鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布特点及耐药性分析

调查鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。将哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院临床各种来源的鲍曼不动杆菌1582株采用K-B法进行药敏试验,并对结果进行统计分析。2008至2010年共检出鲍曼不动杆菌1582株,临床分布以ICU最多(484株,占54.5%)。对抗菌药物的耐药率逐年增高,ICU抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非ICU病区。该菌株对临床常用抗菌药物高度耐药和多重耐药,对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率高达90.9%和90.3%。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况相对严重,临床须重视鲍曼不动杆菌的感染,加强院內感染的控制及耐药性的监测,根据药敏结果选择合适抗生素,延缓耐药性进程。     

ICU鲍曼不动杆菌感染的流行状况及耐药性分析

目的对ICU住院患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染的流行状况及耐药情况进行调查,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对2012年7月至2013年12月ICU住院患者送检的693份各种临床标本进行病原菌的分离鉴定,对分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌采用K-B法做体外药敏试验。结果 693份临床标本共分离出110株鲍曼不动杆菌,其中多重耐药菌株有103株（93.6%）,感染的标本来源以痰液最为常见（86.4%）。鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药广泛,对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉100%耐药,对哌拉西林、头孢曲松、复方新诺明、氨曲南、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及庆大霉素等多种抗菌药物的耐药率大于80.0%。结论 ICU患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染多由多重耐药菌株引起,感染部位以下呼吸道为主,其对抗菌药物耐药情况相当严峻,加强耐药性监测及合理使用抗菌药物,对减少耐药菌株的产生具有重要意义。     

780株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及药敏结果

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及耐药率,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月从各类临床标本中分离的鲍曼不动杆菌进行统计分析。应用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验,参照2013年美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)标准判断药敏结果,以WHONET 5.6及SPSS 13.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果共检出780株鲍曼不动杆菌,科室分布居前的有重症监护室、呼吸科、皮肤科、胸外科及神经科,标本来源构成比居前的依次是痰液、分泌物及血液。其中共检出耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)120株,占15.38%,重症监护室的CRAB检出率显著高于其他科室(χ2=12.147,P0.05);痰液来源的CRAB分离率比其余标本类型高(χ2=4.047,P0.05)。共检出泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(XDRAB)26株,占3.33%,其中各科室及各标本来源间差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.692,P0.05;χ2=1.008,P0.05)。除了对一代头孢菌素、氨苄西林等的天然耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对二代头孢菌素、氨曲南及呋喃妥因耐药严重,均超过90.0%;其余的抗生素耐药率均在30.0%~50.0%,其中碳青霉烯类耐药率也达30.0%以上;左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率最低,为29.7%。重症监护室分离的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药最为严重,对以上药物耐药率均超过50.0%。结论鲍曼不动杆菌感染的标本来源与分离科室不同,CRAB检出率有差别,耐药率有较大差异,临床医师应根据药敏结果选择使用抗菌药物。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的调查分析

通过对重症监护病房内鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的临床特征和耐药性调查分析,为临床更好地预防和治疗该细菌所引起的感染提供参考。对我院2009年1月至2011年12月重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的107例患者进行回顾性调查。94例患者有严重的基础疾病,与感染相关的因素还包括侵入性操作、深静脉置管、环境污染及长期广谱抗菌药物的使用;药敏结果显示鲍曼不动杆菌几乎均为多重耐药,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率逐年升高,2011年为89.5%。缩短住院时间、加强病区环境和空气监控、尽量减少侵入性操作和合理使用抗生素、规范医疗护理操作、避免交叉感染是减少鲍曼不动杆菌感染发生的重要措施。     

鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染的危险因素及预后分析

目的研究院内获得性鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染的临床特点、治疗情况、分析导致鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染的危险因素,同时总结泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者死亡危险因素,为临床防治泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染提供指导。方法采用病例对照研究的方法,回顾性分析2012年4月至2015年6月丽水市中心医院住院的35例鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者临床资料,包括基础疾病,病原菌分布情况,临床特征,危险因素,治疗及预后转归情况,根据细菌耐药情况,分为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌17例与非耐药鲍曼不动杆菌18例。按入院28天预后转归情况,将35例鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者进一步分为好转组26例与死亡组9例。结果采取Fisher精确检验比较两组间差异,结果显示原发感染灶不明,不恰当使用广谱抗菌药物,住ICU大于2周,其他部位培养到鲍曼不动杆菌,同期ICU内泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌流行等危险因素,存在显著性差异(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者死亡危险因素,结果显示持续血小板减少3×109/L、APACHEII评分≥20分、脓毒症休克、多脏器功能衰竭是导致患者死亡的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论原发感染灶不明和不恰当使用广谱抗菌药物是泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染主要危险因素;持续血小板减少3×109/L、APACHEII评分≥20分、脓毒症休克、多脏器功能衰竭是鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者主要的死亡独立危险因素。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及耐药性监测

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及对常用抗菌素的耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对大连大学附属新华医院2011-2013年临床分离出的103株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药情况进行分析。采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,结果按CLSI标准判定。结果分离的鲍曼不动杆菌共103株,主要分离自痰液(85.4%),其次为分泌物及脓液和尿液标本。其感染患者主要分布于ICU和呼吸内科。临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药广泛。结论鲍曼不动杆菌是医院感染中重要的条件致病菌,且耐药率较高,应加强对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性的监测,合理选择使用抗菌药物,控制耐药菌株的流行及医院感染。     

感染耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布情况及耐药性分析

目的:探讨感染耐亚胺培南(IPM)鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布情况及耐药性。方法:回顾性分析2013~2015年榆林市中医院患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布,并对耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌进行培养、鉴定及药敏试验,分析其耐药情况。结果:2013~2015年我院共分离培养出鲍曼不动杆菌185株,其中IPM耐药99株(53.51%),IPM敏感86株(46.49%)。绝大部分菌株分离自痰液标本(138株,74.59%),其次是血液标本(14株,7.57%)与尿液标本(12株,6.49%);来自ICU送检标本菌株数量最多(84株,45.41%),其次是呼吸内科标本(53株,28.65%)与神经内科标本(30株,16.22%)。不同标本类型及科室中IPM耐药及IPM敏感鲍曼不动杆菌占比无显著差异(P0.05)。IPM耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物耐药性均较高,其中以头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(CSL)敏感性最高(50.51%);IPM敏感鲍曼不动杆菌对部分抗菌药物耐药性尚可,其中以IPM敏感性最高(93.02%)。结论:耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布广泛,多重耐药性严重甚至出现泛耐药,应当对患者进行药敏试验,以药敏结果选择合适的抗菌药物进行使用。     

2012‒2014年2 217株鲍曼不动杆菌感染分布及耐药性监测

摘要：目的 监测与分析医院近三年鲍曼不动杆菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 对2012-2014年门诊及住院部各科室送检标本进行分离培养,用VITEK2-Compact全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析,应用SPSS 13.0软件进行数据统计分析。结果 近三年鲍曼不动杆菌共分离出2 217株,主要来源于痰液标本,占65.27%;且主要分布于重症医学科,其次是NICU及呼吸内科。2012-2014年鲍曼不动杆菌的分离率差异有统计学意义（?2=266.1,P<0.005）,以2014年最低,但鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性呈逐年上升趋势,特别是对亚胺培南的耐药情况严重,2014年耐药率高达84.8%,除对左氧氟沙星的耐药率较低（48.0%）外,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>50.0%。结论 近三年来医院鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率高,对多种药物耐药率高,多重耐药严重,医院应加强对鲍曼不动杆菌感染性疾病特别是呼吸道感染的预防与控制及抗生素使用的管理,指导抗生素的合理使用,以降低医院感染率和病死率。     

连续11年深圳地区鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药趋势分析

目的 了解医院鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性变迁和临床分布特点,为合理应用抗菌药物和预防控制医院感染提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月到2011年12月临床标本中分离的l 613株鲍曼不动杆菌资料;用WHONET 5.4分析鲍曼不动杆菌的分离率和耐药率变迁.结果 鲍曼不动杆菌感染主要发生在ICU和呼吸内科,分别占43.89％和24.49％;痰标本所占比例最高(70.30％).鲍曼不动杆菌、多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的分离率及对临床常用的15种抗菌药物耐药率总体呈上升趋势;并且2009年呈飞跃式上升且2010和2011年居高不下,201 1年分离出泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,分离率高达57.55％.临床常用药氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素近三年的耐药率和中介率也明显升高.结论 鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药形势严峻,多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌比例明显增加,重症监护病房和呼吸科是预防控制的重点科室.     

鲍曼不动杆菌的分布特点及耐药性动态观察

目的监测鲍曼不动杆菌在各种标本、各临床科室的分布特点及耐药性,探讨其变化规律,为临床治疗提供帮助。方法对台州市立医院2005年7月～2005年6月期间住院患者送检的临床标本中分离到的细菌使用VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,并用Oxoid公司提供的药敏纸片进行药敏试验。结果鲍曼不动杆菌大多数分离自痰液,其次是脓液及分泌物,居第三位的是尿液;科室分布以ICU最高;鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率在这3年中总体呈上升趋势,亚胺培南耐药率最低。结论鲍曼不动杆菌易引起下呼吸道感染,尤其是ICU患者;对大多数抗菌药物的耐药性迅速上升,应加强其耐药性的监测。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.