中性体系中超高压－Nisin协同作用下的细菌致死机理

摘要：【目的】为保证超高压中性食品的杀菌强度,可以??????????通过添加Nisin等细菌素协同杀菌以达到商业无菌要求。本文从分子水平和超微结构揭示二者协同作用下的细胞致死机理,为超高压杀菌在中性食品中的应用奠定理论基础。【方法】采用pH7.0的环境体系,100－500 MPa的超高压处理,Nisin浓度为200 IU/mL。通过荧光染色法和紫外吸收法检测细胞膜通透性,傅里叶转换红外光谱法检测细菌细胞壁、蛋白以及核酸的变化,透射电镜观察细菌在协同作用下的形态变化。【结果】结果发现：中性条件下,超高压与     

病原激发子对番茄阴离子过氧化物酶表达与反应性氧迸发的诱导

采用Nortnern印迹法和鲁米诺化学发光法分析抗性的、近等位基因的敏感番茄细胞株阴离子过氧化物酶基因的转录和细胞反应性氧变化,发现病原真菌的激发子和外源H2O2均能促进抗性番茄细胞中阴离子过氧化物酶转录。激发子还能刺激抗性细胞中反应性氧水平暂时急剧升高。敏感番茄细胞对激发子或H2O2没有响应。Ca2 和磷脂酶C的抑制剂硫酸新霉素分别促进和抑制激发子诱导下抗性细胞反应性氧增加。     

乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用

【目的】分析乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用。【方法】基于双层平板打孔法,通过测量抑菌圈大小来检测乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑菌作用;然后分别采用高效液相色谱法和4-氨酰安替比林法检测乳杆菌代谢产物中的有机酸和H2O2含量;最后,检测乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。【结果】对化脓性链球菌的抑菌效果以植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0667最好,副干酪乳杆菌KLDS1.0342-1次之,瑞士乳杆菌KLDS1.0203抑菌效果最差;乳酸和乙酸产量KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1>KLDS1.0203;H2O2产量KLDS1.0203>KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1。在抑菌试验中,乳杆菌的发酵上清液经去除H2O2处理后抑菌圈直径都减小;将发酵上清液的p H调至7.0后均检测不到抑菌圈。结果表明,乳杆菌代谢产物中对化脓性链球菌起抑制作用的主要物质为有机酸和H2O2,其中乳酸是产生抑菌作用的最主要物质。乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.28、0.64和0.008 g/L,对化脓性链球菌的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为5.12、2.56和0.032 g/L。【结论】乳杆菌可利用其代谢产物对化脓性链球菌产生抑制作用,主要抑菌物质为有机酸和H2O2。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA252辅酶A二硫化物还原酶缺失延缓苯唑西林的次级损伤效应

【目的】耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在苯唑西林作用下,其辅酶A二硫化物还原酶表达上调2.3倍。本文研究苯唑西林对该酶缺失的金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌效应。【方法】利用同源重组双交换技术对金黄色葡萄球菌进行基因敲除,并用质粒p OS1构建回补株;采用分光光度法检测菌株体外增殖能力;以时间-杀菌法考察苯唑西林对菌株杀菌效应;以2’,7’-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐为探针检测胞内活性氧水平。【结果】辅酶A二硫化物还原酶基因敲除株较亲株生长缓慢(P0.05);20倍MIC浓度苯唑西林下敲除株的时间-杀菌曲线及胞内活性氧水平与亲株无显著性差异,5倍MIC浓度下敲除株的致死速率及胞内活性氧水平均较亲株下降。【结论】在较低浓度苯唑西林作用下,辅酶A二硫化物还原酶基因缺失降低胞内活性氧水平,减小杀菌速率,延缓次级损伤效应。     

南瓜多糖衍生物的制备及其抗氧化研究

对超声辅助法提取的南瓜粗多糖,进行化学改性得到了硫酸化南瓜多糖和羧甲基南瓜多糖。用邻苯三酚自氧化法检测对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用,用邻二氮菲-金属铁离子-H2O2体系检测对羟自由基的清除作用。结果表明,南瓜多糖对超氧阴离子自由基无抑制作用,经化学改性后的羧甲基南瓜多糖和硫酸化南瓜多糖对超氧阴离子自由基有明显抑制作用,最大清除率达44％和41．67％。以上3种多糖均能有效清除·OH,随着浓度的增加清除作用加强,最大清除率可达46．49％,22．61％和42．35％0。结果显示,经化学改性后的南瓜多糖有较强的抗氧化作用。     

UVA诱发的1O2和O2-·产生与脂质过氧化水平关系的研究

紫外A(UVA,320 nm-400 nm)诱发的脂质过氧化反应是通过活性氧(ROS)介导的。在UVA照射之后,单线态氧(1O2)和超氧阴离子(O2-.)是细胞内最初产生的ROS,它们进一步生成过氧化氢(H2O2),羟自由基(.OH)等其它自由基。为了探讨UVA照射后最早生成的1O2和O2-.与细胞氧化损伤后果的关系,我们采用一种特异性检测1O2和O2-.的高灵敏度化学发光探针MCLA(2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimid-azo[1,2-α]pyrazin-3-one hydrochloride)检测人外周血淋巴细胞经UVA照射后的化学发光变化。发现不同剂量UVA照射后,细胞MCLA化学发光变化和MDA浓度变化一致。结果表明UVA照射后1O2和O2-.的水平与由此引发的脂质过氧化损伤存在正相关关系。因此,MCLA化学发光方法可望作为一种检测UVA诱发脂质过氧化水平的简单快速方法。     

转录调控因子OxyRxoo对水稻白叶枯病菌H2O2降解途径的调控作用

摘要：【目的】为了阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, 简称Xoo)转录调控因子OxyRxoo对过氧化氢(H2O2) 降解途径的调控作用。【方法】本研究对推导的H2O2识别调控基因oxyRxoo进行了基因克隆、序列分析、缺失突变和互补试验及其相关表型的鉴定。【结果】克隆的oxyRxoo基因序列与其它几种病原黄单胞菌的同源序列高度保守。OxyRxoo是LysR家族成员之一,具有PBPb结构域和DNA结合保守结构域(HTH)。用标记交换法构建了△oxyRxoo基因缺失突变体。与野生型菌株PXO99A相比,尽管△oxyRxoo在离体培养条件下的生长无明显变化,但H2O2抗性显著地降低,过氧化物酶(CAT)活性明显下降,基因互补可以使之恢复; 过氧化物酶基因表达下调, oxyRxoo自身表达显著上调。【结论】OxyRxoo作为一个重要转录调控因子,调控了Xoo的 H2O2降解途径。     

叶绿体光合代谢中活性氧的产生与清除

有氧代谢不可避免产生活性氧(ROS),叶绿体的PSI和PSII反应中心均是ROS产生的主要位点。叶绿体产生的ROS主要有超氧阴离子(O2-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟自由基(.OH)和单线氧(1O2),其中在PSI产生的O2-将进一步产生H2O2和.OH,而1O2产生在PSII。正常生理代谢条件下,叶绿体内抗氧化系统和光能吸收利用的调节保持活性氧产生和消灭的平衡,不会影响植物的正常生理功能。     

昂立一号清除活性氧功能及其对化疗药物抗肿瘤协同作用的研究

近年来 ,愈来愈多的研究资料表明 ,临床医学中诸如肿瘤等疾病的发生 ,虽然发病机理及病理过程不十分清楚 ,但均与活性氧代谢异常有关。活性氧是指机体内由氧形成、含氧而且性质活泼的一些物质的总称 :最主要的有二种含氧的自由基 ,即超氧阴离子 (O2 · -)和羟自由基 (· OH) ;一种激发态的氧分子 ,即单线态氧分子 (1O2 ) ;以及两种过氧化物 ,即过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )和过氧化脂质 (ROOH)等。这些活性氧与机体细胞的分裂、聚集、吞噬、免疫、炎症、衰老、肿瘤和心脑血管等多种疾病密切相关 ,活性氧等自由基的产生和清除已成为分子生物学和保…     

MCLA为化学发光探针测定氧化低密度脂蛋白中维生素C诱导的单线态氧产生

以一种海萤荧光素类似物MCLA〔2 methyl 6 (p methoxyphenyl) 3,7 dihydroimidazo [1,2 a]pyrazin 3 one〕作为高灵敏且有选择性的化学发光探针 ,用化学发光的方法直接观测到了少量Cu2 氧化的低密度脂蛋白 (Ox LDL)中维生素C诱导的单线态氧 (1O2 )的产生。实验中通过叠氮化钠 (NaN3 )对MCLA介导的化学发光的猝灭作用进一步证实了上述体系中1O2的形成。根据实验观察的结果 ,分析了这一体系中1O2 形成的可能途径 ,认为首先是维生素C将Cu2 转变为还原态 ,而自身失去一个电子转变为维生素C自由基 ,从而刺激了过氧自由基和烷氧自由基的形成 ,过氧自由基的双分子反应很可能就是体系内1O2 产生的反应机制     

硫化物抑制潮土反硝化过程中氧化亚氮还原的菌群机制

【背景】土壤中的反硝化作用形成气态产物N_2O和N_2,会导致氮素的气态损失,并造成温室效应。硫化物对土壤的N_2O还原具有抑制作用,但其对菌群和功能基因的影响机制还不清楚。【目的】研究有无外加碳源情况下,硫化物对反硝化作用中间产物(NO、N_2O)的积累、反硝化功能基因(narG、nirS、nirK和nosZ)表达量以及菌群结构的影响。【方法】分别设置不同量葡萄糖(0和1000mg-C/kg干重土壤)和硫化钠(0和150mg-S/kg干重土壤)添加的交叉处理,进行室内微宇宙培养实验,利用自动化培养与实时气体检测系统检测培养过程中NO、N_2O和N_2的积累量,通过反转录定量PCR测定反硝化功能基因表达量,利用MiSeq技术平台基于16S rRNA基因序列的高通量测序分析样品的菌群结构。【结果】硫化钠的添加显著抑制N_2O还原,但是其对于N_2O积累量没有显著影响,却显著降低了NO的积累量。硫化钠的添加短时间内在转录水平上显著抑制N_2O还原酶的活性,并且抑制固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)、微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)、剑菌属(Ensifer)、氮氢单胞菌属(Azohydromonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)、申氏杆菌属(Shinella)和西索恩氏菌属(Chthoniobacter)的基因转录,降低它们的转录本丰度,结合Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes andGenomes(KEGG)数据库的查询结果,发现硫化钠的添加抑制了不产生N_2O的N_2O还原反硝化细菌的生长。【结论】堆肥或其他原因引起的土壤硫化物增加,导致反硝化过程N_2O还原被抑制的原因是由于其对氧化亚氮基因转录的抑制和对不同反硝化菌的选择作用,研究结果有助于认识硫化物对氮代谢影响的微生物机制。     

Interactions of metal ions with two quinolone antimicrobial agents (cinoxacin and ciprofloxacin). Spectroscopic and X-ray structural characterization. Antibacterial studies

Several novel metal-quinolone compounds have been synthesized and characterized by analytical, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. The crystal structure of the four compounds, Na(2)[(Cd(Cx)3)(Cd(Cx)3(H2O))].12H2O, [Co(Cp)2(H2O)2].9H2O, [Zn(Cp)2(H2O)2].8H2O and [Cd(HCp)2(Cl)2].4H2O, is presented and discussed: HCx=1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo(1,3)-dioxolo(4,5-g)cinnoline-3-carboxylic acid and HCp=1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid. In all these compounds the quinolone acts as a bidentate chelate ligand that binds through one carboxylate oxygen atom and the exocyclic carbonyl oxygen atom. Complexes of ciprofloxacin were screened for their activity against several bacteria, showing activity similar to that of the ligand. In addition, the number of bacteria killed after 3 h of incubation with the ligand, [Co(Cp)2(H2O)2].9H2O, Ni(Cp)2.10H2O and Cu(Cp)2.6H2O, was determined against S. aureus ATCC25923. There is a direct relationship between the growth rate and the lethal rate. Against growing bacteria, the ligand is the most bactericidal and Cu(Cp)2.6H2O is the less bactericidal. On the contrary, against non-dividing bacteria, the complexes were more bactericidal than the ligand, with Cu(Cp)(2).6H(2)O the most bactericidal compound.     

Antibacterial activity of highly negative charged polyoxotungstates, K27[KAs4W40O140] and K18[KSb9W21O86], and Keggin-structural polyoxotungstates against Helicobacter pylori

The antibacterial activity of polyoxometalates (PMs) against Helicobacter pylori was investigated based on determinations of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), time-killing of the bacteria, bacterial morphology and PM-uptake into the bacteria cell. The result of MIC values revealed that, of 13 PMs used in this study, highly negative-charged polyoxotungstates, such as K27[KAs4W40O140] and K18[KSb9W21O86], and Keggin-structural polyoxotungstates exhibited a potent antibacterial activity with the MIC values of less than 256 microg/ml. The former was the most active, and superior to metronidazole (MTZ) against MTZ-susceptible and resistant strains and also to clarithromycin (CLR) against CLR-resistant strains. In contrast, most of polyoxomolybdates showed little antibacterial activity with the MIC values of more than 256 microg/ml. The result of FIC index values indicated that the antibacterial polyoxotungstates had partially synergistic effect in combination with MTZ and CLR but indifferent effect in combination with amoxicillin (AMX). From the results of the time-killing and scanning electron microscope images, K27[KAs4W40O140] and K18[KSb9W21O86] proved the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity with the morphological change from bacillary form to coccoid form, while Keggin-structural K5[SiV(V)W11O40] showed the bacteriostatic activity with small change of morphology to coccoid form. The fluorescent X-ray analysis demonstrated that these polyoxotungstates were taken into the bacteria cell. It is pointed out that the Keggin-structure and/or high negativity polyoxotungstates are an important factor for the antibacterial activity against H. pylori.     

Antibacterial studies, DNA oxidative cleavage, and crystal structures of Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes with two quinolone family members, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin

Nine coordination compounds of Cu(II) and Co(II) with Ciprofloxacin (HCp) and Enoxacin (HEx) as ligands have been prepared and characterized. Single crystal structural determinations of [Cu(HCp)2(ClO4)2].6H2O (1) and [Co(HEx)2(Ex)]Cl.2CH(3)OH.12H2O (4) are reported. The crystal of 1 is composed of [Cu(HCp)2(ClO4)2] units with the two perchlorate anions semicoordinated, and uncoordinated water molecules. The copper ion, at a crystallographic inversion centre, is in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment. The structure of 4 consists of cationic monomeric [Co(HEx)2(Ex)]+ units, chloride anions, and uncoordinated methanol and water molecules. The complex is six-coordinate, with a slightly distorted octahedral environment around the metal centre. Some complexes of ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were screened for their activity against several bacteria, showing activity similar to that of the corresponding free ligands. All compounds tested were more active against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and its complexes were more active than enoxacin and its complexes. In addition, the bactericidal studies against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 reveal that one complex exhibits the "paradoxical effect" (diminution in the number of bacteria killed at high drug concentration), which has been described and related to the mechanism of action of quinolones, but three other complexes do not, suggesting different mechanisms of bactericidal action. The ability of Cu(HCp)2(NO3)2.6H2O to cleave DNA has been determined. The results show that the complex behaves as an efficient chemical nuclease with ascorbate/hydrogen peroxide activation. Mechanistic studies using different inhibiting reagents reveal that hydroxyl radicals are involved in the DNA scission process mediated by this compound.     

Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of O6-[4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxymethyl)benzyl]guanine as a novel potential PET probe for the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in cancer chemotherapy

A novel fluorine-18-labeled O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) derivative, O6-[4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxymethyl)benzyl]guanine (O6-[18F]FEMBG, [18F]1), has been synthesized for evaluation as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) probe for the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) in cancer chemotherapy. The appropriate radiolabeling precursor N(2,9)-bis(p-anisyldiphenylmethyl)-O6-[4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]guanine (6) and reference standard O6-[4-(2-fluoroethoxymethyl)benzyl]guanine (O6-FEMBG, 1) were synthesized from 1,4-benzenedimethanol and 2-amino-6-chloropurine in four or six steps, respectively, with moderate to excellent chemical yields. The target tracer O6-[18F]FEMBG was prepared in 20-35% radiochemical yields by reaction of MTr-protected precursor 6 with [18F]fluoroethyl bromide followed by quick deprotection reaction and purification with a simplified Silica Sep-Pak method. Total synthesis time was 60-70 min from the end of bombardment. Radiochemical purity of the formulated product was >95%, with a specific radioactivity of >1.0 Ci/micromol at the end of synthesis. The activity of unlabeled O6-FEMBG was evaluated via an in vitro AGT oligonucleotide assay. Preliminary findings from biological assay indicate that the synthesized analogue has similarly strong inhibiting effect on AGT in comparison with O6-BG and O6-4-fluorobenzylguanine (O6-FBG). The results warrant further in vivo evaluation of O6-[18F]FEMBG as a new potential PET probe for AGT.     

Solvent isotope effect on macromolecular dynamics in <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis>

Elastic incoherent neutron scattering was used to explore solvent isotope effects on average macromolecular dynamics in vivo. Measurements were performed on living E. coli bacteria containing H(2)O and D(2)O, respectively, close to physiological conditions of temperature. Global macromolecular flexibility, expressed as mean square fluctuation (MSF) values, and structural resilience in a free energy potential, expressed as a mean effective force constant, [Symbol: see text]k'[Symbol: see text], were extracted in the two solvent conditions. They referred to the average contribution of all macromolecules inside the cell, mostly dominated by the internal motions of the protein fraction. Flexibility and resilience were both found to be smaller in D(2)O than in H(2)O. A difference was expected because the driving forces behind macromolecular stabilization and dynamics are different in H(2)O and D(2)O. In D(2)O, the hydrophobic effect is known to be stronger than in H(2)O: it favours the burial of non-polar surfaces as well as their van der Waals' packing in the macromolecule cores. This may lead to the observed smaller MSF values. In contrast, in H(2)O, macromolecules would present more water-exposed surfaces, which would give rise to larger MSF values, in particular at the macromolecular surface. The smaller [Symbol: see text]k'[Symbol: see text] value suggested a larger entropy content in the D(2)O case due to increased sampling of macromolecular conformational substates.     

溶藻细菌NP23液体培养基的优化及 生物安全性的研究

【目的】为快速培养高浓度菌液以治理水体富营养化导致的藻类水华。【方法】首先用Plackett-Burman(PB)法筛选出影响NP23菌浓的3个重要因素KNO3、MnSO4.H2O和K2HPO4,然后对筛选出的重要因素在最佳值区域里用响应面方法(RSM)来优化NP23菌培养条件,最后用急性毒性试验和致突变试验对NP23菌液投入水体的生物安全性进行评价。【结果】优化后菌浓达到1013CFU/mL,比优化前菌浓大4个数量级。NP23菌液即使在大剂量下对鱼类也无急性毒性,对鱼类无致突变效应。【结论】研究结果为NP23菌实际应用提供参考。     

不同类型铜合金板的杀菌特性

【目的】微生物对可接触表面的污染给公共卫生带来了极大的威胁。利用具有杀菌特性的铜及铜合金代替不锈钢等制品,可以降低消毒剂的使用和细菌的传播。【方法】通过分析3株金黄色葡萄球菌和2株大肠杆菌在铜及铜合金平板上的存活时间,对不同类型铜合金的杀菌特性进行了探索。【结果】铜合金平板的杀菌能力与其铜含量成正比;铜合金对同属细菌的杀菌能力相近,对不同属细菌则有一定差异;铜合金的杀菌效率与细菌对Cu2+抗性没有直接联系;铜合金杀菌的效率与细菌的细胞壁结构可能有很大关联。【结论】铜及铜合金是较好的杀菌材料。     

Mechanisms of the synergistic action of ionizing radiation and hydrogen peroxide on the viability of bacteria

The combined effect of ionizing radiation and minor concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.1-0.01 M) has been studied on bacteria differing in the cell wall structure (Gy+, Gy-), radioresistance, and activity of DNA repair system. The H2O2 concentrations applied, which have a slight antibacterial action, enhance significantly the bactericidal effect of ionizing radiation producing a synergistic effect due to the decreased effectiveness of repair of DNA single-strand breaks.