五倍子蚜与寄主树的互作研究进展

五倍子Galla chinensis是五倍子蚜寄生在盐肤木属植物叶片上形成的虫瘿。五倍子蚜与寄主树的互作研究是提高人工培育五倍子技术的重要理论基础,也是解析昆虫-植物互作机制的重要途径。本文综述了近十年来国内外关于五倍子蚜-寄主树的互作机制研究,并提出了今后的研究重点,以期对五倍子人工培育技术提供理论支撑。     

秦巴山区五倍子生态园的建立与低产园的改造

五倍子生产不是一个简单的种植业,而是一个以繁衍五倍子蚜虫为核心的系统生态工程。本文在多年考察总结的基础上,着重以五倍子生产的实质为核心,就如何建立生态倍园及对低产园的改造了进行探讨,以促进该地区五倍子生产的健康发展。     

五倍子提取物抑菌效果及稳定性研究

采用琼脂打孔法和平板涂布法,观察五倍子提取物对常见致病菌的抑菌效果,并以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌环直径为参考指标,考察紫外光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,五倍子提取物对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果明显强于革兰氏阴性菌,在稳定性研究过程中发现,光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物的抑菌效果影响较大,因此在选用五倍子提取物作植物抑菌剂时应现配现用。     

五倍子水煎剂对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜抑制的研究

通过五倍子水煎剂对表皮葡萄球菌MIC测定和生物膜形成干预的研究,为表皮葡萄球菌引起感染提供新的治疗途径。用微量肉汤稀释法分别测定五倍子水煎剂对表皮葡萄球菌的MIC;刚果红及刚果红红霉素、五倍子水煎剂琼脂平板测定表皮葡萄球菌PIA生成与抑制;五倍子水煎剂、红霉素干预表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成,于光镜和电镜下观察其生物膜形态。134株表皮葡萄球菌五倍子水煎剂的MIC50为0.488 mg/mL,MIC90为0.977 mg/mL。134株表皮葡萄球菌中有50株为PIA阳性,PIA阳性的50株菌全部产生生物膜,红霉素对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成有抑制,而五倍子水煎剂则无。表皮葡萄球菌PIA的相互作用在其生物膜的生成中起主要作用;五倍子水煎剂对表皮葡萄球菌生长有明显的抑制但对生物膜形成无干预作用。     

五倍子单宁改性整理壳聚糖纤维

壳聚糖纤维的力学性能大大限制了其应用范围,为扩大其应用范围和价值,采用五倍子单宁对壳聚糖纤维进行改性整理。采用响应面法研究了不同整理条件对壳聚糖纤维吸附量的影响,得到最佳整理条件并比较了整理前、后壳聚糖纤维的力学性能和荧光性能。结果表明,五倍子单宁整理壳聚糖纤维的最佳条件为:pH=3,温度70℃,时间32.1 min,五倍子单宁用量为14.3%。在此条件下五倍子单宁的吸附量为127.1 mg/g。五倍子单宁整理后的壳聚糖纤维力学性能改善,断裂强度提高7.4%,初始模量提高30%,3%的定伸长强度提高32.4%。同时,荧光强度也增强约3倍。本实验为提高壳聚糖纤维性能提供了一种新途径。     

青麸杨生态生物学特性研究

青麸杨(Rhus Potaninii)是倍树的一种。倍蚜虫类昆虫寄生在倍树叶上形成的虫瘿叫五倍子。五倍子的主要成份是单宁,约含65—70％左右,还有2—4％的没食子酸等十余种林化产品。五倍子广泛用于航天、航海、冶金、石油、轻工、医药等方面。近年来,由于对五倍子需求量的激增,成为国际、国内市场上的紧俏商品。     

人工培育倍蚜结硕果

<正> 我国五倍子的产量及质量均居世界之冠,但过去由于长期处在自生自灭的状态,到目前为止,单位面积产量都很低。为了提高五倍子的产量,试验小组对人工繁育五倍子进行了探索。在突破了其寄生树木——盐肤木、提灯藓的栽培繁育后,现初步摸清了倍蚜的生活习性。发现在霜冻气温下,倍蚜的成活率仅有5％。试验证实,15—30℃是倍蚜的最适温度。另外,在摸清了倍蚜对其湿度、光照的需求条件后便进行了室内培育倍蚜的尝试,目前已取得了初步成效,基本掌握了倍好的室内饲养技术及野外释放方法,显著提高了倍蚜越冬成活率和致瘿率,五倍子获得了明显的增产效果。 1.秋迁蚜的收集 每年秋季当五倍子成熟爆裂时,里面的秋迁蚜便飞出迁往第二寄主     

五倍子的人工培育技术

五倍子是倍蚜虫寄生在漆树科盐肤木属的青麸杨、红麸杨、盐肤木等几种植物的叶翅和小叶上形成的虫瘿。是一种用途广泛的工业原料和传统的中药材。随着对五倍子研究的深入,需求量的扩大,发展五倍子的生产,推行人工培育技术,对满足国内外市场的需要有重要意义。     

五倍子对池水细菌和藻类的影响

在试验水族箱内,研究不同浓度的五倍子药液对池水中细菌和藻类的影响.结果表明:用药72h时,细菌总数的减少与药液浓度呈显著相关(r=-0.84349,P<0.05);浓度高于3mg.L-1处理时,细菌总数平均下降了96.2%,其中革兰氏阴性细菌的菌群比例下降达最大值;超过72h,细菌总数呈上升趋势.一定浓度的五倍子药液对池水藻类具有短时间的抑制作用.用五倍子药液对养鱼池塘消毒防病,浓度以3mg.L-1,消毒时间以72h为宜.     

五倍子高产技术

五倍子是倍蚜寄生在盐肤木、红麸杨、青麸杨等五倍子树植物叶背上的虫瘿,自然放养五倍子产量很低,近年来我们试验用盐肤木“矮丰8号”优株密植,按宽窄行定植,行距1×2米,株距1米,每亩定植500株。树高控制在2米以下,枝条开张控制在60厘米。矮化密植的优点是地面湿度和生态条件有利于蚜虫的冬奇主提灯藓、羊角藓的繁殖生长,为蚜虫越冬创造了最     

刺桐姬小蜂发生习性及其虫瘿形成分析

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinaeKim是新发现的重要入侵害虫,在广东省深圳地区普遍发生且危害严重,受害植株超过10000株。寄主按受害程度依次为:杂色刺桐Erythrina variegata、金脉刺桐E.variegatevar.orientialis、鸡冠刺桐E.cristagalli和龙牙花E.corallodendron。移栽2年内的刺桐树受害严重。根据虫瘿形状,将其分为球形虫瘿、卷叶形虫瘿、肥厚叶虫瘿、分散虫瘿、粗柄形虫瘿、嫩枝肿大虫瘿、花蕾肿大虫瘿并对其形成过程进行分析。首次报道了刺桐姬小蜂为害鸡冠刺桐花蕾。刺桐姬小蜂在深圳无休眠和滞育现象,常年发生。     

角倍蚜虫瘿对盐肤木光合特性和总氮含量的影响

通过温室栽培和接种实验,以接种角倍蚜形成虫瘿的盐肤木和未接种角倍蚜的盐肤木为实验材料,测定和分析虫瘿对盐肤木光合特性和不同组织氮含量的影响。结果表明虫瘿对盐肤木的光合作用形成扰动,与对照植株相比较：(1)有虫瘿复叶的最大净光合速率升高,其中虫瘿初期、中期和后期分别升高14.49%、32.17%和42.01%;虫瘿还引起无虫瘿复叶最大净光合速率升高,但中期以后下降到正常水平;(2)虫瘿中期有虫瘿复叶的光饱和点升高、无虫瘿复叶光饱合点下降;虫瘿初期和中期有虫瘿复叶的光补偿点升高、无虫瘿复叶光补偿点下降;(3)虫瘿初期引起有虫瘿复叶及邻近无虫瘿复叶暗呼吸速率升高,但中期和后期影响不显著。虫瘿对盐肤木光合作用的扰动程度与小叶的位置和虫瘿生长时期密切相关。同时,虫瘿改变了盐肤木叶片氮含量分布,其中虫瘿外壁、有虫瘿复叶和无虫瘿复叶的氮含量分别为1.13%、1.98%和2.14%,这可能是营养物质从无虫瘿复叶流向有虫瘿复叶,并最终流向虫瘿,满足虫瘿和瘿内蚜虫生长需求的原因。     

广东眼镜蛇蛇胆的鉴别和质量控制的研究——Ⅱ.眼镜蛇蛇胆的元素分析

实验用 ICP-AES 法测定了广东眼镜蛇蛇胆及鸡胆、猪胆、牛胆干粉中12种元素的含量.眼镜蛇蛇胆锌含量(11.7mg/100g.干粉)明显高于鸡胆(5.7mg/100g.干粉),而铝、铁含量明显低于鸡胆,其余元素含量与鸡胆基本接近.结果提示,眼镜蛇蛇胆中锌、铝、铁元素含量可作为蛇胆内在质量控制的一个有意义的指标.     

油茶叶肿病子房瘿体和叶片瘿体的形态结构特征观察

采用光学显微镜观察了油茶叶肿病子房瘿体和叶片瘿体的形态特征和组织结构特点。结果表明:(1)油茶叶肿病瘿体是油茶的幼嫩子房和幼叶被细丽外担菌感染后所导致的组织增生而成的,细丽外担菌分布于成熟子房瘿体的外表面和叶片瘿体的表面。(2)子房瘿体由受感染的雌蕊子房增殖而来,成熟后表皮层脱落。(3)子房壁分两层,外层子房壁肉质肥厚,主要由大型薄壁细胞构成,是食用的主要部分,内层子房壁为较薄的心皮层,内外两层子房壁之间具有较大的空隙;心皮内有胚珠,胚珠着生在中轴胎座上,胚珠内部中空而没有育性。(4)叶片瘿体为受感染的幼嫩叶片增殖所致,由大型薄壁细胞构成,瘿体表面具表皮层,成熟后表皮脱落。(5)在正常叶片与叶片瘿体的过渡区内有维管束相通,瘿体侧的厚度比正常叶片厚度增加3～4倍,细胞体积增大5～10倍,但瘿体细胞内无叶绿体。     

Effects of gall volume on survival and fecundity of gall-making aphidsAdelges japonicus (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

The number of larvae reaching maturity within the gall of Adelges japonicus was positively related to gall volume, and the relationship between the number of mature larvae and gall volume did not change with different densities of colonized larvae. The population changes in the bud galls of A. japonicus were surveyed by collecting the galls, which did not suffer predation or parasitism within the galls, from young artificial plantations of Picea jezoensis over two years. In the year when the density of colonized larvae was high, they suffered a 42% mortality within the galls, whereas mortality was nearly zero in the low density year. The numbers of larvae per gall were positively correlated with gall volume. The regression lines of the number of colonized larvae on gall volume did not differ significantly in the regression coefficients between the two years, whereas the intercept was significantly higher in the year when the density of colonized larvae was higher. However, different within-gall mortality nullified this difference, and the regression lines of the number of mature larvae on gall volume had no significant difference both in the regression coefficients and the intercepts. This suggests that the number of mature larvae per gall was limited by available resources within the gall which were positively related to gall volume. In 25% of the galls in which mature larvae inhabited, the space within the galls were completely filled by the larvae, indicating that space was one of the limiting resources. Gall volume also affected the number of adults that emerged from the gall and the potential number of their progeny.     

Intra‐plant heterogeneity influences the preference and performance of juveniles and adults of a gall midge

Abstract 1. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the preference and performance of a gall‐inducing midge (Harmandia tremulae) within the crown of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Females did not select oviposition sites preferentially within leaves, but did lay preferentially on young leaves. 2. Larvae were the only life stage involved in gall site selection within leaves and in gall initiation and development. Gall size, which was positively related to survival, was highest for galls on mid veins that were located close to the petiole. However, one‐third of galls were located on lateral veins and most galls were not adjacent to the petiole, indicating that many larvae choose sub‐optimal gall initiation sites. 3. Gall density was positively associated with leaf length, and leaf length, was positively associated with gall size. However, gall density per leaf was not related to larval survival in galls. This latter result may be a result of an observed inverse relationship between gall size and gall density for similar‐sized leaves. 4. The results partially support the plant vigour and optimal plant module size hypotheses, which predict that galler fitness in successfully induced galls should be highest on large, fast‐growing plant modules. The lack of a strong preference‐performance link supports the confusion hypothesis, which predicts that oviposition and gall site selection may often be suboptimal in systems where galler lifespan is short. This study suggests that small‐scale variations in plant quality within leaves, can render gall site selection by juveniles as important as that previously reported for adult females.     

Histocytological aspects of four types of ambrosia galls on Machilus zuihoensis Hayata (Lauraceae)

Four types of prosoplasmatic galls induced by Daphnephila midges are found on leaves of Machilus zuihoensis, a species endemic to Taiwan: urn- and small urn-shaped, obovate, and hairy oblong galls. In addition to containing nutritive tissues, these galls are lined with fungal hyphae. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the structural organization of the various gall morphologies and to examine the ultrastructure of the nutritive and fungal cells lining the gall chambers. The morphology and ultrastructure of mature-stage galls were examined by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Diverse epidermal cell shapes and wax textures were observed in the leaves and galls of M. zuihoensis. In small urn-shaped, obovate, and hairy oblong galls vascular bundles extend from the gall base to near the centre of the gall top. In contrast, vascular bundles in urn-shaped galls are distributed in the gall wall and extend to close to the outer gall top. Trichomes were present only abaxially on leaves and on hairy oblong gall surfaces. Starch granules, tannins, and mucilage were distributed differently among the four gall types. Further, fungal mycelia spread in the interior gall wall and partially passed through the intercellular spaces of nutritive cells and reached the sclerenchyma. Histological analyses revealed that the surface structure of galls differs from that of the leaf and that the epidermal organization differs among the four gall types. Different types of leaf galls on the same plant have different patterns of tissue stratification and contain different ergastic substances. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of tritrophic relationships and the complex interactions among parasitic gall-inducing insects, mutualistic fungi, and host plants.     

垂叶榕果内寄生瘿蚊的发生规律

在云南西双版纳热带地区,一种还未被描述属和种的瘿蚊寄生于垂叶榕果内的雌花子房里,并膨大形成虫瘿,靠取食花胚组织完成发育.通过2010年定时定点的系统观察和研究瘿蚊的发生规律,结果发现:该种瘿蚊在垂叶榕上发生频率较高,抽样的18批果有17批被瘿蚊寄生,其中有13批果的寄生比率超过了60％,部分甚至达到100％.瘿蚊寄生雌花的平均比率不超过6％,平均每个榕果内有瘿蚊1～40只不等.瘿蚊寄生不仅降低了垂叶榕的种子数,还致命性地影响着传粉榕小蜂的繁殖.在对瘿蚊的羽化、交配行为及其成虫的活动规律观察中,结果显示:寄生在一个榕果里瘿蚊需要5～7d才能羽化完,其羽化高峰期出现在第2～3天;一天内羽化的高峰出现在上午8:00-10:00及晚上20:00-0:00;而羽化后瘿蚊活动高峰期出现在上午8:00-11:00.雄蚊会帮助雌蚊离开榕果并优先获得交配权,雌蚊交配后飞离繁殖自身的榕树,去寻找适合产卵的榕果繁殖后代,雄蚊不离开羽化树,而死在繁殖自身的榕树附近.这些结果为深入研究瘿蚊的防治技术提供了科学依据.     

Symplastic and apoplastic sugar contents in gall tissues and callus of the sumac (Rhus chinensis MILL.)

To elucidate the role of cell wall in interaction with gall-inducing organisms, symplastic and apoplastic sugar contents in different shapes of gall tissue of the sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) were compared with those of the callus. The gall tissues with vascular cylinders, intercellular spaces and callus were fractionated into symplastic [methanol (MeOH), hot water (HW), and starch] fractions and apoplastic [pectin, hemicellulose, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-soluble, and cellulose] fractions. Symplastic sugar content of gall tissues was higher than that of callus. In apoplastic (cell wall) fractions, the cellulose content of gall tissues was lower than that of callus, due to large amount of pectin with high ratio of uronic acid (UA) and hemicellulose with low ratio of UA. Analysis of neutral sugar component of the hemicellulosic, TFA-soluble fraction showed that arabinose (side chain) and galactose (backbone) of arabinogalactan were rich in gall tissues and callus. The gall tissues had higher glucose and lower xylose contents than the callus. These results suggest that the structure of cell wall polysaccharides of gall changed during its development with an increase in symplastic sugar contents. The feeding activities occuring in gall by the gall-inducers were discussed.     

The protein content of tissues in cynipid galls (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): Similarities between cynipid galls and seeds

Cynipid galls are examples of induced plant development, where the gall inducer is in control of cell differentiation and morphogenesis of a new plant organ. This study concentrates on the tissues of the larval chamber common to all cynipid galls. The protein content of the inner gall tissue was compared to that of non‐gall plant tissues. We investigated three oak and two rose galls and their respective host plants. Total protein signatures of inner gall tissues were different from those of non‐gall plant tissues, and among the five galls. N‐terminal sequences were obtained for two abundant proteins from the inner gall tissues of D. spinosa and A. quercuscalicis, which were common to all galls, at 62 and 43 kDa. Database queries suggest the 62 kDa protein to be homologous to a protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), and the 43 kDa protein to be homologous to NAD‐dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH). A naturally biotinylated protein was detected at 33 kDa during Western analyses with streptavidin. Western analyses revealed the presence of the biotinylated protein and PDI in the inner gall tissues of all five galls, while FDH was only detected in A. quercuscalicis and A. fecundator. PDI was also common to all non‐gall tissues, while FDH was not detected in non‐gall tissues, and the biotinylated protein was only detected in seeds. The proteins identified in the inner gall tissue suggest that (a) inner gall tissues in some galls are under respiratory stress, and (b) cynipid gall formation might involve the ectopic expression of seed‐specific proteins.