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1.
Caitlin Reed Timothy G. O'Brien Margaret F. Kinnaird 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(2):247-260
In a 6-week study of the social behavior of wild Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), we found a linear and transitive dominance hierarchy among the six adult males in one social group. Dominance rank, as determined by the direction of supplantations, correlated strongly with percentage of time near more than four neighbors, frequency of grooming received from adult females, and percentage of time with an adult female as nearest neighbor. These results suggest that high-ranking males are socially attractive. Adult females sexually solicited high-ranking males more often than low-ranking males, but frequency of copulation was not correlated with dominance rank. Frequency and intensity of aggression between males are strongly correlated with rank distance, but aggression toward females was greatest for mid-ranking males. Males of all rank displayed significantly more aggression toward sexually receptive females than toward females in other estrous states. These data indicate that male Sulawesi crested black macaques display a social organization similar to that reported for multimale groups in other macaque species rather than the egalitarian social organization described for female Sulawesi macaques. 相似文献
2.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
3.
Shinji Imakawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(4):493-504
The co-feeding relationships of immature Japanese monkeys in the provisioned situation were studied. The most frequent co-feeders
for immature females were diversified as compared to those for immature males. The number of immature females who showed strong
co-feeding relationships with their mothers gradually decreased with age in both high- and middle/low-ranking matrilines,
but the percent decrease was greater for middle/low-ranking immatures. Almost all immature females who displayed strong co-feeding
relationships with adult males were from middle/low-ranking matrilines. Strong co-feeding relationships with mothers among
immature males from high-ranking matrilines remained until 4 years of age. In contrast, strong co-feeding relationships with
mothers among middle/low-ranking immature males decreased rapidly in the first year of life, and most 1- to 4-year-olds showed
no strong co-feeding relationships with other group members. It is considered that middle/low-ranking mothers may not provide
their immatures with a secure base for obtaining food in the provisioned situation. 相似文献
4.
Researchers have suggested that several types of agonistic and affiliative behavior covary as a set of species-specific traits,
and have used the term dominance style to describe the covariation. We compared measures of dominance style between a group
of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) and a group of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta), though kinship information was unknown. Assamese and rhesus female-female dyads each showed a low proportion of counter
aggression and a low conciliatory tendency, suggesting that they have despotic social relationships. They also showed a despotic
pattern on several other types of agonistic and affiliative behavior, such as approach outcomes and grooming distributions,
which is consistent with the covariation of dominance style traits. Assamese male-male dyads showed relatively high levels
of reconciliation and counter aggression versus other macaque males portrayed in the literature, suggesting that Assamese
males have a tolerant dominance style. Insofar as macaque dominance style depends on the behavior of females, we suggest that
Assamese macaques, like rhesus macaques, have despotic social relationships, which contrasts with evidence of a strong correlation
between phylogeny and dominance style in macaques. Further, our results indicate that strong male bonding and tolerant dominance
relationships among males are independent of female dominance style. Lastly, some measures of agonistic behavior, such as
rate of aggression or proportion of bites, are likely altered in competitive environments and thus are not useful indicators
of dominance style. 相似文献
5.
Juichi Yamagiwa 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(1):49-64
Field studies on Japanese macaques on Yakushima Island started in the mid-1970s, >25 yr after the emergence of Japanese primatology,
in response to criticism of methods using provisioning and the desire to find the socioecological factors influencing the
social life of macaques in natural habitats. We habituated macaques without provisioning mainly in the coastal warm-temperate
forest and found that they lived in small troops with a high socionomic sex ratio. Observations of several troop fissions
and troop takeovers by nontroop males suggest that Yakushima macaques have a different social organization from that of Japanese
macaques in other habitats. For example, youngest ascendancy as the dominance relationhip among sisters, which usually occurs
in provisioned troops, was absent in Yakushima macaques. We compared their ecological and social features with those of Japanese
macaques at Kinkazan (cool-temperate forests) and found that abundance of high-quality foods may cause stronger intra- and
intertroop competition at Yakushima. Female Yakushima macaques may more positively solicit nontroop males to associate with
them during the mating season. Such a tendency may promote frequent male movement between troops and frequent troop fissions.
Though ecological factors form social features of Japanese macaques, some features such as male association and movements
between troops are not accounted for via socioecology. Recent field studies have focused on macaques living at higher altitudes
in Yakushima and on individual survival strategies by taking diverse viewpoints and using new technologies. DNA analysis of
fecal samples shows low genetic diversity and suggests the macaques’ recent expansion from lowland to highland forests in
Yakushima. The population censuses conducted annually indicate that the higher-altitude macaques have a larger home range
but a similar group size versus their counterparts at low elevations. The unsolved issues in socioecology will pose a challenge
to the younger generation of primatologists. Conservation of macaques and their habitat is one of our major activities at
Yakushima. The level of protection has gradually increased in the National Park at Yakushima and, via our various conservation
efforts, its most important area was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. However, large-scale logging in the
1960s and 1970s caused the loss of macaque habitats and led to increased crop damage by them in the 1980s. We have proposed
effective methods to protect cultivated fields from macaques as well as several plans for sustainable use of forests, such
as ecotourism and a fieldwork course for university students. Local residents and researchers have created several nongovernment
organizations (NGOs) to promote conservation and nature study at Yakushima. The role of local NGOs is particularly important
to mitigate conflicts between people and wildlife. Though hundreds of macaques are still captured as pests annually in Yakushima,
we continue the conservation measures and spread awareness of conservation in cooperation with the local NGOs. 相似文献
6.
Christin Richter Lieke Mevis Suchinda Malaivijitnond Oliver Schülke Julia Ostner 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(4):625-642
Macaque social relationships differ greatly between species. Based on captive studies that focus mainly on females, researchers
have classified stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) social relationships as tolerant, as indicated by a high rate of affiliation, frequent aggression, and symmetrical conflicts.
To accumulate more data on male social relationships, which are relatively understudied, and to generate comparative data,
we investigated male social relationships in a provisioned group of 68 free-ranging, naturally dispersing stumptail macaques
in southern Thailand. We collected continuous focal animal and ad libitum data on 7 adult and 2 subadult males, recording social behavior during 283 contact hours between December 2006 and March
2007. Stumptail macaques of this population were less tolerant than predicted based on previous studies on captive groups:
Rates of spatial proximity, affiliation, and aggression were low, most males directed affiliative behavior toward higher-ranking
males, and conflicts were generally of low intensity and relatively asymmetrical. Thus, male stumptail macaques of the focal
group appear to differ in their social style from a previous study of a captive group that mainly comprised of females. In
some traits, they are even more intolerant than rhesus macaques, an intensively studied intolerant macaque species. We also
compare our data on stumptail macaque males to those on other male macaques, but available data are too sparse to draw final
conclusions. 相似文献
7.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(3):285-288
Five adult and subadult sons of middle- and low-ranking female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed to hold high dominance rank in their natal groups during a 12-month study at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Three
of these males also experienced high mating success during at least one mating season. These findings contrast with all previously
published accounts of rank acquisition by natal male rhesus macaques in provisioned colonies, and they present a challenge
to the hypothesis that natal transfer functions to increase male access to fertile females. 相似文献
8.
Joseph H. Manson 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1998,9(2):97-117
The human “environment of evolutionary adaptedness” can only be inferred indirectly. In contrast, the behavior of some nonhuman
animals can be compared among “natural” and various altered environments. As an example, male immigration tactics in unprovisioned
versus provisioned macaque (Macaca) populations are compared using Tooby and Cosmides’s (1992) framework for evolutionary functional analysis. In unprovisioned
populations, social groups contain few males, and immigrant male takeovers of alpha rank occur frequently. In provisioned
populations, groups contain many males, and males almost invariably enter social groups at very low rank and rise in rank
only as more dominant males emigrate or die. Male conformity to the “seniority rule” is hypothesized to represent the behavioral
output of an evolved decision-making algorithm (psychological mechanism) that takes into account (1) the net payoff of each
rank in the dominance hierarchy and (2) the power of male group size as a predictor of the likelihood of successful immigrant
takeover.
Joseph H. Manson is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests
are social relationships in nonhuman primates and humans, with particular emphases on mate choice, courtship tactics, intrasexual
competition, and (currently) mother-infant relationships and infant handling. He has conducted fieldwork on rhesus macaques
at Cayo Santiago and white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica. 相似文献
9.
人工投食行为对非人灵长类社会生态的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来,国内开展了对几种非人灵长类投食群的研究。借鉴日本猴(Macaca fuscata)、恒河猴(M.mulatta)和黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)长期积累的研究经验,有利于我们减少人工投食对非人灵长类带来的不利影响,也有利于推动国内非人灵长类社会生态学的深入研究。本文通过比较这三种灵长类野生群和投食群之间的差异,量化地分析了人工投食对灵长类动物社会生态学方面的影响。结果表明在社会行为方面,人工投食会导致灵长类动物的聚集、增加争斗频率、改变个体间等级关系、延缓分群现象、影响活动域和增加新兴行为。在种群数量方面,人工投食会缩短雌性性成熟时间、增加出生率和婴猴存活率、减少成年猴死亡率。而人工投食对雄性性成熟、出生间隔等方面的影响仍需要进一步考证。最后我们讨论了人工投食行为的利弊,并建议应谨慎和妥善地实施人工投食,和对非人灵长类投食群进行合理的监管。 相似文献
10.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
11.
Chiemi Saito Shizue Sato Shigeru Suzuki Hideki Sugiura Naoki Agetsuma Yukio Takahata Chisato Sasaki Hiroyuki Takahashi Toshiaki Tanaka Juichi Yamagiwa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(3):303-312
It is predicted that variation in intergroup relationships in group living primates reflects the cost and benefit of resource
defense. We tested the applicability of the model by examining population difference, group difference, and seasonal difference
in behaviors during intergroup encounters in two populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), one of six groups from Yakushima Island, and the other of three groups from Kinkazan Island. We found that the nature of
intergroup encounter varied with group identity, reproductive seasonality, and population. Yakushima groups showed aggressive
behaviors more frequently than did Kinkazan groups and the difference was consistent with the food competition model, both
because of the involvement of females, and because home ranges were smaller on Yakushima than on Kinkazan, and thus more defensive.
Both sexes of animals participated in aggressive interactions, but males were more aggressive than females. Furthermore, Yakushima
population showed more agonistic intergroup behaviors during the mating season than the non-mating season. Also during the
encounters, intergroup mating was observed, but only in Yakushima. It is concluded that intergroup relationships reflect the
mate guarding behavior by group males. However, the agonistic relationship during non-mating season, especially that of among
females, is also consistent with the food competition model. It is also noted that males' behavior toward other groups can
also be interpreted as a form of investigative behavior before possible transfer into a new group. 相似文献
12.
Experiments on five mother-infant pairs of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)living together in a captive group were conducted during the first 12 weeks after birth in order to assess the time at which
infants begin to discriminate their own mothers from other adult females. After removal from their social group, infants exposed
to their mothers and three unfamiliar adult females at a distance of 150 cm failed to orient visually toward their mothers.
However, when the infants were allowed to approach the four females, they responded preferentially to their mothers during
the third month of life. We concluded that by 8–12 weeks of age, infant Japanese macaques are able to discriminate between
their mothers and other adult females. 相似文献
13.
14.
Toru Oi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):15-31
A field study on wild pig-tailed macaques was conducted in West Sumatra, Indonesia, during three periods from January 1985
to February 1987. During the nine months of the first two periods, unprovisioned monkeys were traced and observed. During
the eight months of the last period, monkeys were provisioned and observed mainly at baiting sites. Three troops and ten solitary
males appeared at the two baiting sites. Some males immigrated into and emigrated from the troops. The troops had a multi-male
multi-female composition. The size of the various troops was 74, 49, and 81 individuals, respectively, and the mean adult
sex ratio in the troops was 1:6.3; that is, markedly biased towards females. The home ranges of two of the troops overlapped
considerably. When the troops encountered each other at the baiting sites, a clear dominance relationship was recognized.
The troops differed in their integration as ranging units: two of the troops did not form subgroups (temporary fission and
fusion of each troop), while the other troop frequently split into subgroups. Recent field studies on pig-tailed macaques
have suggested a multi-leveled society with harem-type unit groups. However, in the present study, the troops observed had
neither a substructure similar to harem-type groups nor a superstructure that emerged as a result of fusion of the troops.
The unit group of the pig-tailed macaques appears to be a multi-male, matrilineal group. 相似文献
15.
Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik's [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male-female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style. 相似文献
16.
Charmalie A. D. Nahallage Michael A. Huffman 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(3):795-806
Stone-handling, a documented behavioral tradition in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), occurs in both captive and provisioned free-ranging troops. We utilize data systematically collected as part of a broader
investigation of stone-handling behavior in a captive troop to elucidate the environmental and social factors responsible
for its occurrence. We analyzed contexts of stone-handling over 18 mo to determine under what conditions individuals most
often perform it. There is clear seasonal variation in the occurrence of stone-handling. The lowest number and shortest duration
of stone-handling bouts were in winter, gradually increasing to a peak in summer, and again decreasing toward autumn. Monkeys
stone-handled more on clear sunny days than on cloudy or rainy ones. They displayed the behavior less under stressful conditions
caused by human intervention or by aggression among troop members. Such stressful social conditions appeared to decrease individual
motivation for stone-handling. In other words, individuals most frequently performed stone-handling under more relaxed environmental
and social conditions. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that stone-handling is a form of solitary object play
behavior in macaques. 相似文献
17.
The social and sexual behaviors of four groups of males (4, 5, 9, and 10 years old) were compared throughout one complete mating season in a confined troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). The aim of this research was to document social behavior changes that occurred during adolescence and to relate them to changes in sexual behavior that occurred at puberty. The 4-year-old males all mounted females and ejaculated but they had significantly fewer ejaculations and female partners than did the older males. The 4-year-old males also showed a pattern of delayed development in tail carriage and courtship, and they played more frequently than the older males. There were no significant differences in the frequency of aggression among the groups, but both 4-year-old and 5-year-old males were displaced by adult males and females more frequently than were the older males. We concluded that the development of adult patterns of social behavior in this genus is not climactic, but occurs slowly one to two years after physiological puberty has been reached. 相似文献
18.
从行为生态学角度,依据黄山短尾猴食土行为在年龄、性别、社会等级序位、食土量、食土频率、食土持续时间中的分布和变化规律,结合土壤基本理化性质测定和分析,探讨了黄山短尾猴食土行为。黄山短尾猴对土壤的摄取是寻找和有目的的选择,有些场所是其"喜好"或"常去之处",食土场所通常是以多个体多次取食挖掘而形成的洞穴形式存在。取食土壤颜色黄色或黄棕色,酸性土壤,富含铁、钙、镁等矿物元素,粘土比例较高。社群各年龄段及性别个体均参与食土行为。平均食土行为持续时间在年龄和性别之间无显著差异;平均食土频率和食土量在成年雌性或雄性个体的社会等级序位之间无显著性差异;而成年雌性的平均食土频率和食土量,显著高于其它年龄或性别组,与雌性正值怀孕末期及产仔哺乳期,需要补充大量铁等矿物元素,以维持生理所需和体力消耗有关。典型的植食性动物黄山短尾猴有规律地取食粘土的行为,支持了食土行为具有"食物解毒作用"假说。人工投喂和食土行为的相关性表现为提高了食土频率,可能与粘土能够缓解高热量、低纤维人工食物造成的胃肠不适有关。 相似文献
19.
Grooming and aggression in captive Japanese macaques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the relations between allogrooming and aggression in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Our aim was to test whether evidence of an interchange between allogrooming and a reduction in aggression could be identified at a group level. Female Japanese macaques did not direct less aggression to those group mates that groomed them most. Although generally they did not direct more grooming to those group mates that attacked them most, they did show increased grooming towards those nonkin group mates that showed the most aggression. These results are interpreted in light of the conflicting processes that are likely to underlie macaque social choices. 相似文献
20.
J. Dazey K. Kuyk M. Oswald J. Martenson J. Erwin 《American journal of physical anthropology》1977,46(1):73-76
We surveyed agonistic behaviors of 20 captive groups of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) housed under identical spatial conditions. Fifteen groups contained one male each; the other five groups contained no adult males. Groups included six to twelve adult females, some of which had infants with them. We found no relationship between social density of groups and incidence of agonistic behavior, but significantly more contact aggression (grab, hit, push, bite) and noncontact aggression (chase, open-mouth “threat,” bark vocalization) occurred among females in groups containing no males than in those containing one male each. Apparently, males played an important role in the inhibition of intragroup conflict. We also found that females in groups containing males exhibited less noncontact aggression if infants were present than if no infants resided in their groups. Thus, competition of females over infants must not have been an important constituent of intragroup conflict under the conditions of this survey. 相似文献