from fifty-five patients had their irises enrolled before a cataract surgery was performed. They had their irises verified three times before and three times after the procedure, and the Hamming (mathematical) distance of each identification trial was determined, in a controlled ideal biometric environment. The mathematical difference between the iris code before and after the surgery was also compared to a subjective evaluation of the iris anatomy alteration by an experienced surgeon.

Results

A correlation between visible subjective iris texture alteration and mathematical difference was verified. We found only six cases in which the eye was no more recognizable, but these eyes were later reenrolled. The main anatomical changes that were found in the new impostor eyes are described.

Conclusions

Cataract surgeries change iris textures in such a way that iris recognition systems, which perform mathematical comparisons of textural biometric features, are able to detect these changes and sometimes even discard a pre-enrolled iris considering it an impostor. In our study, re-enrollment proved to be a feasible procedure.

     

A key to the genera of medically important fungi

A simplified method for the rapid identification of medically important fungi is presented in the form of a dichotomous key. By noting the presence or absence of diagnostic features, one can effectively use the key to separate medically important fungi from other fungi. An unfamiliar fungus of medical importance in tissue or culture can be identified to genus within minutes with a high degree of accuracy.Variable characteristics such as color, size, texture, and shape of colonies are not used in the key. Colony morphology varies with different culture media, age, incubation temperature, and other factors. Biochemical studies are required for the identification of yeast-like organisms.     

The use of diagnostic radiology to detect shell irregularities in the New Zealand paua (abalone) Haliotis iris

A method is described for the non-destructive, non-invasive, detection of shell lesions in the New Zealand paua, a marine gastropod Haliotis iris using diagnostic radiology. The X-ray method reliably detected the presence of shell lesions in 96% of the cases examined once lesion dimensions exceeded 6.2 x 7.1 mm. The extent of lesions above this size can be reliably and accurately determined from X-ray images viewed on a video display unit (VDU). Biofouling on the outside of the shell can cause misdiagnoses. This method is a significant animal welfare refinement in the identification of marine gastropods with shell lesions, when compared with traditional techniques which kill the animals.     

Personal identification by eyes

Identification of persons through the eyes is in the field of biometrical science. Many security systems are based on biometric methods of personal identification, to determine whether a person is presenting itself truly. The human eye contains an extremely large number of individual characteristics that make it particularly suitable for the process of identifying a person. Today, the eye is considered to be one of the most reliable body parts for human identification. Systems using iris recognition are among the most secure biometric systems.     

Iris pigmentation as a quantitative trait: variation in populations of European,East Asian and South Asian ancestry and association with candidate gene polymorphisms

In this study, we present a new quantitative method to measure iris colour based on high‐resolution photographs. We applied this method to analyse iris colour variation in a sample of individuals of East Asian, European and South Asian ancestry. We show that measuring iris colour using the coordinates of the CIELAB colour space uncovers a significant amount of variation that is not captured using conventional categorical classifications, such as ‘brown’, ‘blue’ or ‘green’. We tested the association of a selected panel of polymorphisms with iris colour in each population group. Six markers showed significant associations with iris colour in the European sample, three in the South Asian sample and two in the East Asian sample. We also observed that the marker HERC2 rs12913832, which is the main determinant of ‘blue’ versus ‘brown’ iris colour in European populations, is also significantly associated with central heterochromia in the European sample.     

A new identification aid combining features of a polyclave and an analytical key

A new identification aid combining features of a polyclave and an analytical key is described. It is based on presence-or-absence characters and is presented in the form of a matrix, with the characters in rows and the taxa in columns. The PHYTOTAB program package is used to order the matrix, in order to facilitate identification. The method was used to construct an identification aid for vegetative material and has wider taxonomic and teaching implications.     

昆虫图像分割方法及其应用

昆虫图像自动鉴定是一种快速鉴定昆虫的方法,图像分割则是其中关键步骤。通过搜集和整理国内外近年来针对昆虫图像的分割方法和研究,发现对昆虫图像分割的研究日趋增多。随着计算机图像技术的发展,昆虫图像分割方法吸收了许多图像分割领域中新兴的方法, 诸如采用水平集、边缘流以及结合形状、纹理、色彩等多种要素的智能分割(如JSEG方法)等。虽然大量的图像分割方法被引入到昆虫图像研究中,但是目前分割技术依然是阻碍昆虫图像广泛应用的关键。本文经过总结和分析,发现目前昆虫图像分割研究的往往在各自的测试集上有良好表现, 但是缺乏统一的评价标准, 因此很多方法在昆虫图像中应用难以推广。针对研究中的存在的这些问题,需建立良好的昆虫图像分割评价体系,本文建议通过建立统一的昆虫图像库以及对昆虫图像分割的评价方法深入研究,并且这些工作是当前昆虫图像分割研究亟待完善任务。     

3D-structure determination of fluorescent proteins by homology modeling combined with mass spectrometry

A method for the 3D-structure generation of GFP-like fluorescent proteins is presented. The method is based on a combination of homology modeling for the overall spatial structure determination and mass spectrometry for the chromophore structure identification. The proposed approach can be applied to the spatial structure determination ofnoncrystalizable GFP homologs.     

Scaleprinting: individual identification based on scale patterns

A non‐intrusive method for individual identification of Iberian cyprinid complex Squalius alburnoides is presented, with possible application to other fish complexes and species. The proposed methodology is based on scale patterns that vary greatly between individuals.     

An easier method to identify the individual genomic composition of allopolyploid complexes

A new method for the fast identification of the genomic composition of the cyprinid Squalius alburnoides is presented. The method is based on a length polymorphism detected in the β‐actin gene, which serves as the basis for the development of a semi‐quantitative PCR.     

New method for estimation of adult skeletal age at death from the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium

A new method for estimating skeletal age at death from the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium is presented. It uses a multiple regression analysis with dummy variables, and is based on the examination of 700 modern Japanese skeletal remains with age records. The observer using this method needs only to check for the presence or absence of nine (for a male) or seven (for a female) features on the auricular surface and to select the parameter estimates of each feature, calculated by multiple regression analysis with dummy variables. The observer can obtain an estimated age from the sum of parameter estimates. It is shown that a fine granular texture of the auricular surface is typical of younger individuals, whereas a heavily porous texture is characteristic of older individuals, and that both of these features are very useful for estimating age. Our method is shown here to be more accurate than other methods, especially in the older age ranges. Since the auricular surface allows more expedient observations than other parts of the skeleton, this new method can be expected to improve the overall accuracy of estimating skeletal age at death.     

On perceptual analyzers underlying visual texture discrimination: Part I

We have found a class of feature detectors, based on the quasi-collinearity of dots, which result in visual texture discrimination even when second order statistics are equal. This degenerate counterexample to the Julesz conjecture on effortless texture discrimination has supplied the key to a simple theory of texture discrimination. Accordingly, effortless texture discrimination is based on two classses of perceptual detectors: Class A, those that measure differences in second-order (dipole) statistics; Class B, those that can still detect statistical differences in some features when second-order statistics are kept identical; for instance, the quasi-collinearity of adjacent dipoles. The difference thresholds (tuning curves) for the perceptual dipole and quasi-collinearity detectors have been determined. These texture pairs were generated by a method that creates micropatterns with iso-dipole duals from 4 disks. The extension of this 4-disk method to 5 and more disks with iso-dipole duals permits the search for other kinds of perceptual detectors and will be discussed in Part II.     

Video Sequence-Based Iris Recognition Inspired by Human Cognition Manner

In video sequence-based iris recognition system, the problem of making full use of relationship and correlation among frames still remains to be solved. A brand new template level multimodal fusion algorithm inspired by human cognition manner is proposed. In that a non-isolated geometrical manifold, named Hyper Sausage Chain due to its sausage shape, is trained using the frames from a pattern class for representing an iris class in feature space. We can classify any input iris by observing which manifold it locates in. This process is closer to the function of human being, which takes ＇matter cognition＇ instead of ＇matter classification＇ as its basic principle. The experiments on self-developed JLUBR-IRIS dataset with several video sequences per person demonstrate the effectiveness and usability of the proposed algorithm for video sequence-based iris recognition. Fur- thermore, the comparative experiments on public CASIA-I and CASIA-V4-Interval datasets show that our method can also achieve improved performance of image-based iris recognition system, provided enough samples are involved in training stage.     

Signal localization: a new approach in signal discovery

A new approach for statistical association signal identification is developed in this paper. We consider a strategy for nonprecise signal identification by extending the well‐known signal detection and signal identification methods applicable to the multiple testing problem. Collection of statistical instruments under the presented approach is much broader than under the traditional signal identification methods, allowing more efficient signal discovery. Further assessments of maximal value and average statistics in signal discovery are improved. While our method does not attempt to detect individual predictors, it instead detects sets of predictors that are jointly associated with the outcome. Therefore, an important application would be in genome wide association study (GWAS), where it can be used to detect genes which influence the phenotype but do not contain any individually significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We compare power of the signal identification method based on extremes of single p‐values with the signal localization method based on average statistics for logarithms of p‐values. A simulation analysis informs the application of signal localization using the average statistics for wide signals discovery in Gaussian white noise process. We apply average statistics and the localization method to GWAS to discover better gene influences of regulating loci in a Chinese cohort developed for risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).     

A fault identification and classification scheme for an automobile door assembly process

A process fault identification and classification scheme for an automobile door assembly process is presented based on multivariate in-line dimensional measurements and principal component factor analysis. First, the door assembly process and the dimensional measurement system are briefly introduced. Second, the technique of principal component factor analysis is presented for process fault identification. Process faults are summarized based on off-line identified case studies. Finally a machine classification scheme based on principal components and principal factors is presented and evaluated, using the pattern knowledge obtained off-line. This scheme is shown to be effective in classifying process faults using production data.     

Principles and methods for the quantitative determination of feulgen stained DNA with the television texture analysis system (TAS)

Summary The television texture analysis system (TAS, Leitz) has been applied to determination of the relative DNA content of Feulgen stained nuclei. The principles of the method are described and comparative measurements are presented. The determination is based on the measurement of areas at preset intervals of transmittance, taking into consideration the necessary correction of extinction values in relation to area and applying a correction for background. The data obtained can be used for the quantitative determination of DNA, and to provide analytical information for quantitation of structure.Comparison of the mean of extinctions as recorded with the scanning photometric method and those recorded with the television texture analysis method, with which 43 nuclei were investigated in transmittance steps of 0.01, revealed a coefficient of correlation of 0.9938.     

Direct identification of pure Penicillium species using image analysis

This paper presents a method for direct identification of fungal species solely by means of digital image analysis of colonies as seen after growth on a standard medium. The method described is completely automated and hence objective once digital images of the reference fungi have been established. Using a digital image it is possible to extract precise information from the surface of the fungal colony. This includes color distribution, colony dimensions and texture measurements. For fungal identification, this is normally done by visual observation that often results in a very subjective data recording. Isolates of nine different species of the genus Penicillium have been selected for the purpose. After incubation for 7 days, the fungal colonies are digitized using a very accurate digital camera. Prior to the image analysis each image is corrected for self-illumination, thereby gaining a set of directly corresponding images with respect to illumination. A Windows application has been developed to locate the position and size of up to three colonies in the digitized image. Using the estimated positions and sizes of the colonies, a number of relevant features can be extracted for further analysis. The method used to determine the position of the colonies will be covered as well as the feature selection. The texture measurements of colonies of the nine species were analyzed and a clustering of the data into the correct species was confirmed. This indicates that it is indeed possible to identify a given colony merely by macromorphological features. A classifier (in the normal distribution) based on measurements of 151 colonies incubated on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) was used to discriminate between the species. This resulted in a correct classification rate of 100% when used on the training set and 96% using cross-validation. The same methods applied to 194 colonies incubated on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) resulted in a correct classification rate of 98% on the training set and 71% using cross-validation.