盐芥miR396的表达分析、前体克隆及靶基因预测

利用实时定量PCR的方法分析了tsa-mi R396在盐芥不同组织的表达情况及盐、冷胁迫下的表达量变化,结果显示tsami R396在盐芥的不同组织均有表达,且在盐芥幼苗受盐、冷胁迫处理2 h后其表达量明显上升,随后呈波动性变化。利用在线软件ps RNATarget预测到25个tsa-mi R396的靶基因并进行功能分类。成功克隆tsa-mi R396前体,并利用Mfold在线软件分析该前体能够折叠形成茎环结构。     

玉米纹枯病抗性相关miRNA的鉴定与功能分析

MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类内源性非编码小分子RNA,通过指导剪切或者抑制翻译等方式调节植物基因的表达,参与调控植物的生长发育,并在多种非生物与生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用. 但目前关于玉米纹枯病抗性相关miRNA表达调节与功能尚不十分清楚. 本研究结合直接克隆法与生物信息学分析,鉴定玉米纹枯病抗性相关9个新的玉米miRNA和已知的zma-miR168a、zma-miR168a*;WMD 3软件进行靶基因预测显示,共获得靶基因总数34个,靶基因功能主要涉及玉米的抗氧化胁迫机制、自身反馈调节、转录调控途径、抗病相关代谢途径以及毒物转运外排等调控过程;实时定量PCR检测miRNA显示,耐感纹枯病材料R15和Ye478叶片和叶鞘中共有9个miRNA受纹枯病感染诱导发生特异性差异表达. 本研究结果提示,玉米纹枯病抗性相关 miRNA介导的玉米对纹枯病诱导产生可能的抗病途径构成了玉米抗纹枯病侵染复杂的防御机制.     

实时荧光定量PCR相对定量法检测循环miRNA的内参选择

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性非编码微小RNA,在调控细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等方面发挥重要作用。研究发现,miRNA能够稳定存在于细胞外液,被称为循环miRNA。在多种疾病状态下循环miRNA表达谱改变,具有成为非创伤性新型生物标志物的潜能。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)是检测miRNA表达变化的确证实验,其中内参的选择关系到相对定量结果是否真实可靠。我们简要综述国内外实验室常用的RT-qPCR内参及其特点。     

凡纳滨对虾低温差异表达miRNA的分析鉴定及靶基因的验证

为了解析miRNA及靶基因在凡纳滨对虾低温适应过程中的分子调控机制, 研究开展了凡纳滨对虾常温(28℃)及低温锻炼(16℃, 6d)下肝胰腺小RNA文库的测序和分析。从常温对虾的小RNA文库测序获得18—32 nt的高质量序列10690259条, 鉴定出已知的成熟miRNAs 57条; 而从低温锻炼对虾的小RNA文库获得18—32 nt的高质量序列序列8587144条, 鉴定出已知的成熟miRNAs 48条。分析获得25个在低温锻炼下呈显著差异表达的miRNAs。运用qRT-PCR验证了3条低温下差异极显著的miRNAs的表达模式。结果显示, 3条miRNAs的表达模式与高通量测序结果基本一致。预测低温差异表达miRNAs的靶基因, 并与转录组分析获得的低温显著差异表达基因进行比对, 从二者重合的基因集中挑选出4个基因, 即nuclear export mediator factor Nemf-lik、synapse-associated protein、seleno proteins 以及DEAD-box RNA helicase Variant 1, 运用qRT-PCR验证其在不同条件低温锻炼凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中的表达规律, 为解析miRNAs及其靶基因在对虾低温适应过程中的分子调控机制提供了基础数据。     

番茄青枯病抗性相关miRNA的鉴定与表达分析

为理解番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）青枯病抗性响应miRNA与靶基因间的调控关系,对抗、感番茄自交系接种青枯菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）前后进行小RNA测序。结果在8个样本中共获得112.76 M高质量数据,检测到336个miRNA,包括193个新miRNA。其中,31个差异表达miRNA靶向调节575个基因的表达。556个靶基因被注释到防御反应、植病互作、植物激素信号转导等代谢途径中。启动子除典型的转录起始TATA-box和CAAT-box,及与生物胁迫相关的W-box和TC-rich repeats,还存在激素、光、非生物胁迫、伤等响应元件。RT-qPCR验证发现6对mi RNA-targets具有正-负、负-正和负-负3种番茄青枯病应答模式。这些结果初步揭示miRNA可以通过靶向基因表达响应番茄青枯病。     

小菜蛾U6 snRNA基因的克隆及作为miRNA定量表达分析内参基因的评价

【目的】克隆小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)小分子非编码RNA U6的cDNA序列,并评价其是否适合作为定量检测小菜蛾microRNA (miRNA)表达量的内参基因。【方法】本研究采用RT-PCR 克隆获得了小菜蛾4龄幼虫核小RNA(small nuclear RNA, snRNA) U6的cDNA序列,并用定量PCR法检测了U6及8种miRNAs在小菜蛾不同发育阶段及不同杀虫药剂处理后的表达稳定性。【结果】小菜蛾U6的cDNA序列全长 94 bp,与其他昆虫U6的核苷酸序列一致性达98.9%。用geNorm和RefFinder软件分析荧光定量PCR结果表明,U6在小菜蛾卵、1-4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫7个不同发育阶段表达稳定;用马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、灭多威、呋喃虫酰肼、高效氯氰菊酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴虫腈和Bt 9种不同作用机理的杀虫药剂处理3龄末幼虫48 h,对U6的表达水平无显著影响。【结论】小菜蛾U6表达水平不受不同发育阶段和不同杀虫药剂处理的影响,符合作为内参基因的基本特点,可作为定量PCR法评价小菜蛾miRNA或其他非编码小分子RNA表达水平的内参基因。研究结果为小菜蛾miRNA表达水平的准确定量奠定了基础。     

圆唇散白蚁补充生殖蚁发育过程中的卵黄蛋白原基因的表达及卵子发生

【目的】研究圆唇散白蚁Reticulitermes labralis(Hsia)补充生殖蚁分化及发育过程中卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin,Vg)基因的表达、卵母细胞的发育以及子代品级分化。【方法】通过使用实时定量PCR(Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction)技术测定补充生殖蚁从分化到产卵的过程中Vg基因相对表达量的动态变化;采用组织染色的方法进行卵母细胞发育阶段的观察;对子代的数量及分化进行统计分析。【结果】补充生殖蚁发育过程中,Vg基因表达呈现先升高后降低的动态变化模式。在补充生殖蚁分化后的第10天开始形成具卵黄的卵母细胞,在20 d时具卵黄卵母细胞的数量达到最高值。第1个月至第3个月,补充生殖蚁的产卵数逐渐增加,分别为(2.45±1.43)、(7.68±2.53)和(12.10±7.09)粒。第3个月,巢内开始出现幼蚁,数量为(5.15±2.41)头;第10个月,巢群内有工蚁、前兵蚁和兵蚁的分化,分别为(17.03±2.28)、(1.45±0.31)和(0.79±0.18)头。【结论】在新建巢群中,若蚁的分化在工蚁和兵蚁分化之后。圆唇散白蚁若蚁在巢群需要的时候,可以在很短时间内转化为补充生殖蚁;Vg基因的表达水平与卵母细胞的卵黄形成相关,Vg基因表达量的增加启动了卵母细胞的卵黄摄取过程。虽然单个补充生殖蚁产卵量不如单个原始生殖蚁的多,但是在一个巢内补充生殖蚁总的产卵数目要远远超过原始生殖蚁,因为补充生殖蚁的数量比原始生殖蚁的数量多。因此补充生殖蚁对巢群稳定和发展具有重要作用。     

番茄中与致病密切相关miRNA的挖掘及特性分析

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在真核生物体内普遍存在的、长度约22nt的内源性非编码小分子RNA, 它通过与靶mRNA的结合参与多种基因的表达调控。番茄作为一种重要的模式植物, 其miRNA的研究近年来也取得了较大的进展。文章通过搜集已报道的文献和miRBase, 找到番茄中34个miRNA的表达与致病相关, 采用生物信息学方法预测它们的靶基因, 利用Cytoscope软件构建miRNA及其靶基因的调控网络。从中筛选出13个与致病密切相关的miRNA, 根据各miRNA之间关联性的大小及其与致病相关靶基因的多少, 进一步选出miR169、miR482、miR5300、miR6024、miR6026和miR6027, 并对其进行了靶基因功能分析、启动子分析及实时定量PCR验证, 为全面深入研究miRNA的作用机制奠定了基础。     

结肠癌中核内miRNA的激活调控作用研究

为了探究增强子介导的核内miRNA在结肠癌发生中的作用,本研究筛选了结肠癌中的差异表达的miRNA数据、结肠的特异性增强子数据、结肠癌中差异表达基因数据,利用细胞核内miRNA靶向增强子预测算法,筛选miRNA调控的结肠特异性增强子;利用增强子靶基因预测数据,筛选核内miRNA调控的差异表达靶基因,并且构建核内miRNA-靶基因网络,并通过网络的分析和筛选获得结肠癌中关键的致病基因,同时对网络中的靶基因进行GO的功能注释。结果表明,我们所构建的核内miRNA-激活调控靶基因网络包含miRNA-靶基因关系对2 121个,259个节点,其中包含34个下调基因、183个上调的基因,7个下调的miRNA,35个上调的miRNA。而后我们分析了网络进行的节点度的整体分布情况,发现网络中大部分的节点的度都是小于10的,仅有少量miRNA结合和部分的差异表达基因节点的度大于10。核内miRNA主要通过激活调控了一些应激反应相关的功能和,同时,抑制调控了细胞周期、细胞凋亡、细胞死亡巨噬细胞代谢等相关功能,通过激活和抑制相关功能诱发结肠癌的发生。从核内miRNA的激活调控角度研究结肠癌的发病机制,是对原有细胞浆中miRNA抑制调控机制的补充,也为结肠癌的系统研究提供了新的视野。     

斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中FGF3基因的表达

为了解斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中FGF3基因的时空性表达情况,并探讨其对胚胎发育的调控作用,该研究分别提取2,4,8,12,24,36,48,72hpf斑马鱼胚胎的总RNA,经逆转录成cDNA,实时荧光定量PcR检测FGF3基因mRNA表达量;扩增FGF3基因特异片段,构建pGEM-T／FGF3基因片段重组质粒,经克隆及测序验证后,合成地高辛标记的反义RNA探针,以整体原位杂交法检测斑马鱼胚胎FGF3基因的空间性表达。结果显示：FGF3P基因在2hp胚胎就有表达,并持续至胚胎孵化,12hpf胚胎FGF3表达量达到高峰（P〈0．01）;胚胎发育过程中心表达部位以头、尾、咽弓为主。由此得出结论,FGF3主要在胚胎发育早期表达,其表达可能与胚胎脑、眼、耳、咽弓及尾部器官的发育调控有关。     

黄龙病菌侵染过程中柑橘CsMYB基因克隆及表达分析

MYB类蛋白是一类与植物防卫反应有关的转录因子家族,本研究利用构建的甜橙健株与感染黄龙病的病株差减（SSH）文库,采用RACE技术克隆了一个MYB类基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为CsMYB（GenBank登录号为HQ841074）。柑橘CsMYB基因的cDNA全长为1 306 bp,生物信息学分析显示,该基因包括一个909 bp的完整开放读码框以及一个典型的26 bp poly-A,编码302个氨基酸,分子量为32.97 kD,等电点为8.5。同时,还有MYB类基因的保守特征区域,即在N端有两个典型的MYB DNA结合域：R2和R3。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,柑橘CsMYB基因受到黄龙病菌侵染后的不同时期表达量不同,伴随着黄龙病病程的变化呈现不同的表达变化。推测CsMYB基因是一个转录因子,可能参与柑橘对黄龙病菌的防御反应过程。     

拟南芥CHS基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR检测

在简要介绍实时荧光定量PCR反应和定量原理的基础上,采用TaqMan荧光定量PCR技术,研究了UV-B辐射对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS(查耳酮合成酶基因)表达的诱导,获得了与传统Northern杂交一致的结果.实时荧光定量PCR用于基因表达的定量检测,具有特异性强、自动化程度高、高效快捷,避免使用放射性同位素,能同时对多个样品中的起始模板进行准确定量等特点,因此该方法已逐渐被广泛用于基因表达的定量分析.     

Expression of P-Enolpyruvate Carboxylase and other Aspects of CAM during the Development of Peperomia camptotricha Leaves

During the development of Peperomia camptotricha leaves, metabolism changes from C₃-photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The youngest leaves showed no diurnal fluctuation of organic acids or P-enolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) activity. There was little evidence for PEPc protein using PEPc antibodies prepared from the CAM form of PEPc, nor was there evidence for PEPc mRNA when tested using a cDNA probe made from CAM P. scandens. As leaves matured, there was a parallel increase in titratable acidity, PEPc activity, PEPc protein, and PEPc mRNA. In leaf whorls 1 through 6, there was a significant linear correlation between the diurnal fluctuation of organic acids and PEPc activity indicating a functional relationship. The specific activity of PEPc increased as leaves matured and the K_m (PEP) decreased indicating that the enzyme was becoming more active. The ratio of PEPc protein to PEPc mRNA decreased as leaves matured. During the expression of CAM, the spongy mesophyll where most of the CAM activity occurs increased in thickness and per cent air space, whereas the palisade mesophyll where most of the C₃ activity occurs did not increase in size dramatically. The diurnal fluctuation of organic acids and the expression of PEPc activity, protein, and mRNA increased as the thickness of the spongy mesophyll increased. During the expression of CAM in Peperomia camptotricha, there appears to be coordinated expression of PEPc mRNA, protein, and activity, the commencement of diurnal organic acid fluctuation, and the development of the CAM-like spongy mesophyll. Thus the evidence suggests that CAM in this species is expressed during normal development and not in response to environmental signals.     

Expression analysis of miRNAs in BmN cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the family of noncoding single-strand RNA molecules of 21-25 nucleotides in length and play a broad and key regulation role in various physiological and pathological processes including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. In Bombyx mori, a total of 487 pre-miRNAs and 562 mature miRNAs were identified by experimental or computational approaches, but their functions remain unknown. To carry out the research of gain-of-function of miRNAs in BmN cells, we firstly identified the endogenous expression of miRNAs in BmN cells by microarray and found that only 73 miRNAs could be detected by miRNA microarray. Then three low abundance or undetected miRNAs, pri-mir-1a, pri-mir-8 and pri-mir-133, were selected to express in BmN cells. The eukaryotic expression vector pIEx-1 harboring baculovirus ie1 promoter and hr5 enhancer was screened and used for expressing miRNA in BmN cells. Three miRNA expression vectors pIEx-1-EGFP-pri-mir-1a/8/133 were constructed, which contained the three corresponding pri-miRNA sequences, respectively. The constructed miRNA vectors were successfully transfected into BmN cells and the qRT-PCR analysis showed that relative abundance of bmo-mir-1a, bmo-mir-8 and bmo-mir-133 in BmN cells transfected with the pIEx-1-EGFP-pri-mir-1a/8/133 is as 32, 4.4 and 904 times as that in BmN cells transfected with the control vector pIEx-1-EGFP, respectively. The present work lays a foundation for the further functional studies of miRNAs in silkworm.     

茶树细胞周期蛋白基因的克隆与表达

以茶树萌动芽为材料,采用SMART-RACE PCR技术从茶树萌动芽中获得了茶树细胞周期蛋白基因的全长cDNA序列(命名为CsCYC1),并用实时定量PCR方法(qRT- PCR)研究了该基因在茶树越冬芽休眠到萌发后不同阶段的表达模式.结果显示:(1)该基因全长1956 bp,包含1320 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码439个氨基酸残基.(2) CsCYC1预测分子量为49.35 kD,具有细胞周期蛋白家族典型的保守cyclin-box结构域和三维结构.(3)系统进化分析结果表明,CsCYC1的氨基酸序列与葡萄、蓖麻、毛果杨、琴叶鼠耳芥、拟南芥等的相似性分别为77％、74％、72％、68％和67％.(4)实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CsCYC1基因在茶树越冬芽休眠期的表达量远低于恢复生长期,在萌发期表达量最高,说明该基因与茶树越冬芽休眠的解除关系密切.     

Involvement of viral envelope GP2 in Ebola virus entry into cells expressing the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin

Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and CoA-SH. In this study, we show that the expression profile of the ACOT isoforms changes remarkably during the differentiation of cultured rat brown adipocytes. Immunocytochemistry suggested that cytosolic ACOT1 was present in the preadipocytes, while mitochondrial ACOT2 was additionally expressed as the cells differentiated, concurrent with the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Western blotting confirmed that, in contrast to ACOT1, the ACOT2 expression level was very low in the preadipocytes. However, after differentiation, the ACOT1 level fell to one-half of the baseline level and ACOT2 increased 18-fold. ACOT2 expression in the differentiated adipocytes was further enhanced by treatment with lipids or troglitazone. These changes in the ACOT2 expression level correlated well with changes in the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, a mitochondrial β-oxidation enzyme. These results indicate that, in differentiating brown adipocytes, cytosolic ACOT1 becomes downregulated as the cellular use of acyl-CoA increases, while mitochondrial ACOT2 is upregulated as the β-oxidation capacity increases. ACOT isoform expression may be regulated during brown adipocyte differentiation to support the fat storage and combustion characteristics of this cell type.     

水稻锌指蛋白基因OsBBX6的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

锌指蛋白作为植物体内一类重要的转录因子,对植物生长发育、基因调控以及响应外界环境变化方面发挥重要作用。Os BBX6基因属于水稻锌指蛋白B-Box基因家族成员,启动子元件分析发现其含有高温应答元件(HSE)、干旱应答元件(MBS)及非生物胁迫响应元件(TC-rich repeats)等逆境相关元件。组织特异性定量表达分析表明,Os BBX6在叶片中表达最高,根其次,茎和幼穗中表达最低。胁迫处理后的荧光定量PCR发现其受低温诱导上调,受高温、干旱、盐胁迫等抑制表达,表明其正向响应低温胁迫,负向响应高温、干旱、盐胁迫等。另外,本研究还克隆了OsBBX6基因,并对其进行了系统进化、蛋白跨膜、蛋白亚细胞定位及OsBBX6基因共表达等分析,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定基础。     

Expression of soybean-embryo lipoxygenase 2 in transgenic tobacco tissue

To assess the role of lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12) in plants, we increased the expression of LOX in the tissues of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. KY 14 by over-expression of the LOX2 gene from the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) embryo. The LOX2 cDNA was manipulated by replacing its 5-untranslated sequence with the translational enhancer of the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and subcloned into a plant expression vector, 3 to a duplicated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The AMV-LOX2 construct was transferred into tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A281. The LOX2 was expressed in transgenic tobacco calli, leaves of transgenic plants, and their seed progeny at levels up to 0.1–0.2% of the total extracted protein. The introduced LOX2 affected fatty-acid oxidative metabolism as evidenced by a 50–529% increase in C₆-aldehyde production. The impact on C₆-aldehyde formation was greater than the effect on production of fatty-acid hydroperoxides. This is consistent with other studies indicating the greater propensity of soybean embryo LOX2 in generating C₆-aldehydes than that of other well-characterized LOX isozymes.Abbreviations AMV alfalfa mosaic virus - CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus - IEF isoelectric focusing - kDa kilodalton - LOX lipoxygenase - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisWe thank Bernard Axelrod (Purdue University) for supplying the lipoxygenase 2 cDNA, and Arthur G. Hunt (University of Kentucky) for supplying the pKYLX71² and pBS/AMV. The advice of Arthur G. Hunt, Chris L. Schardl, Sadik Tuzun and Dwight Tomes is greatly appreciated, as is the technical assistance of Udaya Chand and Robert Versluys.