冷应激条件下猪睾丸细胞中RNA结合基序蛋白3过表达对Caspase 3表达的影响

目的：探讨冷应激（32℃）条件下,猪睾丸（ST）细胞系中RNA结合基序蛋白3（RBM3）过表达时凋亡蛋白半胱天冬酶3（Caspase 3）表达量变化情况。方法：利用本实验室成功构建的携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的RBM3过表达慢病毒载体pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-RBM3和空病毒载体pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-DEST分别感染ST细胞,作为过表达病毒（OEV）组和空载体病毒（EVV）组,此外还设立野生型细胞（WTC）组作对照,利用实时荧光定量RCR（qPCR）法和Western blot分析法检测各组中RBM3 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。然后对各组细胞进行37℃以及32℃（2 h、4 h,8 h）的冷应激处理,利用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法检测各组Caspase 3表达量的变化。结果：OEV组RBM3基因和蛋白相对表达量高于EVV组和WTC组。在37℃以及32℃冷应激实验（2 h、4 h,8 h）中,OEV组Caspase 3表达量显著低于EVV组和WTC组。结论：冷应激ST细胞中RBM3过表达能够显著地降低Caspase 3的表达程度,为RBM3基因具有抵抗低温诱导ST细胞凋亡作用提供实验依据。     

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白的生物学功能研究进展

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(cold inducible RNA-binding protein, CIRP)是在哺乳动物细胞中发现的首种冷应激或冷休克蛋白,伴随冷应激过程过量表达.研究证明,CIRP无论是在核酸结构上,还是在氨基酸结构上都是高度保守的,具有较高的同源性,其细胞定位和生理功能可能具有组织特异性;CIRP不仅具有介导冷诱导的细胞生长抑制作用,而且可能参与人和动物渗透应激、紫外线照射应激、缺氧应激、生殖、神经发育与调节、胚胎发育、肿瘤发生,以及动物冬眠等多种生理过程.因此,深入开展CIRP的功能性研究和应用性研究具有重要的基础研究价值和临床医学应用前景.     

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白在应激状态下对细胞的保护作用机制

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(cold-inducible RNA-binding protein,CIRP)是目前哺乳动物中被广泛研究的冷应激蛋白之一。CIRP在脊椎动物间高度保守,在多种类型的细胞中均有表达,参与体内多种生物学过程。在应激条件下,CIRP从细胞核迁移到细胞质的应激颗粒中,通过与其特异靶基因结合,发挥一系列生物学效应,帮助细胞快速适应各种环境应激,尤其在温和低温、紫外线、缺氧等应激条件下,CIRP被诱导表达,通过与其特异靶基因结合、增加mRNA的稳定性、抗细胞凋亡等方式发挥细胞保护作用。文章重点对冷诱导RNA结合蛋白在应激状态下的细胞保护作用机制的研究进展进行综述。     

冷应激对雏鸡能量代谢的影响

目的：探讨冷应激对雏鸡能量代谢的影响。方法：采用公雏鸡为实验动物,进行急性（0．25,1,3,6,12与24h）与慢性（5,10与20d）冷应激处理（12±1℃）,检测了雏鸡腓肠肌解偶联蛋白（UCP）mRNA的表达水平,血清葡萄糖（BG）,游离脂肪酸（FFA）,胰岛素（INS）以及血浆胰高血糖素（GLU）的含量。结果：急性应激时,UCP mRNA的水平随应激时间的延长呈上升趋势,INS与FFA含量随应激时间的延长呈现波动性变化,GLU含量随应激时间的延长呈现上升趋势,BG含量随应激时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势;慢性应激时,UCP mRNA的水平随应激时间的延长呈上升趋势,INS、GLU、BG以及FFA含量随应激时间的延长均呈上升趋势。结论：冷暴露可以使雏鸡的能量代谢发生改变,而且不同程度的冷应激对机体的能量代谢会产生不同的影响。     

热应激对大鼠睾丸HSPs mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察和分析大鼠睾丸局部短暂热应激对HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 mRNA表达的影响。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照(N)组、热应激0天(H0)组、热应激5天(H5)组、热应激10天(H10)组、热应激15天(H15)组。N组睾丸局部22℃水浴20 min,其余各组均睾丸局部43℃水浴20 min。采用HE染色观察组织形态学变化,采用Real Time PCR的方法检测HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 mRNA的表达量。结果:HE染色镜下观察结果显示:与N组相比,H5组部分曲细精管萎缩,生精细胞明显消失,H10组、H15组大部分曲细精管萎缩,生精细胞大量消失。HE染色形态计量结果显示:与N组相比,H5组、H10组、H15组睾丸实质体积比明显减小(p0.05),睾丸间质体积比明显增加(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示:与N组相比,H0组HSP70 m RNA的表达H0组明显增高(p0.05),H5组、H10组、H15组HSP90 m RNA的表达明显降低(P0.05),H5组HSP105 m RNA的表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论:HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 m RNA的表达在热应激后都会发生变化,变化的具体情况不尽相同,推测它们热应激后在生殖细胞凋亡过程中发挥不同的作用有关,并且和组织的损伤有密切的联系。     

冷拘束应激对大鼠心脏和肝脏HSP70表达及血清中CK、ALT含量的影响

目的通过研究冷拘束应激中大鼠心脏和肝脏组织热休克蛋白（HSP70）表达量以及血清中肌酸激酶（CK）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量的变化,探讨冷拘束应激对心脏和肝脏的影响和差异。方法选取50日龄清洁级大鼠77只,随机分为7组,即0h,0.5h,1.0h,1.5h,2.0h,2.5h,3.0h。采用拘束冷应激法,应激相应时间后,用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠心脏和肝脏组织HSP70的表达,并检测血清中CK和ALT含量。结果 （1）心脏中HSP70表达量随着应激时间的延长而增加,1.5h组较0h组有明显的增加（P〈0.05）,而2.0h后有极明显的增加（P〈0.01）。（2）肝脏中HSP70表达量随应激时间的延长呈缓慢增加,仅3.0h组有较明显的增加,与0h组、0.5h组及1.0h组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。（3）应激开始阶段大鼠血清中的CK含量迅速上升,之后平缓升高;大鼠血清中的ALT含量呈现上升趋势,2.5h以前上升较平缓,2.5h以后急骤升高。结论冷拘束应激可使大鼠心脏中HSP70的表达量和血清中CK含量在较短的时间内显著上升,且随着时间的增加而递增,而肝脏中HSP70的表达量和血清中ALT含量在较短的时间内无明显变化,只有在3.0h时才显著增加,提示心脏对冷拘束应激较敏感,而肝脏对冷拘束应激有较强的耐受性。     

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白研究进展

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(CIRP)广泛表达于各种组织细胞中,但低温(32℃)诱导下表达明显增加。随着研究的不断深入,科学家们发现CIRP还可以被其他应激条件如紫外线、缺氧、渗透压等诱导高表达。CIRP是一种重要的生理活性物质,其表达量的改变,直接影响体内心率、体温、内分泌等有节律性变化的生理过程。现已证实它广泛参与缺氧神经元保护、癌症发生、神经及胚胎发育、生物钟调节等一系列生化过程。我们对冷诱导RNA结合蛋白的最新研究进展加以综述,旨在初步阐明该蛋白的功能,为利用该蛋白治疗临床相关疾病奠定理论基础。     

冷应激诱导的脾脏NK细胞活性下降和脑内c-fos表达

目的 :观察单一冷应激对大鼠脾脏NK细胞活性的影响以及脑内Fos表达。方法 :大鼠置于 4℃的冷室 4h。采用YAC 1细胞51Cr释放法测定脾脏NK细胞的活性。用免疫细胞化学观察脑内有关核团的Fos表达 ,以及PVN和LC中Fos表达阳性的神经元的性质。结果 :单一冷应激能使脾脏NK细胞活性明显下降 ,下丘脑室旁核 (PVN)和脑干蓝斑 (LC)出现明显的Fos表达。双染实验表明 ,PVN中有部分神经元同时表达精氨酸加压素 (AVP) ,LC中大多数神经元同时表达酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)。结论 :PVN中的AVP能神经元和LC中的儿茶酚胺能神经元很可能参与冷应激诱发的脾脏NK细胞活性的下降     

中小负荷运动对冷应激大鼠白细胞介素2和β-内啡肽的影响

目的:探讨中小负荷运动对IL-2和β-EP的影响及其调节机制.方法:对SD大鼠进行为期4周中小负荷运动,并在运动后期施加冷应激,测定大鼠外周血液IL-2和β-EP的含量.结果:①应激组IL-2显著低于对照组,但β-EP含量显著高于对照组.②经过4周运动,30 mm运动组和60 min运动组,β-EP含量显著低于对照组,而IL-2水平显著高于应激组.同时30 min运动 应激组和60min运动 应激组血清IL-2显著高于应激组,而β-EP含量显著低于应激组.结论:中小负荷运动降低冷应激反应程度,减少内源性β-EP释放,使IL-2含量升高,维持机体在应激状态下免疫功能稳定.     

大鼠睾丸雄激素受体表达的增龄变化

应用免疫细胞化学及图像分析等方法,对出生到生后25月龄各发育阶段SD大鼠睾丸内雄激素受体(AR)的表达变化进行了系统的研究。发现(1)睾丸间质细胞：从出生到生后3周龄,AR阳性表达强度较弱;到生后1月龄,AR阳性表达强度显著增强,并达到峰值;在生后2月龄,AR阳性表达强度显著减弱,此后AR阳性表达又呈增强趋势。(2)肌样细胞：从出生到生后2周龄,AR阳性表达强度较弱;到生后3周龄,AR阳性表达强度显著增强,并一直维持到生后2月龄;从生后3月龄,AR阳性表达强度呈减弱趋势,到生后25月龄达到最低水平。(3)血管内皮细胞：从生后3周龄到生后2月龄AR阳性表达较强;生后3月龄,AR阳性表达强度明显减弱;生后25月龄,AR阳性表达强度与生后3月龄相比变化不明显。(4)支持细胞：在生后1月龄出现AR阳性表达,到性成熟后,支持细胞AR阳性表达随生精周期变化而变化,在生后25月龄未见AR阳性表达的支持细胞。(5)生精细胞：出生组,前精原细胞内有AR阳性表达;生后2周龄,精子细胞开始出现AR阳性表达;生后1月龄,精原细胞开始出现AR阳性表达;生后2月龄出现阳性表达的精子,生后25月龄未见阳性表达的生精细胞。     

人参多糖对低温应激大鼠颗粒细胞与卵母细胞的调节

目的 应用体外细胞培养观察人参多糖对低温应激大鼠卵巢卵母细胞发育与颗粒细胞蛋白合成的影响,为研究人参多糖对低温应激大鼠卵巢功能的变化,提高机体耐寒能力提供科学实验解释.方法 培养Wistar大鼠卵巢卵母细胞与颗粒细胞,设37℃对照组,0、-15、-25与-35℃低温应激实验组,观察细胞计数.采用放免分析法测定3H-TdR与3H-Leu CPM值.结果 带卵泡卵母细胞低温应激实验组与对照组比较,生发泡破裂百分率57.14%/36.70%,人参多糖组68.97%/41.13%;带卵丘卵母细胞低温应激实验组与对照组比较,生发泡破裂百分率75.71%/41.14%,人参多糖组71.21%/39.28%,P＜0.05.3H-TdR掺入量人参多糖为参照与对照组比较,人参多糖实验组为1279±191与913±212,低温人参多糖实验组均值为651±211与499±116.低温应激为参照与对照组比较低温实验组均值为499±116与913±212,低温人参多糖实验组均值为651±211与1279±191,P＜0.05.3H-Leu掺入量人参多糖为参照与对照组比较,人参多糖实验组为889±153与617±119,低温人参多糖实验组均值为431±1144与300±119.低温应激为参照与对照组比较低温实验组均值为300±119与617±119,低温人参多糖实验组均值为431±144与889±153,P＜0.05.结论 低温应激抑制卵母细胞发育与颗粒细胞蛋白合成,人参多糖能促进卵母细胞成熟,能使低温应激大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞蛋白合成增加,而对带卵丘的卵母细胞无作用.     

Effects of cold stress on glutathione and related enzymes in rat erythrocytes

Effects of acute and chronic cold stress on glutathione and related enzymes in rat erythrocytes were investigated. Blood from both cold-acclimated (CA) and cold-adapted (CG) rats had significantly lower concentrations of glutathione than blood from control animals. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased significantly in CA rats and tended to rise in CG rats. Activity of glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes was inconsistent in that it tended to increase in CA rats but decreased significantly in CG rats. The results may imply that CG rats suffered deleterious effects of hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, there were marked decreases in glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in acutely cold-exposed rats in conjunction with unchanged levels of glutathione. In all treatments the state of riboflavin metabolism was estimated to be adequate, since no increases were observed in the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient.     

Hydration-state-responsive proteins link cold and drought stress in spinach

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seedlings exposed to low nonfreezing temperatures (0–10° C) that promote cold acclimation, synthesize a variety cold-acclimation proteins and at the same time acquire a greater ability to withstand cellular dehydration imposed by the freezing of tissue water. Two of these proteins (160 and 85 kDa) become more abundant over time at low temperature. In addition, a small decline in tissue water status from a maximally hydrated state also appears to be associated with an initiation of the accumulation of these proteins at a noninductive temperature. Imposing a severe water stress on young seedlings grown at 25° C by withholding water leads to substantial accumulation of the 160- and 85-kDa proteins, and maximal induction of freezing tolerance. This evidence implies that responses to cold acclimation and water stress involve common mechanisms, and further establishes the linkage of these two proteins with stresses having an osmotic component.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - CAP cold-acclimation protein - kDa kilodaltons We thank T. Sinclair and K. Cline for critical reading and discussions, N. Denslow for assistance with protein sequencing methods, and L. Greene, S. Henry for preparing the monoclonal antibodies. The work was made possible by support from the USDA Competitive Grants Program No. 90-37280-5527, the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, and through access to the protein sequencing and hybridoma facilities of the Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research at the University of Florida. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series R-02399.     

Effects of cold exposure and shear stress on endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the primary enzyme that produces nitric oxide (NO), which plays an important role in blood vessel relaxation. eNOS activation is stimulated by various mechanical forces, such as shear stress. Several studies have shown that local cooling of the human finger causes strong vasoconstriction, followed after several minutes by cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). However, the role played by endothelial cells (ECs) in blood vessel regulation in respond to cold temperatures is not fully understood. In this study, we found that low temperature alone does not significantly increase or decrease eNOS activation in ECs. We further found that the combination of shear stress with temperature change leads to a significant increase in eNOS activation at 37 °C and 28 °C, and a decrease at 4 °C. These results show that ECs play an important role in blood vessel regulation under shear stress and low temperature.     

The influence of cold stress and a 36- h fast on the physiological responses to prolonged intermittent walking in man

In a previous study, rectal temperature (T _re) was found to be lower, and oxygen consumption (V˙O₂) and the respiratory exchange ratio (R) were higher in a cold (+5°C), wet and windy environment (COLD), compared with a thermoneutral environment during intermittent walking at ≈30% of peak V˙O₂ (Weller AS, Millard CE, Stroud MA et al. Am J Physiol 272:R226–R233, 1997). The aim of the present study was to establish whether these cold-induced responses are influenced by prior fasting, as impaired thermoregulation has been demonstrated in cold-exposed, resting men following a 48-h fast. To address this question, eight men attempted a 360-min intermittent (15 min rest, 45 min exercise) walking protocol under COLD conditions on two occasions. In one condition, the subjects started the exercise protocol ≈120 min after a standard meal (FED/COLD), whereas in the other the subjects had fasted for 36 h (FASTED/COLD). The first two exercise periods were conducted at a higher intensity (HIGHER, 6 km · h⁻¹ and 10% incline), than the four subsequent exercise periods (LOW, 5 km · h⁻¹ and 0% incline). There was no difference in the time endured in FED/COLD and FASTED/COLD. In FASTED/COLD com pared with FED/COLD, R was lower during HIGHER and LOW, and T _re was lower during LOW, whereas there was no difference in V˙O₂, mean skin temperature and heart rate. Therefore, although the 36-h fast impaired temperature regulation during intermittent low-intensity exercise in the cold, wet and windy environment, it was unlikely to have been the principal factor limiting exercise performance under these experimental conditions. Accepted: 26 August 1997     

Effect of heat and cold exposure on the rat brain monoamine oxidase and antioxidative enzyme activities

1. Changes in MAO and antioxidative enzymes copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were examined in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus of Wistar rats exposed to cold stress (6 °C) for 180 min and heat stress (38 °C) for 60 min.

2. Extreme environmental temperatures caused stressor-specific changes in the hypothalamic and hippocampal MAO and antioxidative enzyme activities, being dependent on the stressor applied (cold or heat) but not on the brain region studied (the hypothalamus or hippocampus).

Water deficits and heat shock effects on photosynthesis of a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana constitutively expressing ABP9, a bZIP transcription factor

The effects of water deficits (WD), heat shock (HS), and both(HSWD) on photosynthetic carbon- and light-use efficienciestogether with leaf ABA content, pigment composition and expressionsof stress- and light harvesting-responsive genes were investigatedin ABP9 [ABA-responsive-element (ABRE) binding protein 9] transgenicArabidopsis (5P2). WD, HS, and HSWD significantly decreasedphotosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) in wild-typeplants (WT). A and g_s of 5P2 transgenic plants were slightlyreduced by a single stress and were hardly modified by HSWD.Although A and electron transport rate (ETR) in 5P2 plants weredepressed under optimal growth conditions (control) in relationto WT, they were enhanced under HS and HSWD. These results indicatethat ABP9 transgenic plants are less susceptible to stress thanthe WT. In addition, the increased ABA contents in both WT and5P2 plants in response to WD and/or HS stresses suggest thatdeclines in A and g_s might have been due to ABA-induced stomatalclosure. Moreover, compared with WT, 5P2 plants exhibited higherABA content, instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE), Chla/b, NPQ, and lower Chl/carotenoid ratios. Finally, alteredexpression of stress-regulated or light harvesting-responsivegenes was observed. Collectively, our results indicate thatconstitutive expression of ABP9 improves the photosyntheticcapacity of plants under stress by adjusting photosyntheticpigment composition, dissipating excess light energy, and elevatingcarbon-use efficiency as well as increasing ABA content, IWUE,and expression of stress-defensive genes, suggesting an importantrole of ABP9 in the regulation of plant photosynthesis understress. Key words: ABP9, ABA, heat shock, photosynthesis, stress tolerance, water deficits Received 1 September 2007; Revised 19 December 2007 Accepted 21 December 2007     

Influence of cold stress on neuropeptide Y and sympathetic neurotransmission

Chronic cold stress of rats (4 °C; 1–3 weeks) induced a marked increase in gene expression (adrenal medulla; superior cervical ganglia), tissue content (mesenteric arterial bed) and nerve stimulation-induced overflow of NPY-immunoreactivity (NPYir) from the perfused mesenteric arterial bed. In contrast increased NPY neurotransmission was offset by an apparent decrease in the evoked overflow of norepinephrine (NE) due to a presumed deactivation of NE by nitric oxide (NO), despite increased sympathetic nerve activity. The net effect of these offsetting system was no change in basal or the evoked increase in perfusion pressure (sympathetic tone). It is concluded that differences in NPY and NE transmission act as an important compensatory mechanism preventing dramatic changes in arterial pressure when sympathetic nerve activity is high during cold stress.