Structural insights into eukaryotic ribosomes and the initiation of translation

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Highlights? Overview of recent progress in the structural characterization of eukaryotic ribosomes and initiation complexes. ? Crystal structures, cryo-EM and biochemical data are combined to derive structural models of larger assemblies. ? Homology models of eukaryotic initiation complexes provide a starting point for future experiments.     

Moderation of Arabidopsis Root Stemness by CLAVATA1 and ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 Receptor Kinase Complexes

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Highlights? CLV1 receptor kinase regulates stemness in Arabidopsis root and shoot meristems ? CLV1 and ACR4 form homo- and heteromeric complexes as shown by a novel FRET assay ? CLV1/ACR4 complexes differ in composition between plasma membrane and plasmodesmata ? CLV1/ACR4 complexes regulate distal root meristem maintenance     

Redox-Dependent Control of FOXO/DAF-16 by Transportin-1

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Highlights? FOXO forms redox-sensitive, disulfide-dependent complexes with several proteins ? Transportin-1 binds to FOXO via a disulfide and regulates its nuclear localization ? Redox and insulin signaling govern FOXO nuclear localization via distinct pathways ? Redox control of longevity protein FOXO/DAF-16 is evolutionarily conserved     

Protein-Peptide Complex Prediction through Fragment Interaction Patterns

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Highlights? Polypeptide fragment interaction patterns predict bound protein-peptide complexes ? Peptide structures can be refined or extended by polypeptide fragment alphabets ? Interacting polypeptide fragment pairs guide domain-domain interface identification ? Interacting polypeptide fragment scaffolds have potential to dock protein domains     

Adaptor protein self-assembly drives the control of a cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase

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Highlights? The crystal structure of the heterotetrameric CRL3-SPOP ubiquitin ligase is reported ? Substrate adaptor proteins are recruited to CRL complexes through a signature motif ? Tandem BTB and BACK domains potentiate assembly and activity of the CRL3-SPOP ligase ? The SPOPL negative regulator creates a molecular rheostat to fine-tune CRL3 activity     

Anions Mediate Ligand Binding in Adineta vaga Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels

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Highlights? The AvGluR1 LBD is a hybrid structure with iGluR prokaryotic and eukaryotic features ? AvGluR1 binds hydrophobic amino acids as well as glutamate ? Chloride ions acts as surrogate ligand atoms in the Ala, Ser, and Met complexes ? The AvGluR1 LBD assembles as a dimer but with very low affinity     

Expression in Escherichia coli: becoming faster and more complex

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Highlights? Escherichia coli: a highly versatile host to produce samples for structural biology. ? High-throughput technologies have increased single protein expression success rates. ? Co-expression eases production of complexes but still suffers from bottlenecks. ? Co-expression combined with high-throughput can tackle complex assemblies.     

Differential Regulation of Distinct Vps34 Complexes by AMPK in Nutrient Stress and Autophagy

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Highlights? Different Vps34 complexes are distinctly regulated upon energy stress ? AMPK activates the proautophagy Vps34 complex by phosphorylating Beclin1 ? AMPK inhibits the nonautophagic Vps34 complex by phosphorylating Vps34 ? ATG14L determines whether the Vps34 complex is activated or inhibited by AMPK     

A Major Epigenetic Programming Mechanism Guided by piRNAs

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Highlights? Piwi-piRNA complexes bind to numerous piRNA-complementary sequences in the genome ? piRNA is necessary and sufficient to recruit Piwi, HP1, and HMT to its target site ? Piwi deficiency drastically changes the epigenetic landscape in the genome ? The Piwi-piRNA mechanism is a major epigenetic programming mechanism in Drosophila     

SIP1 Mediates Cell-Fate Decisions between Neuroectoderm and Mesendoderm in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Highlights? Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) regulates hESC differentiation ? SIP1 upregulation promotes neuroectodermal differentiation ? SIP1 inhibits mesendodermal and endodermal differentiation ? SMAD2/3 and NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 cooperatively regulate SIP1 expression     

Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination

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Highlights? AtBMI1A/B proteins prevent misexpression of embryonic traits in somatic cells ? PRC2 and AtBMI1A/B proteins maintain cells in their differentiated state ? AtBMI1A/B proteins mediate H2A monoubiquitination     

Comprehensive Analysis of Silencing Mutants Reveals Complex Regulation of the Arabidopsis Methylome

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Highlights? Genome-wide single-nucleotide resolution methylation maps in 86 silencing mutants ? Complex interplays between different DNA methylation pathways ? Identification of novel regulators of DNA methylation     

Perivascular Nitric Oxide Activates Notch Signaling and Promotes Stem-like Character in PDGF-Induced Glioma Cells

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Highlights? Perivascular niche nitric oxide activates Notch in PDGF-induced gliomas ? Notch signaling drives tumor stem-like characteristics and reduces survival ? Loss of eNOS activity decreases tumor stem-like characteristics ? Suppressing eNOS activity prolongs survival in glioma-bearing mice     

System-wide Rewiring Underlies Behavioral Differences in Predatory and Bacterial-Feeding Nematodes

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Highlights? Massive neural circuit rewiring between nematodes with divergent feeding behavior ? Striking patterns correlate with known functional differences ? Motor synapse differences indicate a substantial change in information flow ? Correlates of predatory feeding behavior are identified     

Tremor Suppression by Rhythmic Transcranial Current Stimulation

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Highlights? Phase-cancelling cortical stimulation attenuates Parkinsonian tremor ? Prolonged stimulation may invoke adaptive mechanisms ? Phase cancellation may provide a generic treatment approach to oscillopathies ? TACS provides a convenient probe of cortical circuit dynamics in humans     

Two Deubiquitylases Act on Mitofusin and Regulate Mitochondrial Fusion along Independent Pathways

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Highlights? Mitochondrial fusion is regulated by independent ubiquitylation pathways ? The deubiquitylase Ubp2 promotes fusion, whereas Ubp12 inhibits fusion events ? Self-assembly and ubiquitylation cooperatively enable mitochondrial fusion ? Yeast mitofusin is sequentially ubiquitylated     

Hypertrophy and unconventional cell division of hepatocytes underlie liver regeneration

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Highlights? Not all hepatocytes undergo cell division during liver regeneration ? Hypertrophy precedes proliferation in the regenerating liver ? Hepatocytes infrequently enter into M phase during liver regeneration ? Binuclear hepatocytes undergo cell division to generate mononuclear hepatocytes